植物修复对锰尾渣污染土壤特性的影响

采用盆栽法研究栽培美洲商陆和大豆进行植物修复后,锰尾渣污染土壤特性的变化。栽培美洲商陆和大豆可增加土壤的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质。栽培植物后,土壤pH值变化不显著,但土壤磷酸酶、尿酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、硝酸还原酶和脱氢酶的活性都高于对照。栽培植物可影响土壤锰和镉的形态分布,降低土壤锰和镉总含量,减少土壤水溶性锰和镉含量。在锰尾渣污染区域,混种美洲商陆与大豆进行植物修复,改良土壤特性更佳。     

植物修复对锰尾渣污染土壤特性的影响

采用盆栽法研究栽培美洲商陆和大豆进行植物修复后,锰尾渣污染土壤特性的变化。栽培美洲商陆和大豆可增加土壤的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质。栽培植物后,土壤pH值变化不显著,但土壤磷酸酶、尿酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、硝酸还原酶和脱氢酶的活性都高于对照。栽培植物可影响土壤锰和镉的形态分布,降低土壤锰和镉总含量,减少土壤水溶性锰和镉含量。在锰尾渣污染区域,混种美洲商陆与大豆进行植物修复,改良土壤特性更佳。     

超积累植物美洲商陆根中锰的累积与解毒

美洲商陆(Phytolacca am ericanaL·,pokeweed),为商陆科多年生草本植物,因其生长适应性强,生长速度快,特别是其生物量大,具有潜在的土壤重金属污染植物修复应用前景,成为近年来颇受关注的重金属超积累植物[1-4]。关于美洲商陆重金属超积累与耐受机制,是当前环境科学与生物科学领域内的一大研究热点[5-10]。相关研究业已报道了美洲商陆对锰及镉的吸收与累积[2-4],但其重金属耐受机制仍不是十分清楚。通常,对于重金属超积累植物的研究,研究者多将植物分为地上部(茎、叶)与地下部(根),并以地上部为重点关注对象。然而,植物对重金属具有耐受或超累积能力,其根必然发挥着重要作用。     

商陆(Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.)的锰耐性和超积累

超积累植物的确证对成功实施重金属污染环境植物修复是必不可少的。通过野外调查和营养液培养试验 ,研究超积累植物商陆 (PhytolaccaacinosaRoxb )的锰富集特性 ,结果表明 ,商陆对生长介质中的Mn具有很强的耐性和累积能力。商陆在锰含量高达 114× 10 3 mgkg-1的尾矿废弃地上依然生长良好 ,叶锰含量最高达 19 3× 10 3 mgkg-1。温室培养条件下 ,当生长介质中Mn浓度为 8 0 0 0mmolL-1时 ,虽然其生物量与对照相比有所降低 ,但植株仍能生长。随着生长介质中Mn浓度的升高 ,商陆叶和茎的Mn含量逐渐增加 ,生物富集系数则逐渐降低 ,但是地上部分锰积累量则先增加后减少。当Mn浓度为 5 0 0 0mmolL-1时 ,商陆地上部分锰积累量达到最大值 2 5 8 2mgplant-1;当Mn浓度为 12 0 0 0mmolL-1时 ,商陆仍能完成整个生命周期 ,叶锰含量达到最大值 36 4× 10 3 mgkg-1,生物富集系数为 5 5。不同锰供应水平下 ,商陆吸收的锰有87%～ 95 %被转移到地上部分。这进一步验证商陆的锰超积累特性 ,为利用超积累植物对大面积污染土壤实施植物修复提供了有力证据 ,对锰污染土壤和水体实施植物修复具有很大的应用前景     

锰渣堆场优势植物对Mn的富集特点及作用机制

[目的] 对贵州省东部地区两种类型的锰渣堆场（采选渣、电解锰渣）上优势植物的Mn富集特点及作用机制进行分析,旨在为该区域锰渣堆场的生态修复提供理论依据。[方法] 在野外调查采样的基础上,对优势植物Mn含量、生长基质总Mn含量和低分子量有机酸提取态Mn含量进行测定。[结果] 锰渣堆场上优势植物体内Mn含量介于34.47～680.70 mg/kg之间,且存在着个别植物组织中的Mn含量超过一般植物正常范围的现象,Mn在植株器官中的分布主要表现为：根 > 叶 > 茎或枝。优势植物生长基质中的总Mn含量介于20 217.14～75 115.58 mg/kg之间,总体表现为：根际基质<非根际基质。低分子量有机酸对基质中Mn的提取效率在25.72%～78.30%之间,总体表现为：根际基质>非根际基质。[结论] 在植株吸收和根际效应的双重作用下,锰渣堆场优势植物具有治理Mn污染的潜力。     

水蓼、小飞蓬、杠板归和美洲商陆对锰毒的生理响应

采用水培试验,研究了不同的锰营养水平下,水蓼、小飞蓬、杠板归和美洲商陆的生理响应,通过丙二醛含量（MDA）、质膜透性（MP）、根系活力（RA）、可溶性糖含量（SS）、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量等指标的分析比较,来揭示它们的耐锰性差异。结果表明,锰对4种植物的生理特性都有明显的影响。在高浓度锰处理下（16000μm ol/L）,4种植物的质膜透性极显著升高（p〈0.01）,根系活力明显降低（p〈0.05）,地上部锰含量极显著增加（p〈0.01）,除美洲商陆外的其他3种植物的丙二醛含量明显上升（p〈0.05）,其中小飞蓬的变化幅度最大,美洲商陆的变化幅度最小。水蓼、杠板归、美洲商陆的可溶性糖及叶绿素总量维持在一定水平,与对照相比无极显著差异（p〉0.01）。植物通过维持较低的质膜透性和丙二醛含量、较高的根系活力、稳定的可溶性糖及叶绿素含量来增强耐锰性,研究发现,美洲商陆的耐锰性最强,水蓼和杠板归的耐锰性较强,小飞蓬的耐锰性最差,并且发现水蓼和杠板归均已达到锰超富集植物的标准。     

污泥改良锰矿尾渣对4种花卉植物生长及其富集重金属的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了污泥改良锰矿尾渣对紫茉莉（Mirabills jdapa）、青葙（Celosia argentea）、一串红（Salviasplendens）和鸡冠花（Celosia cristata）4种花卉植物生长及其富集铅、镉、锌和锰的影响。结果表明,添加污泥增加基质的EC值、总氮、总磷、总钾和有机质含量,而降低铅、镉、锌和锰含量。紫茉莉与青葙生物量、株高和根长大于一串红和鸡冠花。紫茉莉根部铅、镉和锰含量分别为3110．93～4189．16、300．28～399．16和31100．93～36809．77mg·kg-1,都远高于其地上部分含量。青葙根部铅含量超过1000mg·kg-1,而其地上部分含量少;其地上部分镉和锰含量分别为322．13～441．88和21888．54～26511．31mg·kg-1,都大于其根部含量,青葙具有镉和锰超富集植物的特性。污泥改良锰矿尾渣促进这4种花卉植物生物量、株高和根长增加。除紫茉莉锌含量外,添加污泥改良锰矿尾渣增加这4种花卉植物的铅、镉、锌和锰含量。在锰矿尾渣污染区进行植物修复时,采用紫茉莉、青葙和添加污泥强化植物修复效率可行。     

3种植物对红壤中镉的富集特性研究

重金属超富集植物是重金属污染土壤植物修复的基础,研究了3种重金属富集植物羽叶鬼针草、美洲商陆和紫叶芥菜对重金属Cd的吸收积累规律,为植物修复Cd污染的农田和生态环境建设提供科学依据。采用盆栽方法,在不同浓度（0、20、35、50、65、80mg·kg^-1）Cd处理下,分别测定3种植物地上部与根部Cd的含量,计算了地上部Cd迁移量、根系耐性指数、富集系数,研究了土壤中Cd添加量与植物富集Cd量的相关性。结果表明,随着土壤中Cd离子浓度的升高,3种植物地上部和根系中的Cd含量也在增加,相关系数都大于0．99;综合地上部与根部Cd含量,地上部Cd迁移量,根系耐性指数和富集系数,3种植物对Cd的富集能力的相对顺序为：羽叶鬼针草〉美洲商陆〉紫叶芥菜。羽叶鬼针草、美洲商陆种植在Cd处理浓度为65mg·kg^-1的土壤中和紫叶芥菜种植在Cd处理浓度为80mg·kg^-1的土壤中栽培时,3种植物地上部与根部的Cd含量均超过了100mg·kg^-1,达到了Cd超富集量的标准。羽叶鬼针草、美洲商陆和紫叶芥菜对Cd有很强的耐受性和富集性,可以作为先锋植物去修复被Cd污染的土壤。     

商陆营养器官解剖结构与非贮藏蛋白质组织化学定位

美洲商陆(Phytolacca americana L.)是一种多年生草本植物.美洲商陆抗病毒蛋白(PAP)是从这种植物不同器官分离提纯的一种碱性核糖体失活蛋白,该蛋白具有一种潜在的能阻碍病毒传播的因子,对多种动、植物病毒具有广谱抗性.研究表明,PAPs不但能够对7个植物病毒属的成员具有抑制作用(Lodge et al.,1993),而且对真菌、细菌及人类免疫缺陷型病毒(HIV)等都具有一定的抑制效果(Aron and Inin,1980).赵玉等(2005)通过缺失突变的方法,克隆了2个缺失型PAP基因,并在大肠杆菌中得到了相应表达.陈定虎等(2003)通过缺失的方法获得了N-端和C-端皆缺失的PAP基因,对其进行了原核表达,并在毕赤酵母中分泌了无寄主毒性的PAP蛋白.研究美洲商陆不同营养器官结构与蛋白质贮存场所,对进一步开发与合理利用美洲商陆植物资源具有一定的实践意义.     

外源亚精胺对受重金属污染的城市污泥植物修复的影响

研究外施浓度为1mmol/L的亚精胺（spd）对美洲商陆修复受重金属污染城市污泥的影响。结果表明,外施spd能使美洲商陆根系生长及其生物量均增加1.5倍以上;同时能增加叶绿素a的含量和叶绿素总量,减少叶绿素的流失。外施1mmol/L spd还能明显促进美洲商陆各器官对城市污泥中Cd、Hg重金属的吸收、转运和富集,但对Cu和Zn的吸收差异不明显。上述结果表明,spd增强了美洲商陆对Cd、Hg污染的城市污泥的修复作用,并在一定程度上缓解了城市污泥中Cd2＋、Hg2＋对美洲商陆的毒害作用。     

Heavy metal accumulation in plants on Mn Mine tailings

The profile distribution of β-gulcosidase activity in twelve typical paddy soil profiles with high productivity in the Taihu Lake region of China were investigated. Activities of β-gulcosidase in the plow layers were in the range of 52.68- 137.02μg PNP g^-1 soil h^-1 with a mean of 89.22μg PNP g^-1 soil h^-1. However, most plow layers ranged from 70 to 110 μg PNP g^-1 soil h^-1. The profile distribution of β-gulcosidase activity in the 12 soil profiles decreased rapidly with soil depth, with activity at the 60 cm depth only about 10% of that in the surface layers （0-15 cm or 0-20 cm）. In these soil profiles, β-gulcosidase activity was significantly positively correlated with soll organic carbon and arylsulphatase activity. Meanwhile, a significantly negative correlation was shown between β-gulcosidase activity and soil pH.     

Manganese Uptake and Accumulation by Two Populations of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. (Phytolaccaceae)

Phytolacca acinosa (Phytolaccaceae) is a recently discovered manganese hyperaccumulator plant from Southern China. Manganese uptake and accumulation by two contrasting populations of P. acinosa were investigated. One population (MP) was from Xiangtan manganese tailings and the other (NMP) was from a Magnolia grandiflora plantation with lower Mn status. In addition to these field investigations, seedlings of the two populations were raised under glasshouse conditions to study biomass production and Mn uptake from nutrient solutions supplemented with increasing amounts of Mn (5, 1000, 2000, 5000, and 8000 μmol L^?1 Mn). Although, concentrations of Mn in the plant tissues (leaves, stems and roots) of P. acinosa (MP) and the associated soil from manganese tailings were significantly higher than those of the plant tissues and the soil collected in the clean site, significant differences were not found between the two populations of P. acinosa grown in nutrient culture. The two populations of seedlings showed similar growth responses, manganese uptake and accumulation when exposed to the same level of Mn supply for 45 days. All these results suggest that both high tolerance and hyperaccumulating ability of Mn in P. acinosa are constitutive properties. Furthermore, the plant grows rapidly, produces substantial biomass, and has broad ecological amplitude. P. acinosa, therefore, offers great potential for use in the phytoremediation of Mn-contaminated soils.     

CO2浓度升高对美洲商陆富积铯及其根际微生物特征的影响

在开顶式气室(OTC)中采用盆栽试验研究了不同Cs污染浓度(0、100、300、500、1000mg/kg)下,CO2浓度(860μl/L)对美洲商陆(Phytolacca americana Linn.)生物量、Cs富集量及根际土壤微生物的影响。结果表明,与正常CO2浓度相比,CO2浓度升高显著增加美洲商陆地上、地下部分的生物量,其增幅分别为3%~30%和6%~56%;也显著提高了美洲商陆地上、地下部分Cs的含量,最大增幅分别为41%和60%。同时,CO2浓度升高还显著增加美洲商陆根际土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌的数量,其增幅分别为19%~32%、41%~21%、25%~58%。同一CO2浓度条件下,根际土壤微生物总量与美洲商陆总生物量之间存在显著的相关性。植物生物量、Cs吸收量以及根际土壤微生物量增加,意味着CO2浓度升高有利于利用美洲商陆修复Cs污染土壤。     

Plant uptake assay to determine bioavailability of inorganic contaminants

A laboratory technique has been developed to rapidly assess the potential uptake of contaminants by plants growing into waste burial sites. A soil-less planting media was used to provide rapid plant growth and reproducible growing conditions. The uptake of contaminants by several plant species grown on uranium mill tailings materials has been examined. The bioavailability of Mo, Se, Cl, and other trace metals in tailings was greater than in a surface soil from a uranium mining area. Significant differences in nutrient and contaminant contents in aboveground biomass were found between species.     

Adaptation, tolerance, and evolution of plant species in a pyrite mine in response to contamination level and properties of mine tailings: sustainable rehabilitation

Purpose

The impacts of mining contaminations and physico-chemical properties and geochemistry of mine tailings on the density, richness, biodiversity, evolution and succession of plant species and vegetation recovery in the mining area is very poorly reported in the literature. Therefore, the present study conducted an investigation on vegetation development and succession of plant communities at the abandoned São Domingos pyrite mining area.

Materials and methods

We conducted the field survey to estimate the vegetation development and succession of plant communities, collect vegetation (plant species, lichen and moss) and tailing (and soil) samples, and finally analyzed the physico-chemical and geochemical properties and metal levels in mine tailings, soil and vegetation samples.

Results and discussion

The results showed that the communities of low height and biomass like grass, legume, shrub, moss and lichen were dominating on the mine tailings and waste dumps at the inner sites and center of the mine, and the vegetation coverage was explicitly very poor. The reddish brown colluvia had poor soil quality, but high acidity and metal concentrations. However, at the outer edge of the mine the loamy soil and relatively lower acidity and metal contamination favored the higher vegetation cover and a gradual increase in the number of species and plant succession, where the taller, higher biomass and broad leaf trees were abundantly grown forming a dense forest and canopy. The succession of several plant communities dominating in the mining area, vegetation coverage and species richness were strongly related to the different levels of contamination, soil properties and adverse factors of mine tailings.

Conclusions

Although the high concentrations of toxic trace elements and low pH soil are important factors for limiting the plant growth, however, proper soil development with enriched nutrients and properties on mining wastes, by either natural or external soil aided process, can help to promote the high vegetation growth, mine rehabilitation and ecological restoration of the mining degraded lands.     

Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with an Mn hyperaccumulator—Phytolacca americana,in Mn mining area

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have great potential for assisting metal-hyperaccumulating plants in the remediation of contaminated soils. However, little information is available about the symbiosis and community composition of AMF associated with manganese (Mn) hyperaccumulator, such as Phytolacca americana, growing on Mn-contaminated soils under natural conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze AMF diversity and community composition in P. americana roots growing at an Mn mining site. Molecular techniques were used to analyze AMF community composition and phylogenetic relationship in P. americana roots sampled from three Mn mine spoils and one adjacent reference areas. Results obtained showed that mycorrhizal symbionts successfully established even in the most heavily Mn-polluted sites. Root colonization and AMF diversity were significantly negatively correlated with total and extractable Mn concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that Mn contamination impacted AMF diversity, and shaped AMF community structure. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that all species were affiliated with Glomus, suggesting that Glomus was the dominant genus in this AMF community. Some unique sequences that occurred exclusively in heavily polluted sites associated with P. americana may belong to symbiotic fungi with great potential for improving the phytoremediation efficiency of Mn-contaminated soils.