CH4 oxidation and N2O emissions at varied soil water-filled pore spaces and headspace CH4 concentrations

Emission of N₂O and CH₄ oxidation rates were measured from soils of contrasting (30-75%) water-filled pore space (WFPS). Oxidation rates of ¹³C-CH₄ were determined after application of 10 μl ¹³C-CH₄ l⁻¹ (10 at. % excess ¹³C) to soil headspace and comparisons made with estimates from changes in net CH₄ emission in these treatments and under ambient CH₄ where no ¹³C-CH₄ had been applied. We found a significant effect of soil WFPS on ¹³C-CH₄ oxidation rates and evidence for oxidation of 2.2 μg ¹³C-CH₄ d⁻¹ occurring in the 75% WFPS soil, which may have been either aerobic oxidation occurring in aerobic microsites in this soil or anaerobic CH₄ oxidation. The lowest ¹³C-CH₄ oxidation rate was measured in the 30% WFPS soil and was attributed to inhibition of methanotroph activity in this dry soil. However, oxidation was lowest in the wetter soils when estimated from changes in concentration of ¹²⁺¹³C-CH₄. Thus, both methanogenesis and CH₄ oxidation may have been occurring simultaneously in these wet soils, indicating the advantage of using a stable isotope approach to determine oxidation rates. Application of ¹³C-CH₄ at 10 μl ¹³C-CH₄ l⁻¹ resulted in more rapid oxidation than under ambient CH₄ conditions, suggesting CH₄ oxidation in this soil was substrate limited, particularly in the wetter soils. Application of and (80 mg N kg soil⁻¹; 9.9 at.% excess ¹⁵N) to different replicates enabled determination of the respective contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N₂O emissions. The highest N₂O emission (119 μg ¹⁴⁺¹⁵N-N₂O kg soil⁻¹ over 72 h) was measured from the 75% WFPS soil and was mostly produced during denitrification (18.1 μg ¹⁵N-N₂O kg soil⁻¹; 90% of ¹⁵N-N₂O from this treatment). Strong negative correlations between ¹⁴⁺¹⁵N-N₂O emissions, denitrified ¹⁵N-N₂O emissions and ¹³C-CH₄ concentrations (r=−0.93 to −0.95, N₂O; r=−0.87 to −0.95, denitrified ¹⁵N-N₂O; P<0.05) suggest a close relationship between CH₄ oxidation and denitrification in our soil, the nature of which requires further investigation.     

Methane emission from bogs in the subtaiga of Western Siberia: The development of standard model

The methane emission from typical bog landscapes of the West Siberian subtaiga was studied in the summer-autumn of 2007?C2010. The lowest specific fluxes (the median value is 0.08 mg C-CH₄/m² per h) were recorded from ryams (raised bogs with dwarf shrub-sphagnum associations). From the ridges of the ridge-pool complexes, the fluxes were estimated at 0.49 mg C-CH₄/m² per h; from the oligotrophic hollows, eutrophic bogs, floating lake mats, and mesotrophic quaking bogs, they were estimated at 2.68, 3.36, 4.53, and 4.98 mg C-CH₄/m² per h, respectively. The maximal flux was determined from the lakes (the median is 17.98 mg C-CH₄/m² per h). The regional assessment of the methane flux from the bogs of Western Siberia (2.93 Tg C-CH₄/yr) was obtained on the basis of the authors?? and literature data.     

Methane emission from mires of the West Siberian taiga

In the summer-autumn seasons of 2007–2011, the methane emission from typical mire landscapes of Western Siberia was studied using the static chamber method. The lowest methane flux turned out to be characteristic of the ryams (pine-dwarf shrub-sphagnum associations) and the ridges of the ridge-hollow complexes, as well as of the wetland lakes in the northern and middle taiga (the medians are within the range of 0.1–0.5 mg C-CH₄/m² h). Values that are 10 times higher are typical for the oligotrophic hollows, fens, peat mats, and poor fens in different subzones (the medians are 2 to 7 mg C-CH₄/m² h). The maximal values of the methane flux from the wetland lakes of the southern taiga are 17.98 mg C-CH₄/m² h. Based on the data obtained by the authors, along with the previously published ones, the regional methane fluxes from the taiga mires were calculated: 2.22 Mt C-CH₄/m² per year, or about 80% of the total methane flux from the West Siberian mires. The estimates of the CH₄ regional flux obtained by other researchers are discussed; the main source of the estimation uncertainty is analyzed.     

Nitrous oxide emission from wetland rice soil as affected by the application of controlled-availability fertilizers and mid-season aeration

 N₂O emission from a wetland rice soil as affected by the application of three controlled-availability fertilizers (CAFs) and urea was investigated through a pot experiment. N₂O fluxes from the N fertilized paddy soil averaged 44.8–69.3 μg N m^–2 h^–1 during the rice growing season, accounting for 0.28–0.51% of the applied N. The emission primarily occurred during the mid-season aeration (MSA) and the subsequent re-flooding period. Fluxes were highly correlated with the NO₃ ^– and N₂O concentrations in the soil water. As there were relatively large amounts of NH₄ ⁺-N present in the soil of the CAF treatments at the beginning of MSA, leading to large amounts of NO₃ ^–-N during the MSA and the subsequent re-flooding period, the tested CAFs were not effective in reducing N₂O emission from this paddy soil. The potential of applied CAFs to reduce N₂O emissions from paddy soil is discussed. Received: 25 May 1999     

Methane emissions from north and middle taiga mires of Western Siberia: Bc8 standard model

During summer and autumn of 2008–2010 in the north and middle taiga, measurements of methane emissions from different types of wetland landscapes in Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs were made by the static chamber method. Total methane emission from West-Siberian northern and middle taiga mires is estimated at 550 and 530 kt C-CH₄ per year.     

Soil-released carbon dioxide from microbial biomass carbon in the cultivated soils of karst areas of southwest China

 Soil microbial biomass and the emission of CO₂ from the soil surface were measured in yellow soils (Ultisols) of the karst areas of southwest China. The soils are relatively weathered, leached and impoverished, and have a low input of plant residues. The measurements were made for a 1-year period and show a reciprocal relationship between microbial biomass and surface CO₂ efflux. The highest (42.6±2.8 mg CO₂-C m^–2 h^–1) and lowest (15.6±0.6 mg CO₂-C m^–2 h^–1) CO₂ effluxes are found in the summer and winter, respectively. The cumulative CO₂ efflux is 0.24 kg CO₂-C m^–2 year^–1. There is also a marked seasonal variation in the amount of soil microbial biomass carbon, but with the highest (644±71 μg C g^–1 soil) and lowest (270±24 μg C g^–1 soil) values occurring in the winter and summer, respectively. The cumulative loss of soil microbial biomass carbon in the top 10 cm of the soil was 608 μg C g^–1 year^–1 soil over 17 sampling times. The mean residence time of microbial biomass is estimated at 105 days, suggesting that the carbon in soil microbial biomass may act as a source of the CO₂ released from soils. Received: 13 July 1999     

Influence of the insecticide carbofuran on the production and oxidation of methane in a flooded rice soil

Applications of a commercial formulation of carbofuran, a carbamate insecticide, at rates of 2kg and 12kg active ingredient ha^–1 to flooded fields planted to rice led to significant inhibition of methane emission. Likewise, laboratory incubation studies showed that carbofuran applied at low rates (5 and 10μgg^–1soil) inhibited the net methane production relative to that of the control, but stimulated it when applied at a rate of 100μgg^–1soil. Interestingly, carbofuran increased the oxidation of methane when applied at low rates and inhibited it when applied at a rate of 100μgg^–1soil. Received: 5 May 1997     

Nitrous oxide emission from feedlot manure and green waste compost applied to Vertisols

Application of feedlot manure (FLM) to cropping and grazing soils could provide a valuable N nutrient resource. However, because of its high but variable N concentration, FLM has the potential for environmental pollution of water bodies and N₂O emission to the atmosphere. As a potential management tool, we utilised the low-nutrient green waste compost (GWC) to assess its effectiveness in regulating N release and the amount of N₂O emission from two Vertisols when both FLM and GWC were applied together. Cumulative soil N₂O emission over 32 weeks at 24°C and field capacity (70% water-filled pore space) for a black Vertisol (Udic Paleustert) was 45 mg N₂O m⁻² from unamended soil. This increased to 274 mg N₂O m⁻² when FLM was applied at 1 kg m⁻² and to 403 mg N₂O m⁻² at 2 kg m⁻². In contrast, the emissions of 60 mg N₂O m⁻² when the soil was amended with GWC 1 kg m⁻² and 48 mg N₂O m⁻² at 2 kg m⁻² were not significantly greater than the unamended soil. Emission from a mixture of FLM and GWC applied in equal amounts (0.5 kg m⁻²) was 106 mg N₂O m⁻² and FLM applied at 0.5 kg m⁻² and GWC at 1.5 kg GWC m⁻² was 117 mg N₂O m⁻². Although cumulative N₂O emissions from an unamended grey Vertisol (Typic Chromustert) were only slightly higher than black Vertisol (57 mg N₂O m⁻²), FLM application at 1 kg m⁻² increased N₂O emissions by 14 times (792 mg N₂O m⁻²) and at 2 kg m⁻² application by 22 times (1260 mg N₂O m^-2). Application of GWC did not significantly increase N₂O emission (99 mg N₂O m⁻² at 1 kg m⁻² and 65 mg N₂O m⁻² at 2 kg m⁻²) above the unamended soil. As observed for the black Vertisol, a mixture of FLM (0.5 kg m⁻²) and GWC (0.5 or 1.5 kg m⁻²) reduced N₂O emission by >50% of that from the FLM alone, most likely by reducing the amount of mineral N (NH₄⁺–N and NO₃⁻–N) in the soil, as mineral N in soil and the N₂O emission were closely correlated.     

Emission of CO2 by soils in the impact zone of the Severonikel smelter in the Kola subarctic region

The intensity of the in situ soil respiration in the background northern taiga spruce forests of the Kola subarctic region reaches 120–290 mg C-CO₂/m² per h. In the impact zone of the Severonikel smelter, it decreases to 90–140, 30, and 15–30 mg C-CO₂/m² per h at the stages of spruce defoliation, spruce-birch woodland, and technogenic barrens of the technogenic succession, respectively. For the first time, the impact of the industrial pollution on root respiration has been assessed, and the dependences of the CO₂ emission, the contribution of mineral soil horizons to this process, the microbial biomass, and root respiration on the concentrations of available nickel and copper compounds have been determined. The efficiency of two remediation technologies applied to technogenic barrens near the smelter has been evaluated on the basis of four parameters of the soil biological activity. The results indicate that remediation with the creation of a new filled soil layer is more efficient than chemical and phytoremediation methods.     

Organic matter mineralization in different soil aggregate fractions

The mineralization rate of the organic matter (OM) in the aggregate fractions of a gray forest soil separated by repeated sieving through sieves with different mesh sizes was assessed. The samples of the soil aggregate fractions were incubated for 141 days under constant temperature and moisture, and the C-CO₂ emission rate was measured. The mineralizable OM pool in the aggregates of <0.25, 1–0.25, and 3–1 mm in size from the soil under a forest contained easily (C₁, k ₁ > 0.1 days⁻¹), moderately (C₂, k ₂ > 0.01 days⁻¹), and difficultly (C₃, k ₃ > 0.001 days⁻¹) mineralized compounds; the C₁ and C₂ components were present in the coarser aggregates. In the arable soil, the C₁, C₂, and C₃ OM components were separated in the aggregates of <0.25 and 1–0.25 mm; the C₁ and C₃ were separated in the aggregates of 3–1 and 5–3 mm; and the C₁ and C₂ were separated in the coarsest (10–5 mm) aggregates. The highest content of potentially mineralized OM (C₀) occurred in the aggregates of 1–0.25 and 3–1 mm, but the size of the mineralizable OM pool was more dependent on the portion of the aggregate fraction in the soil than on the absolute C₀ content in the fraction. It was shown that the decrease in the share of coarse structural aggregates is accompanied by a depletion of potentially mineralized OM in the arable soil, and the formation of coarse aggregates is an important condition of the soil carbon sequestration.     

Methane emission from paddy fields in Taiwan

 In order to investigate the effect of environmental conditions on CH₄ emission from paddy fields in Taiwan, four locations, two cropping seasons and two irrigation systems were studied. CH₄ emission was high at the active tillering and the booting stages in the first cropping season, whereas it was low at the transplanting and the ripening stages with an intermittent irrigation system. CH₄ emission was high at the transplanting stage in the second cropping season, and decreased gradually during rice cultivation. Daily temperature and light intensity increased gradually during rice growth in the first cropping season (February–June), while it was reversed in the second cropping season (August–December). The seasonal CH₄ emission from paddy fields ranged from 1.73 to 11.70 g m^–2, and from 10.54 to 39.50 g m^–2 in the first and second cropping seasons, respectively. The seasonal CH₄ emission in the second cropping season was higher than that in the first cropping season in all test fields. The seasonal CH₄ emission was 32.65 mg m^–2 in the first cropping season of the National Taiwan University paddy field with continuous flooding, and it was 28.85 mg m^–2 in the second cropping season. The annual CH₄ emission ranged from 12.3 to 49.3 g m^–2 with an intermittent irrigation system, and the value was 61.5 g m^–2 with a continuous flooding treatment. The annual CH₄ emission from paddy fields was estimated to be 0.034 Tg in 1997 from 364,212 ha of paddy fields with an intermittent irrigation system, which was less than the 0.241 Tg calculated by the IPCC method with a continuous flooding treatment Received: 23 February 2000     

Emission of N2O from rye grass (Lolium perenne L.)

 The possibility of an additional N₂O emission pathway via plants was investigated in a soil-rye-grass (Lolium perenne L.) system. The N₂O emission rate of the system varied between 0.8 and 13.3 mg N₂O-N m^–2 day^–1. Comparing the N₂O emission rate of the system before and immediately after cutting the rye grass allowed us to calculate the contribution of the rye grass to the N₂O emission from the soil-plant system. It was found that, depending on the type of fertilization and the growing period of the plants, the N₂O released from the rye grass varied between 0 and 2.8 mg N₂O-N m^–2 day^–1. N ₂ O emission mediated by the rye grass increased towards the end of the growing period. An exponential correlation [R²=0.93, y=(8×10^–6 x ² )–(2×10^–5 x)+0.21] was observed between the N₂O emission (y) from the rye grass and its NO₃ ^––N content (x). However, it was not clear whether N₂O was produced by the plants themselves or whether the rye grass served as a conduit for N₂O produced in the soil. Received: 18 March 1998     

Daily and seasonal dynamics of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> fluxes from soils under different stands of monsoon tropical forest

The analysis of daily, seasonal, and annual dynamics of CO₂ emission from soils under different stands of monsoon tropical tall-tree forest was performed on the basis of field observations conducted at the Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technology Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Under a tropical climate, the main factors responsible for the rate of carbon dioxide emission from the soils are shown to be the soil type and the topographic position of the area studied along with the type of vegetation. Depending on these factors, the rate of CO₂ emission from the soils was 65–178 mg C/(m² h) during the dry season and 123–259 mg C/(m² h) during the wet season. The daily dynamics of CO₂ emissions from the soils of the tropical zone was weakly pronounced in both the wet and the dry season owing to the insignificant diurnal fluctuations of soil temperature. The investigations carried out allowed making an expert evaluation of the annual CO₂ fluxes from the soils under different stands of monsoon tropical tall-tree forest in southern Vietnam. They amounted to 900–2000 g C/(m² yr) depending on the forest type.     

Carbon dioxide emission from the surface of podzolic soils

The regularities of the seasonal dynamics of the CO₂ emission from the surface of a podzolic soil under a bilberry pine forest of the middle taiga were revealed. In mid-May, after the snow melt, the CO₂ emission was 0.10–0.20 g of CO₂/m² per h. Then, the intensity of the CO₂ emission increased, reached its maximum (1.0 to 1.5 g of CO₂/m² per h) in July–August, and decreased down to 0.04–0.10 g of CO₂ g/m² per h in mid-October. The correlation between the rate of the CO₂ emission and the temperature and moisture of the soil was positive and negative: r = 0.34 to 0.91 and ?0.44 to ?0.86, respectively. According to the empirical model, 2.26–2.69 t of C-CO₂/ha were emitted during the warm time of the year.     

Changing pH shifts the microbial sourceas well as the magnitude of N2O emission from soil

Here, we examine the effect of long-term pH differences and short-term pH change on N₂O emissions from soil, and the microbial source (ammonia oxidation versus denitrification) of ¹⁵N-N₂O emissions. ¹⁵N-fertiliser (20 g N m^?2; 10 atom% excess ¹⁵N) was applied to (1) a silt loam soil of pH 7 held at 50% and 65% water-filled pore space (WFPS) (experiment 1) and (2) a loamy sand soil maintained at pH 4.5 and pH 7 for over 40 years (experiment 2). Soils were limed with CaCO₃ or acidified with H₂SO₄, and comparisons were made with unadjusted soils. Ammonia oxidation was the main microbial source of ¹⁵N-N₂O in soils limed to pH 7.0–8.1, unadjusted pH 7.1 (Experiment 1) and long-term pH 7 (experiment 2) soils. Eighty percent of ¹⁵N-N₂O from the long-term pH 4.5 soil (experiment 2) was derived from denitrification suggesting a possible inhibition of N₂O reduction. Short-term acidification to pH 5.6 or 4.3 lowered N₂O emissions. Liming of the pH 4.5 soil resulted in over four times greater N₂O emission (11 mg ¹⁴⁺¹⁵N-N₂O m^?2 over 41 days) than from the long-term pH 7.0 soil (experiment 2), with an associated increase in ammonia oxidiser-N₂O and decrease in denitrifier-N₂O production. This is the first report of a pH-induced change in microbial source of N₂O. Our results highlight the importance of distinguishing between short- and long-term effects of pH management when predicting N₂O emissions from soil, as they exhibit predominance of different microbial groups in N₂O production, with likely adaptation of the microbial community.     

CH4 oxidation and emissions of CH4 and N2O from Lolium perenne swards under elevated atmospheric CO2

Emissions of N₂O and CH₄ and CH₄ oxidation rates were measured from Lolium perenne swards in a short-term study under ambient (36 Pa) and elevated (60 Pa) atmospheric CO₂ at the Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment experiment, Eschikon, Switzerland. Elevated pCO₂ increased (P<0.05) N₂O emissions from high N fertilised (11.2 g N m⁻²) swards by 69%, but had no significant effect on net emissions of CH₄. Application of ¹³C-CH₄ (11 μl l⁻¹; 11 at.% excess ¹³C) to closed chamber headspaces in microplots enabled determination of rates of ¹³C-CH₄ oxidation even when net CH₄ fluxes from main plots were positive. We found a significant interaction between fertiliser application rate and atmospheric pCO₂ on ¹³C-CH₄ oxidation rates that was attributed to differences in gross nitrification rates and C and N availability. CH₄ oxidation was slower and thought to be temporarily inhibited in the high N ambient pCO₂ sward. The most rapid CH₄ oxidation of 14.6 μg ¹³C-CH₄ m⁻² h⁻¹ was measured in the high fertilised elevated pCO₂ sward, and we concluded that either elevated pCO₂ had a stimulatory effect on CH₄ oxidation or inhibition of oxidation following fertiliser application was lowered under elevated pCO₂. Application of ¹⁴NH₄¹⁵NO₃ and ¹⁵NH₄¹⁵NO₃ (10 at.% excess ¹⁵N) to different replicates enabled determination of the respective contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N₂O emissions. Inhibition of CH₄ oxidation in the high fertilised ambient pCO₂ sward, due to competition between NH₃ and CH₄ for methane monooxygenase enzymes or toxic effects of NH₂OH or NO₂⁻ produced during nitrification, was hypothesised to increase gross nitrification (12.0 mg N kg dry soil⁻¹) and N₂O emissions during nitrification (327 mg ¹⁵N-N₂O m⁻² over 11 d). Our results indicate that increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO₂ may increase emissions of N₂O by denitrification, lower nitrification rates and either increase or decrease the ability of soil to act as a sink for atmospheric CH₄ depending on fertiliser management.     

Effects of salts and moisture content on N2O emission and nitrogen dynamics in Yellow soil and Andosol in model experiments

 The effects of salt type and its concentration on nitrification, N mineralization and N₂O emission were examined under two levels of moisture content in Yellow soil and Andosol samples as simulated to agriculture under arid/semi-arid conditions and under heavy application of fertilizer in a glass-house, respectively. The salt mixtures were composed of chlorides (NaCl and NH₄Cl) or sulphates [Na₂SO₄ and (NH₄)₂SO₄] and were added at various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 M as in the soil solution). These salts were added to non-saline Yellow soil at different moisture contents (45 or 40 and 65% of maximum water-holding capacity; WHC) and their effects on the changes in mineral N (NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ^–-N) concentration as well as N₂O emission were examined periodically during laboratory incubation. We also measured urease activities to know the effect of salts on N mineralization. Furthermore, Ca(NO₃)₂ solution was added at various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8 M as in the soil solution) to a non-saline Andosol taken from the subsurface layer in a glass-house and incubated at different moisture contents (50% and 70% of WHC) to examine their effects on changes in mineral N. Nitrification was inhibited by high, but remained unaffected by low, salt concentrations. These phenomena were shown in both the model experiments. It was considered that the salinity level for inhibition of nitrification was an electric conductivity (1 : 5) of 1 dS m^–1. This level was independent of the type of salts or soil, and was not affected by soil moisture content. The critical level of salts for urease activities was about 2 dS m^–1. The emission rate of N₂O was maximum at the beginning of the incubation period and stabilized at a low level after an initial peak. There was no significant difference in N₂O emission among the treatments at different salt concentrations, while higher moisture level enhanced N₂O emission remarkably. Received: 29 July 1998     

Effect of the herbicide butachlor on methane emission and ebullition flux from a direct-seeded flooded rice field

 Application of a commercial formulation of the herbicide butachlor (N-butoxymethyl-2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl acetanilide) at 1 kg a.i. ha^–1 to an alluvial soil planted with direct-seeded flooded rice (cv. Annada), significantly inhibited both crop-mediated emission and ebullition fluxes of methane (CH₄). Over a cropping period of 110 days, the crop-mediated cumulative emission flux of CH₄ was lowered by ∼20% in butachlor-treated field plots compared with that of an untreated control. Concurrently, ebollition flux of CH₄ was also retarded in butachlor-treated field plots by about 81% compared with that of control plots. Significant relationships existed between CH₄ emission and redox potential (E _h) and Fe²⁺ content of the flooded soil. Application of butachlor retarded a drop in soil redox potential as well as accumulation of Fe²⁺ in treated field plots. Methanogenic bacterial population, counted at the maturity stage of the crop, was also low in butachlor-treated plots, indicating both direct and indirect inhibitory effects of butachlor on methanogenic bacterial populations and their activity. Results indicate that butachlor, even at field-application level, can effectively abate CH₄ emission and ebollition from flooded soils planted to rice whilst maintaining grain yield. Received: 15 March 2000     

Contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N2O emissions from soils at different water-filled pore space

A combination of stable isotope and acetylene (0.01% v/v) inhibition techniques were used for the first time to determine N₂O production during denitrification, autotrophic nitrification and heterotrophic nitrification in a fertilised (200 kg N ha^–1) silt loam soil at contrasting (20–70%) water-filled pore space (WFPS). ¹⁵N-N₂O emissions from ¹⁴NH₄¹⁵NO₃ replicates were attributed to denitrification and ¹⁵N-N₂O from ¹⁵NH₄¹⁵NO₃ minus that from ¹⁴NH₄¹⁵NO₃ replicates was attributed to nitrification and heterotrophic nitrification in the presence of acetylene, as there was no dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium or immobilisation and remineralisation of ¹⁵N-NO₃^–. All of the N₂O emitted at 70% WFPS (31.6 mg N₂O-N m^–2 over 24 days; 1.12 g N₂O-N g dry soil^–1; 0.16% of N applied) was produced during denitrification, but at 35–60% WFPS nitrification was the main process producing N₂O, accounting for 81% of ¹⁵N-N₂O emitted at 60% WFPS, and 7.9 g ¹⁵N-N₂O m^–2 (0.28 ng ¹⁵N-N₂O g dry soil^–1) was estimated to be emitted over 7 days during heterotrophic nitrification in the 50% WFPS treatment and accounted for 20% of ¹⁵N-N₂O from this treatment. Denitrification was the predominant N₂O-producing process at 20% WFPS (2.6 g ¹⁵N-N₂O m^–2 over 7 days; 0.09 ng ¹⁵N-N₂O g dry soil^–1; 85% of ¹⁵N-N₂O from this treatment) and may have been due to the occurrence of aerobic denitrification at this WFPS. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of a combined stable isotope and acetylene approach to quantify N₂O emissions from different processes and to show that several processes may contribute to N₂O emission from agricultural soils depending on soil WFPS.     

稻虾共作对秸秆还田后稻田温室气体排放的影响

稻虾共作模式是稻田种养复合模式的重要组成部分,其主要特点是稻草全量还田、非稻季持续淹水和周年养殖克氏原螯虾。目前对稻虾共作模式稻田温室气体排放的影响尚不清楚。本研究以江汉平原冬泡无稻草还田为对照,设置冬泡+稻草还田和冬泡+稻草还田+养虾处理,探讨稻草还田及稻虾共作对稻田系统CH_4、N_2O和CO_2排放的影响,为准确评估稻田温室气体排放提供数据支撑和理论支持。结果表明,在大田监测期间,冬泡+稻草还田处理CH_4累积排放量比冬泡无稻草还田处理显著增加(P0.05),2015年和2016年增幅分别为27.23%和60.08%;冬泡+稻草还田+养虾处理CH_4累积排放量比冬泡+稻草还田显著降低(P0.05),2015年和2016年降幅分别为29.02%和41.19%。冬泡+稻草还田处理CO_2累积排放比冬泡无稻草还田处理显著提高;与冬泡无稻草还田处理相比较,冬泡+稻草还田处理和冬泡+稻草还田+养虾处理对N_2O累积排放无显著影响。从温室效应角度看,冬泡+稻草还田处理温室效应比冬泡无稻草还田处理大幅度增加,而冬泡+稻草还田基础上进行养虾则可大幅度降低CH_4排放,从而降低因秸秆还田带来的温室效应增强。所有处理水稻产量无显著差异,与冬泡+稻草还田处理相比,冬泡+稻草还田+养虾可显著降低温室气体排放强度。和冬泡无稻草还田处理相比,冬泡+稻草还田和冬泡+稻草还田+养虾对土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)、乙酸和NH_4~+-N并无显著影响。冬泡+稻草还田+养虾可极显著提高单位面积收益。