指夹式玉米免耕精密播种机的设计与试验

该文为解决北方地区播种时秸秆量大各地区种植模式差异大,传统玉米免耕精密播种机适应性差、作业效率低、开沟器易堵塞等问题,设计了指夹式玉米免耕精密播种机,分析和确定了施肥开沟器、拨草轮、玉米免耕播种单元等关键部件的结构参数。田间试验表明采用渐开线式齿形拨草轮能有效的将杂草、秸秆拨离苗带,有效防止开沟器堵塞和种子播在秸秆上的现象。在9 km/h的作业速度下,机具播种深度合格率92%,粒距变异系数9.6%,漏播指数2.5%,重播指数4.5%。一次能完成开沟深施肥、拨草整理苗带、单粒精密播种、覆土、镇压覆土作业,土壤搅动小,作业质量满足农艺要求。     

小麦免耕播种机种肥分施机构的改进与应用效果

中国华北平原小麦－玉米一年两熟地区，玉米收获后免耕播种冬小麦时由于秸秆覆盖量大，免耕播种机播种部分易产生壅堵，播深一致性差，影响播种质量，针对这一问题，研发了尖角开沟器与双圆盘组合式种肥垂直分施装置，分别在玉米秸秆直立地和粉碎地进行了田间播种试验，结果表明：该组合装置中双圆盘播种机构实现了单体仿形，播种深度变异系数分别为19.8％、21.3％，种肥间距合格率达80％，提高了播种质量，同时解决了排种机构易产生壅堵的问题，通过性良好。因此本装置为小麦免耕播种机提供了技术支持，对一年两熟地区小麦免耕播种技术的推广具有重要意义。     

往复切刀式小麦固定垄免耕播种机

针对西北灌溉农业区固定垄保护性耕作条件下玉米秸秆覆盖地垄作免耕播种小麦存在的机具堵塞、垄形破坏等问题,设计了一种集切茬、播种和修垄于一体的往复切刀式小麦固定垄免耕播种机。该机通过利用动力切刀往复垂直切茬和刀刃型开沟器水平切茬相结合的方式实现秸秆防堵,同时采用圆柱熟地型修垄犁解决垄形修复问题。田间试验表明,该机能有效地解决玉米秸秆堵塞问题,防堵能力强,修垄效果好;播种、施肥平均深度分别为46 mm和91 mm,均匀性好,可较好地满足西北灌溉农业区小麦垄作免耕播种的要求。     

免耕播种机开沟防堵单元体设计与试验

为了解决华北一年两熟区玉米秸秆覆盖地免耕播种小麦存在的秸秆覆盖量大,开沟困难,机具堵塞、功耗大等问题,该文设计了一种伸缩拨杆式开沟防堵单元体。通过正交试验和结构分析相结合的方式,确定了开沟防堵单元体的主要参数,并在玉米秸秆覆盖地进行了田间试验。试验结果表明,伸缩拨杆式开沟防堵单元体开沟能力强,防堵效果好,能够创造良好的种床,改善作业质量;与带状旋耕式开沟防堵装置相比,表层土壤扰动量减少了21.5%;在开沟深度10 cm左右时,单位面积油耗量降低了23.65%,能够减少拖拉机动力消耗。该研究对免耕播种机的推广应用具有重要意义。     

玉米精量播种机同位仿形半低位投种单体设计与试验

摘要：针对目前玉米精量播种机无法同时实现同位仿形和低位投种,导致行、株距均匀性差、播深不能精确控制的问题,该文设计了一种同位仿形半地位投种单体,在实现同位仿形的同时将投种高度降低了120～160 mm（与常规的具有同位仿形功能的玉米精量播种机相比）。分析并确定了仿形轮直径及其支臂长度、仿形轮挡块长度和倾角等关键部件的结构参数,使得播深有较大的调节范围,最小播深为40 mm,最大播深为90 mm,能满足大多数情况的播种需求。田间试验表明,该单体能很好地实现玉米的精量播种,其粒距合格指数为94.8%、重播指数2.9%、漏播指数2.3%、粒距变异系数15.1%、播深一致性系数88.3%,明显优于常规的高位投种单体的性能指标。     

稻茬田小麦宽幅精量少耕播种机的设计与试验

为解决长江中下游稻麦轮作区稻茬田免耕播种小麦机具堵塞及土壤黏附严重等问题,结合当地稻茬田播种小麦需要开排水沟的农艺要求,提出了"种-肥-种"宽幅精量播种和带状旋耕相结合的防堵思路,设计了双翼铧式开沟器、宽幅精量排种机构、种沟双圆盘开沟器和浮动覆土板等关键部件,研究设计了一种稻茬田小麦宽幅精量少耕播种机。试验结果表明,宽幅播种方式与带状旋耕相结合较好解决了稻茬田播种小麦堵塞的问题,小麦播幅平均为74.6 mm,平均播深为39 mm,播深合格率为86.7%,施肥方式为侧下方深施肥,平均施肥深度为81 mm,施肥深度合格率为93.3%,均满足国家标准。厢沟平均深度为175 mm,沟面宽度为238 mm,满足排水要求。该研究为应用于稻麦轮作区稻茬田小麦少免耕播种机的设计提供了参考。     

麦茬地免耕播种机清秸覆秸装置设计与试验

摘要：针对黄淮海一年两熟地区麦茬地免耕播种存在秸秆堵塞单体,缺少适宜的防堵装置等问题,研制了一种用于麦茬地免耕播种机的清秸覆秸装置,该装置采用弹齿作为清秸部件,并融合了秸秆横向位移的思想和主动式防堵的特点。为确定清秸覆秸装置的合理结构,采用L9(34)正交试验方法,对该装置的参数进行了优化试验。结果表明：弹齿线速度20.72 m/s、作业速度4.5 km/h、弹齿齿数7排、挡板角度75°时,清秸率达98%以上、覆秸均匀度达7.48、覆秸宽度达2.89 m。按照国家标准GB/T6973-2005《单粒（精密）播种机试验方法（Testing Methods of Single Seed Drills）》对免耕播种机进行了田间播种性能试验。结果表明,在理论株距分别为6和8 cm,理论播深为3～5 cm条件下,免耕播种机的粒距合格指数、重播指数、漏播指数及株距变异系数均达到了国家部颁标准优等品要求水平,播深合格率达到一等品的要求水平。该研究对解决麦茬地免耕机械化播种问题具有参考意义。     

玉米免耕播种机主动式秸秆移位防堵装置的设计与试验

针对黄淮海麦玉轮作区小麦秸秆全量还田下苗床整备前存在多机具多次下田、生产成本高以及传统玉米免耕播种机在小麦秸秆全覆盖地作业时存在开沟壅堵、架种、晾种等问题,该文设计了一种基于"秸秆移位"防堵思路的主动式秸秆移位防堵装置。运用EDEM软件构建无支撑秸秆全覆盖土壤离散元模型,在秸秆-土壤-主动式防堵装置系统中进行秸秆移位虚拟仿真,设定了主动式秸秆移位防堵装置的刀轴驱动转速为500 r/min、回转半径为120 mm、刀盘幅宽为216 mm及刀齿入土深度为10 mm,利用仿真数据对秸秆扰动位移、清秸率进行分析,检验主动式秸秆移位防堵装置结构参数和运动参数设计的合理性。田间试验结果表明,安装主动式秸秆移位防堵装置的玉米免耕播种机的作业通过性稳定,改善种床环境,开沟壅堵次数为0次,秸秆清秸率为90.21%,相比仿真减少8.29个百分点。该研究可为小麦高留茬、秸秆全覆盖地的玉米免耕播种机的设计与推广提供参考。     

玉米免耕播种机滚筒式防堵机构的设计与试验

针对中国一年两熟地区麦茬地免耕播种玉米时小麦秸秆和杂草等易对播种机开沟器形成堵塞的问题,该文设计了一种驱动滚筒式主动防堵机构。依据流体力学边界层理论并结合对比试验分析得出滚筒的适合形状为抛物线型,将滚筒与秸秆的相对运动简化为均匀流对圆柱体的有环量绕流,得出滚筒的适宜转速。田间试验表明,驱动滚筒式防堵机构能有效防止秸秆杂草等对开沟器的堵塞,有较好的工作效果。在施肥开沟器与播种开沟器之间设置了张角为30o的分禾栅板,避免秸秆杂草等重新落入种沟而造成种子播在地表形成晾种。     

免耕播种机驱动圆盘防堵单元体的设计与试验

一年两熟区前茬残留物多为玉米残茬,连同杂草易使免耕播种机播种冬小麦时造成开沟器堵塞。针对该问题,提出了驱动圆盘刀嵌入组合式开沟器联合防堵原理,设计了一种驱动圆盘式防堵单元体,并分析和确定了其主要结构参数。田间试验表明,驱动圆盘防堵单元体能够有效解决秸秆堵塞问题,保证小麦免耕播种机的通过性。与条带粉碎式小麦免耕播种机相比,驱动圆盘式小麦免耕播种机根茬切断率提高了11.2%,土壤扰动量减少了58.8%。在小麦返青期的苗情监测表明,与条带粉碎式小麦免耕播种和传统耕作播种相比,利用驱动圆盘式防堵单元体播种的免耕地,0～20 cm土壤层含水率最高,小麦分蘖数和次生根数最多,较好地满足一年两熟区农艺要求。     

Influence of wheat residue management on irrigated corn grain production in a reduced tillage system

Management of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residues for corn (Zea mays L.) planting is an important issue in southern parts of Iran where these two irrigated crops are consecutively grown. Concerns have been raised in recent years over the burning of the crop residues by farmers in these areas. A 2-year (2001–2002) field experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of irrigated corn planted, after burning wheat residues followed by conventional tillage (CT), after residue removal followed by CT, after soil incorporation of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of residue followed by chisel plow, disk harrow, and row crop planter equipped with row cleaner. The CT operations consisted of mollboard plowing followed by two times disk harrowing. Treatments had significant effects on corn grain yield, biological yield, and leaf area index. The highest grain yield (15.73 t ha⁻¹) and grains per ear (709.3) were obtained when 25–50% of wheat residues were soil incorporated and the seeds were sown with planter equipped with row cleaner in both years as compared with conventional tillage practices. It is recommended that complete residue removal or burning should be avoided; hence for successful corn production after wheat, residue management techniques that reduce residue level in the row area should be implemented.     

洁区播种思路下麦茬全秸秆覆盖地花生免耕播种机研制

针对黄淮海花生主产区常规机播多种机具多次下田、生产成本高问题,以及传统免耕播种不适宜全秸秆覆盖地作业,存在缠绕壅堵、架种、晾种问题,研制了基于“洁区播种”思路的麦茬全秸秆覆盖地花生免耕播种机。该机配套75 k W以上拖拉机,作业幅宽2 400 mm,可一次完成碎秸清秸、苗床整理、施肥播种、均匀覆秸,整个施肥、播种、覆土作业在无秸秆影响、相对“洁净”的区域内完成,纯生产率大于0.53 hm2/h,适宜麦收后秸秆未作任何处理的全秸秆覆盖地。田间试验及测产表明,该机作业顺畅、可靠、播种质量高,作业后麦秸秆平均长度115 mm,秸秆覆盖均匀率83%,播种施肥平均深度分别为46和59 mm,合格率分别达到98%和89%,每公顷产量约为5 749.5 kg,各项作业指标均符合主产区花生生产要求。该研究提出的“洁区播种”思路亦可实现全秸秆覆盖地免耕播种小麦、玉米、大豆等不同旱地作物,为推进机械化秸秆禁烧提供了适宜装备。     

小麦免耕播种机性能指标的关联度分析与灰色聚类评估

免耕播种是保护性耕作技术最重要的作业环节之一。为了在华北旱作区推广保护性耕作技术,选择适宜免耕播种机作业的地表覆盖状况,对当地目前使用的2BMF-9型小麦免耕播种机在8种地表试验处理下进行田间播种试验,得出8种不同地表试验处理下各项性能指标、出苗率和冬前分蘖数。通过灰色关联度分析得出：小麦免耕播种机的播种均匀程度、覆土性能、机具通过性对出苗率和冬前分蘖数影响很大。运用灰色聚类的原理,对被评估的8种试验处理进行类型划分,结果表明：秸秆覆盖量为3?000～3?750?kg/hm2、留茬高度25?cm以下的地块可直接播种,若适当进行粉碎处理,则播种质量更好;秸秆覆盖量为4?500?kg/hm2左右的地块必须进行粉碎处理;秸秆覆盖量大于5?250?kg/hm2的地块,除进行粉碎处理外,还应在播种前进行地表处理（如浅旋、浅耙、浅耕）,降低秸秆覆盖率。研究为该地区小麦免耕播种地表处理提供了理论依据。     

Emergence of irrigated cotton in flatland planting in relation to furrow opener type and crust-breaking treatments for Cambisols in central Iran

Emergence of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under flatland mechanized planting system with crust-forming soil and saline soil and irrigation water can be suboptimal in central Iran. A field experiment was conducted to determine furrow opener type and crust-breaking method effects on cotton emergence on a silty clay soil (Calcic Cambisols). The effects of five planters (equipped with runner, single- and double-disk type openers) and five crust-breaking methods (using rolling cultivator, rolling-type crust breaker, spike-tooth, chain-type harrows and no crust-breaking) on the seedling emergence were studied. The results showed that planter type significantly affected cotton seedling emergence. In non-crust-breaking method, the best emergence was produced with the double-disk opener planter that created crack lines along the seed rows. This phenomenon was not observed with the runner-type opener planter. However, some crack lines were observed on the outside edges of its smooth-crown zero-pressure press wheels tires, which resulted in large clod formation after crust-breaking and had therefore negative effect on seedling emergence. Crust-breaking had negative effect on final emergence for double-disk planter due to filling the crack lines with loosened soil. Crust-breaking improved emergence percentages for runner opener planters, when the depth of penetration of the crust breaker teeth was shallow. The conclusion is that irrigated cotton emergence on crust-forming soils in a flatland planting system might significantly be improved by selecting a double-disk planter with zero-pressure press wheel tires without any crust-breaking operation under the soil and climate of central Iran.     

Conservation tillage for soybean in the U.S. Southeastern Coastal Plain

Double cropping of soybean has progressed less rapidly in the U.S. Southeastern Coastal Plains than expected by the ample rainfall and long frost-free season. Post-emergence herbicides, the management of plant residues to reduce water use by cover crops, and a no-till planter with a combination subsoiler are the innovations that have facilitated this new production. Full-season soybean (Glycine max L.) was planted following a grazed cover crop of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) or late-season soybean was planted following winter wheat harvest. In both cases, a special planter was used with an integral subsoil shank ahead of the opener. Full-season soybean under conservation tillage produced yields equal to or better than yields in conventional clean tillage. In a dry summer, soybean yields under conservation tillage exceeded conventional tillage because of suppressed early biomass production which conserved stored soil water and favored growth during the reproduction phase of the crop-cycle. Late-season soybean yields behind wheat favored the conservation tillage practice of in-row subsoil-planting into stubble. However, planting in burned-off wheat stubble produced the highest yields in this study. In a dry spring, the cover crop accelerated soil water use which resulted in lower soybean yields under conservation tillage. Comparisons of 76 vs. 97 cm row spacing were inconclusive, but the trend suggests that wider rows conserve water under periods of drought and that the narrower-row configuration favors adequate water regimes.     

固定道小麦免少耕播种机设计与试验

为了减少农机作业对农田土壤的压实,改善作物生长环境,加强农机与农艺融合,该文结合固定道和保护性耕作技术要求,开发了固定道小麦免少耕播种机,设计了一种楔刀型开沟器与“Y”型、“L”型刀具相结合的防堵开沟装置,并确定了“Y”型、“L”型刀具等关键部件的参数,田间对比试验表明,所设计的固定道小麦免少耕播种机通过性能良好,各项指标满足免耕播种机设计要求。固定道模式下机具各项性能指标均略优于非固定道,种、肥深度合格率均达到84%以上,且一致性好,种肥间距加大5 mm,合格率达到85.2%,有效减少了烧种现象。固定道免少耕作业实施2年后,与非固定道作业模式相比,作业油耗降低22.01%,节油效果显著。因此,固定道免少耕播种技术能够提高播种质量,降低作业功耗。另外,随着中国土地流转政策地推进,研究成果将对土地规模化种植、高效化管理具有一定指导意义。