加速土壤侵蚀对养分流失的影响

Soil erosion and nutrient losses on newly-deforested lands in the Ziwuling Region on the Loess Plateau of China were monitored to quantitatively evaluate the effects of accelerated soil erosion, caused by deforestation, on organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus losses. Eight natural runoff plots were established on the loessial hill slopes representing different erosion patterns of dominant erosion processes including sheet, rill and shallow gully （similar to ephemeral gully）. Sediment samples were collected after each erosive rainfall event. Results showed that soil nutrients losses increased with an increase of erosion intensity. Linear relations between the losses of organic matter, total N, NH4-N, and available P and erosion intensity were found. Nutrient content per unit amount of eroded sediment decreased from the sheet to the shallow gully erosion zones, whereas total nutrient loss increased. Compared with topsoil, nutrients in eroded sediment were enriched, especially available P and NH4-N. The intensity of soil nutrient losses was also closely related to soil erosion intensity and pattern with the most severe soil erosion and nutrient loss occurring in the shallow gully channels on loessial hill slopes. These research findings will help to improve the understanding of the relation between accelerated erosion process after deforestation and soil quality degradation and to design better eco-environmental rehabilitation schemes for the Loess Plateau.     

黄土高原沟壑区土壤侵蚀评价指标体系——以中国王东沟流域为例

The Wangdonggou Watershed on the Loess Plateau in China was selected as the study area to develop a model for soil erosion assessments. Using the data collected at 20 sampling sites all tentatively selected indicators were assessed against their corresponding erosion intensity through a correlation analysis. Eight highly correlated indicators were then chosen for the soil erosion assessment. In addition, threshold limits to delineate the class size for these indicators and weights to rank them were determined. Next, a grading model incorporating the selected indicators class rating and their associated weights was developed and verified by an on site evaluation of the soil erosion intensity in the study area. Results of the verification showed that the overall accuracy of the indicator system for assessing soil erosion in the Loess Plateau gully regions could reach 85%.     

天然载体控释氮肥研究初探

The Wangdonggou Watershed on the Loess Plateau in China was selected as the study area to develop a model for soil erosion assessments. Using the data collected at 20 sampling sites all tentatively selected indicators were assessed against their corresponding erosion intensity through a correlation analysis. Eight highly correlated indicators were then chosen for the soil erosion assessment. In addition, threshold limits to delineate the class size for these indicators and weights to rank them were determined. Next, a grading model incorporating the selected indicators class rating and their associated weights was developed and verified by an on site evaluation of the soil erosion intensity in the study area. Results of the verification showed that the overall accuracy of the indicator system for assessing soil erosion in the Loess Plateau gully regions could reach 85%.     

切沟对沟岸地土壤水分的影响

In order to preliminarily look at rules for soil moisture changes in the bank of the gully and to provide some recommendations for vegetative restoration in gully bank regions in the Loess Plateau, changes of soil moisture with depth and distance to the gully edge and their dynamic changes with time were observed to study the soil water characteristics in the bank of the gully. The results showed that soil water content increased with increasing distance from the gully edge, whereas for the same time period, the closer the distance to the gully wall, the greater the water loss; and that the influential distance of side evaporation decreased as depth increased.     

黄土高原风蚀水蚀交错带沟岸对柠条林地土壤水分的影响

The most serious erosion on the Loess Plateau of China exists in the wind-water erosion crisscross region where the annual precipitation is about 400 mm, the ecological environment is very fragile, and water is the key limiting factor for improving the environment. In this study, changes of soil moisture content for Caragana korshinskii Kom. shrubland in the gully bank of the Loess Plateau were studied using the methods of soil sampling and neutron probe. A typical gully （75 m long, 28 m wide, and 10 m deep） was selected, and six neutron probe access tubes （6 m long） were installed at points 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 cm from the gully border for obtaining soil moisture data from July to October 2004 at approximately 10 d intervals. Soil samplings were simultaneously carried out for moisture determination at the six points. Results showed that the soil moisture of the shrubland in the gully bank significantly varied between 300 and 400 cm in the horizontal direction and up to 600 cm in vertical direction of the gully. Seasonal changes in soil moisture revealed a curve with a single peak that occurred at the end of August or early September. A linear regression equation was fit for soil water storage and the distance from the gully border, with coefficients depending on rainfall characteristics, sampling point, and time of measurement.     

基于SOTER的海南岛土壤水侵蚀模拟

The actual and potential water erosion rates of soils with different land covers in Hainan Island,China,were estimated based on the universal soil loss equation(USLE) and a 1:200000 Soils and Terrain digital Database(SOTER) Ddatabase,from which soil water erosion factors could be extracted.92.8% of the whole island had a current erosion rate of lowerthan 500t km^-2 a^-1.Soil erosion risk was considered to be high because of its abundant rainfall.Without vegetation tcover,the potential soil erosion ratewould be extremely high and 90.8% ofthe island would have a soil erosion rate higher than 2500t km^-2a^-1.Relative erosion vulnerability of different soil zones,landform types,and lithological regions of the island was compared by introducing a relative erosion hazard parameter α.Cambosols developed from siltstone and mudstone in low hill regions were pinpointed as soils with the highest erosion risk in the island.     

子午岭植被自然恢复过程中土壤有机碳密度的时空变化

To probe the processes and mechanisms of soil organic carbon （SOC） changes during forest recovery, a 150-year chronosequence study on SOC was conducted for various vegetation succession stages at the Ziwuling area, in the central part of the Loess Plateau, China. Results showed that during the 150 years of local vegetation rehabilitation SOC increased significantly （P 〈 0.05） over time in the initial period of 55-59 years, but slightly decreased afterwards. Average SOC densities for the 0-100 cm layer of farmland, grassland, shrubland and forest were 4.46, 5.05, 9.95, and 7.49 kg C m^-3, respectively. The decrease in SOC from 60 to 150 years of abandonment implied that the soil carbon pool was a sink for CO2 before the shrubland stage and became a source in the later period. This change resulted from the spatially varied composition and structure of the vegetation. Vegetation recovery had a maximum effect on the surface （0-20 cm） SOC pool. It was concluded that vegetation recovery on the Loess Plateau could result in significantly increased sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in soil and vegetation, which was ecologically important for mitigating the increase of atmospheric concentration of CO2 and for ameliorating the local eco-environment.     

退化喀斯特植被恢复与土壤微生物特征的关系

The mechanism of vegetation restoration on degraded karst regions has been a research focus of soil science and ecology for the last decade.In an attempt to preferably interpret the soil microbiological characteristic variation associated with vegetation restoration and further to explore the role of soil microbiology in vegetation restoration mechanism of degraded karst regions,we measured microbial biomass C and basal respiration in soils during vegetation restoration in Zhenfeng County of southwestern Guizhou Province,China.The community level physiological profiles(CLPP) of the soil microbial community to were estimated determine if vegetation changes were accompanied by changes in functioning of soil microbial communities.The results showed that soil microbial biomass C and microbial quotient(microbial biomass C/organic C) tended to increase with vegetation restoration,being in the order arboreal community stage > shrubby community stage > herbaceous community stage > bare land stage.Similar trend was found in the change of basal respiration(BR).The metabolic quotient(the ratio of basal respiration to microbial biomass,qCO 2) decreased with vegetation restoration,and remained at a constantly low level in the arboreal community stage.Analyses of the CLPP data indicated that vegetation restoration tended to result in higher average well color development,substrate richness,and functional diversity.Average utilization of specific substrate guilds was highest in the arboreal community stage.Principle component analysis of the CLPP data further indicated that the arboreal community stage was distinctly different from the other three stages.In conclusion,vegetation restoration improved soil microbial biomass C,respiration,and utilization of carbon sources,and decreased qCO 2,thus creating better soil conditions,which in turn could promote the restoration of vegetation on degraded karst regions.     

中国黄土高原丘陵沟壑区天然降雨下不同土地利用方式的水土流失效应（英文）

The Loess Plateau,which is located in the arid and semi-arid areas of China,experiences significant soil erosion due to intense human activities and soil erodibility.It is necessary to explore and identify the land-use types or land-use patterns that can control soil erosion and achieve certain agricultural production capabilities.This study established runoff plots with two slope gradients(5°and 15°) in north of Yan'an,one area of the Loess Plateau,with 3 single land-use types(cultivated land,CL;switchgrass,SG;and abandoned land,AL) and 2 composite land-use types(CL-SG and CL-AL).Prom 2006 to 2012,we continuously monitored the rainfall characteristics,runoff depth,soil loss,vegetation coverage,and soil physical properties.The results indicated a general trend in the number of runoff and soil loss events for the 5 land-use types:CL = CL-SG CL-AL SG AL.The general trend for runoff depth,soil loss,their magnitudes of variation,and the slopes of rainfall-runoff regression equation was CL CL-SG CL-AL SG AL,whereas the rainfall threshold for runoff generation exhibited the opposite trend.Results of nonparametric test regarding runoff depth/EI_(30) and soil loss/EI_(30),where EI_(30) is the product of rainfall kinetic energy and the maximum rainfall intensity over 30 min,and the runoff depth-soil loss relationship regression indicated that the effect of CL-AL was similar to that of SG;SG was similar to AL;and CL-AL,SG,and AL were superior to CL with regard to soil and water conservation.Runoff depth and soil loss significantly increased as the slope gradient increased.Runoff depth and soil loss were significantly correlated with the soil particle size composition and bulk density,respectively.The strongest significant correlations were found between runoff depth and vegetation coverage as well as between soil loss and vegetation coverage,which showed that vegetation coverage was the primary factor controlling soil erosion.Therefore,the composite land-use type CL-AL and the artificial grassland(SG) are appropriate options because both soil conservation and a certain degree of agricultural production are necessary in the study area.     

西藏高原土壤侵蚀敏感性空间分布

The Tibet Plateau, occupying the main part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and having an average altitude of 4 500 m, has geomorphological features that are unique in the world, with soil erosion being one of the main ecological problems. Thus the main objectives of the present research were to set up an efficient and simple way of evaluating spatial distribution of soil erosion sensitivity in the Tibet Plateau as well as the responses of soil erosion to changes of natural environmental conditions, and to indicate key regions where soil erosion should be preferentially controlled. Based on the Universal Soil Loss Equation （USLE）, the study applied geographic information system （GIS） technology to develop a methodological reference framework, from which soil erosion sensitivity could be evaluated. The impact of precipitation, soil, topography and vegetation on soil erosion was divided into classes of extreme sensitivity, high sensitivity, medium sensitivity, low sensitivity and no sensitivity. With the aid of GIS, the resultant map from overlaying various factors showed that soil erosion sensitivity had great discrepancy in different parts of the region. In the southeastern part of the Tibet Plateau there were mainly three classes of sensitivity, namely, extreme, high and medium sensitivity. However, the other two classes; low and no sensitivity, were dominant in the northwestern part.     

甘肃省小陇山林区降雨型浅层滑坡汇水面积-坡度关系及其影响因素

沟头发生侵蚀的地形临界模型可有效预测侵蚀沟的形成条件,浅层滑坡失稳形成的洼地也是沟头形成的方式之一。为探究浅层滑坡临界起动模型的特点,以甘肃省天水市小陇山林区的降雨型浅层滑坡为研究对象,运用汇水面积-坡度关系,构建临界起动模型,与黄土高原典型侵蚀沟(浅沟、切沟)的临界起动模型进行对比分析,并探讨土地利用类型、植被类型和土壤质地对该模型的影响。结果表明:(1)浅层滑坡临界起动模型为S=3.50A_s^-0.34,其侵蚀阈值为3.50,大于黄土高原典型浅沟(0.96)和切沟(1.54)的侵蚀阈值。研究区浅层滑坡一般发生于土层较薄的陡坡地带,其平均坡度(S=1.26)大于浅沟(S=0.35)与切沟(S=0.46),单位汇水面积(A=89.08 m²/m)小于浅沟(A=920.93 m²/m)和切沟(A=1 129.82 m²/m)。(2)汇水面积与坡度平方的乘积(AS²)代表了沟头产生侵蚀的能量指标值。研究区浅层滑坡AS²值在269.1~5 703.2 m²,平均值为1 772.97 m²,黄土高原浅沟AS²值在4.74~892.66 m²,切沟在41~814 m²,启动能量值方面,浅沟<切沟<浅层滑坡。(3)土地利用类型、植被类型和土壤质地通过影响土壤的抗冲力、渗透性和黏粒含量,从而对浅层滑坡的起动难易程度产生影响。在不同的土地利用方式中,农地最易发生侵蚀,其次是林地。油松林附近浅层滑坡的抗侵蚀能力高于日本落叶松林。研究结果为探究浅层滑坡的起动条件提供理论依据。     

黄土残塬沟壑区范围界定及近21年来NDVI时空变化特征

为探究黄土残塬沟壑区退耕还林（草）工程等林业生态工程实施后林业资源恢复情况，以黄土高原DEM数据及2000—2020年归一化植被指数NDVI数据为基础，采用地形因子计算、水文分析、空间叠加分析等方法，划分了较为完整的黄土残塬沟壑区的范围，并利用趋势分析法、变异系数的相关理论与方法，分析了近21年来黄土残塬沟壑区NDVI时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）黄土残塬沟壑区横跨山西、陕西和甘肃3省，面积约为2.99万km²，沟壑密度为1.91~3.21 km/km²；（2）黄土残塬沟壑区NDVI从时序变化上看，全区21年总平均NDVI值为0.711，2000—2020年该区植被NDVI变化趋势呈快—慢—较快增长；从空间分布来看，植被覆盖度NDVI值总体为0.6~0.9，研究区中部地区植被覆盖度较其他地区高；（3）在时空趋势特征方面，研究区西部和东部部分地区植被覆盖改善程度明显，中部地区植被覆盖情况较为稳定；在时空波动特征方面，该区植被NDVI时序波动稳定，空间波动差异性较大，低波动区域面积占比为48.06%。整体而言，黄土残塬沟壑区主要分布在山西、陕西和甘肃3省，该区2000—2020年间植被NDVI整体呈上升态势，植被覆盖水平整体较高且波动较低，并呈持续改善趋势。研究结果可为黄土残塬沟壑区水土保持工作提供理论基础和科学依据。     

黄土高原丘陵区不同植被恢复方式下土壤水分特征——以桥子沟流域为例

为研究黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同植被恢复方式下的土壤水分特征,以天水典型对比小流域——桥子西沟(自然恢复的荒草地)和桥子东沟(人工恢复的刺槐林地)为例,基于2流域5-8月0～ 100 cm深度土壤质量含水量和氢氧同位素浓度,定量分析不同植被恢复方式下降水和坡向对土壤水分影响.结果表明:以刺槐林地为主的流域土壤含水量低于以荒草地为主的流域(16.72％)约3.70％,对降水量的响应较弱,各土层含水量变异系数较高.土壤水分存在临界变化深度,刺槐林地为主的流域在10 cm以下含水量趋于稳定,最大蒸发深度为55 cm,荒草地为主的流域在30 cm以下含水量开始增加,最大蒸发深度为30 cm.两流域含水量均遵循阴坡＞半阴坡＞半阳坡,δo18的分布不符合这一规律.以刺槐林地为主的流域含水量随坡向变化较小,而以荒草地为主的流域受坡向影响较大,坡向对土壤水分的影响受植被因子的制约.以自然恢复荒草地为主的恢复方式可以较好的增加土壤水库蓄水量,有利于流域生态的可持续发展.     

子午岭地区植被演替的土壤碳汇效应

为明确黄土高原地区植被长期恢复的土壤碳汇效应,采用时空互代的方法,研究子午岭地区150年以来8个植被演替序列的土壤有机碳含量及储量的变化特征,分析影响土壤有机碳储量变化的植被因素。结果表明:从农地演替到气候顶级辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanicaMary.)群落,土壤有机碳含量和储量明显增加,表现为演替前期(草本群落)快速增加,后期(乔木群落)趋向稳定的变化特征。剖面上来看,随着土层加深,土壤有机碳含量迅速减少。0—5 cm土层土壤有机碳含量与5—20,20—40 cm土层差异显著(P＜0.05),表明土壤有机碳积累存在明显的表聚效应。枯落物蓄积量与细根生物量均随演替时间呈现出增加的变化特征,前者更有利于提高土壤有机碳储量。0—5 cm土层与0—20 cm土层土壤有机碳储量与演替时间均存在极显著的幂函数关系,不同土层之间土壤有机碳储量线性相关关系显著(P＜0.001)。植被长期演替具有显著的土壤碳汇功能。未来黄土高原地区林、草地的恢复应根据植被带的分异规律,促进自然演替,以进一步提升该地区的土壤碳汇潜能。     

特大暴雨下不同土地利用类型坡面切沟发育特征

切沟侵蚀是黄土高原丘陵沟壑区水土流失的重要形式之一，然而极端暴雨条件下不同土地利用类型坡面切沟侵蚀研究还鲜见报道。该研究以陕北2017年"7·26"特大暴雨为例，研究了岔巴沟流域3种土地利用类型（农地、休闲地和撂荒地）坡面切沟发育形态特征及体积估算模型。结果表明：1）农地、休闲地和撂荒地切沟长度分布在20 m内的占比分别为55.6%、34.8%和44.8%；农地切沟平均深度为110 cm，分别比休闲地和撂荒地高18.3%、19.2%；农地和休闲地切沟平均宽深比分别为0.87和0.84，横断面呈"宽-浅型"，而撂荒地切沟呈"方型"（宽深比1.01）。2）撂荒地切沟侵蚀体积分别比农地和休闲地减少47.8%和28.3%，表明植被恢复有效地削弱了极端暴雨作用下的切沟侵蚀。3）农地切沟不同坡段侵蚀体积由高到低为下坡、上坡、中坡，而休闲地和撂荒地切沟侵蚀体积沿坡长方向呈递增趋势；3种土地利用类型切沟在上坡段的沟岸拓宽速率大于下切速率，中下坡则相反。4）农地、休闲地和撂荒地切沟侵蚀体积均与切沟长度、横断面面积呈极显著幂函数关系（P<0.001），横断面面积是切沟体积估算更为有效的参数。研究结果可为黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用类型坡面切沟侵蚀体积估算及其防治提供重要依据。     

子午岭地区林地破坏加速侵蚀对土壤养分流失和微生物的影响研究

以浅沟集水区为研究对象,分析了子午岭地区林地被开垦破坏15年后裸露地在不同侵蚀强度和侵蚀方式下的土壤养分流失和土壤微生物数量的变化。结果表明,林地开垦破坏后,土壤侵蚀加剧发展,侵蚀强度达159.7t/(hm2a),是林地土壤侵蚀量的上千倍。开垦破坏15年后,裸露地浅沟集水区不同地形部位表层土壤全氮、有机碳、速效磷和土壤微生物总数显著减少,同林地相比,依次分别减少37.9%～82.6%、42.7%～86.4%、24.2%～80.3%和31.8%～92.0%。在裸露地浅沟集水区梁坡随坡长的增加,表层土壤有机碳、全氮和速效磷含量及微生物总数呈显著的下降趋势,且沟槽的土壤各养分含量及微生物总数明显低于沟间。裸露地浅沟集水区土壤养分流失强度及微生物数量减少幅度在浅沟集水区的空间分布与土壤侵蚀方式和侵蚀强度相对应。林地开垦破坏15年后,土壤养分以有机碳流失最严重,其次分别为速效磷、全氮;微生物中的真菌减少幅度最大,细菌次之,放线菌减少幅度最小。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区浅层滑坡和崩塌形态特征与发育临界地形

退耕还林(草)工程的深入实施有效遏制了黄土高原水土流失,但以浅层滑坡和崩塌为主的重力侵蚀在黄土高原广泛分布,且已成为小流域侵蚀泥沙主要来源之一.为探究黄土丘陵沟壑区浅层滑坡和崩塌的形态特征和发育临界地形,在陕西省安塞区纸坊沟小流域调查了 53处浅层滑坡和40处崩塌,记录其植被特征,同时进行无人机摄影测量.结果表明:浅层...     

黄土高原子午岭地区植被恢复过程中的土壤质量评价

选择黄土高原子午岭地区植被自然恢复1-140a不同年限的阳坡墚坡地为研究对象,通过相关性分析筛选土壤表层（0-20cm）16项表征土壤物理、化学、生物学性质的指标,运用主成分分析计算土壤质量综合指数,评价子午岭地区植被恢复过程对土壤质量的影响。结果表明：土壤总孔隙度、平均重量直径（MWD）、有机质质量分数、速效磷质量分数、蔗糖酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性、真菌数量、微生物总量构成土壤质量评价指标体系;土壤质量综合指数随植被恢复年限的增加而增加;植被自然恢复1-140a间,土壤质量综合指数变化范围为0.1559-0.8509,较裸露休闲地增加4.2-27.5倍;根据土壤质量综合指数变化规律,可将140a植被恢复过程中的土壤质量演变过程分为3个阶段,即植被恢复初期（1-20a）的土壤质量综合指数呈快速增长,植被恢复中期（20-40a）的土壤质量综合指数呈波动性增长,植被恢复后期（40-140a）的土壤质量综合指数呈稳定增长。植被演替过程中不同植被生活型土壤质量综合指数表现为乔木林地〉灌木林地〉草地。     

黄土高原不同侵蚀类型区侵蚀产沙强度变化及其治理目标

为了确定黄土高原不同侵蚀类型区的治理目标,采取"水文—地貌法",利用98个水文站控制区和234个侵蚀产沙单元,在分析其不同治理阶段土壤侵蚀产沙变化特征与减沙幅度,不同侵蚀强度面积的变化及其空间分布的基础上,提出了未来20a黄土高原主要流失区的区域治理目标:土壤流失量控制在3.60×108 t左右,土壤侵蚀模数1 300 t/(km2.a)左右。其中,黄土峁状丘陵沟壑区为3 000t/(km2.a),黄土梁状丘陵沟壑区为2 000t/(km2.a),干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区为2 000t/(km2.a),黄土平岗丘陵沟壑区为1 000t/(km2.a),风沙黄土丘陵沟壑区为1 000t/(km2.a),黄土山麓丘陵沟壑区为1 000t/(km2.a),森林黄土丘陵沟壑区为300t/(km2.a),黄土高塬沟壑区为1 500t/(km2.a),黄土残塬沟壑区为3 000t/(km2.a),黄土阶地区为500t/(km2.a),风沙草原区为500t/(km2.a),高原土石山区为100t/(km2.a)。未来20a黄土高原的治理重点区域为黄土峁状丘陵沟壑区(2.20×104 km2)、干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区(1.50×104 km2)、黄土高塬沟壑区(8 600km2)、黄土梁状丘陵沟壑区(4 600km2)。