菇渣和泥炭基质理化特性比较及其调节

为了研究菇渣作为泥炭替代物的可行性,该试验比较了菇渣与泥炭的理化性状,并对菇渣生长障碍因素进行了分析和调节.结果表明:菇渣大粒径较多,透气透水性较好,持水孔隙比泥炭少,浇水需量少次数多,但失水速率比泥炭慢;菇渣毛管水上升速率快,加湿润剂对其作用不明显;菇渣水分特征曲线与泥炭相似;菇渣保肥性能较弱,需要增加施肥次数;菇渣EC值偏高,而泥炭较低,可通过与泥炭按一定比例混合或淋洗方式降低菇渣的EC值;菇渣pH值偏高,可以通过添加硫磺粉、稀硫酸以及与泥炭等低pH值材料混合的措施解决.菇渣经过适当调节及变换一些管理措施,在无土栽培中可以部分替代泥炭.     

产纤维素酶菌群的筛选及其酶学特性研究

从常年堆放的腐质豆秆中分离到1组产纤维素酶菌群MO,并在50℃、pH8.0条件下培养,90h时达到最高酶活,活性为1.3611IU。该酶最适反应温度为60℃,pH为7.0,在60℃以下和pH3~8范围内具有良好的热稳定性和pH稳定性。在最适反应条件下,该酶的最高活性可达2.13IU。通过生长动力学研究了菌群内部不同生长阶段pH、酶活和失重率的相互关系,并通过非变性电泳对酶谱进行初步研究,得到7条活性条带,说明MO中具有多种产酶菌株。     

皖南烟区白云石粉对酸性植烟土壤的改良研究

采用盆栽与室内分析的方法,研究了不同粒径与用量的白云石粉对植烟土壤的酸性改良效应。结果表明:白云石粉越细、用量越高,改良越快,效果越明显,持续时间越短;白云石粉应在烟苗移栽前30天左右使用;若土壤pH的调整目标值为1个单位或施用量为1 500 kg/hm2时,粒径为250μm的白云石粉较为经济;土壤交换性铝含量较土壤pH更能反映烟草植株生长情况,其临界指标为0.30~0.45 cmol/kg,高于此临界值,应施用白云石粉进行调酸。     

不同改良剂对土壤-叶菜系统Cd迁移累积的调控作用

为筛选适合在中轻度镉污染土壤上有效降低叶菜吸收镉的改良剂及用量,采用镉污染菜地土壤进行盆栽试验,研究不同用量的石灰、泥炭和碱渣对小白菜（Brassica chinensis L.）生物量、镉吸收量,土壤pH及有效态镉含量的影响。结果表明,3种改良剂对小白菜生长均无显著的抑制作用;与不施改良剂的处理相比,石灰、泥炭显著抑制小白菜对镉的吸收,地上部镉含量与石灰和泥炭用量均呈显著负相关关系（R=-0.668、-0.785,P〈0.05）,碱渣对小白菜地上部镉含量的影响不显著,但显著增加根系镉含量;改良剂均显著提高土壤pH,但对DTPA-Cd影响不同,石灰显著降低DTPA-Cd,泥炭、碱渣均有增加DTPA-Cd含量的趋势;泥炭对土壤-小白菜系统Cd迁移的调控效果最佳,其最佳用量为20 g.kg-1土,石灰次之,碱渣不适合。     

以泥炭为主复合基质石灰反应的研究

试验采用恒温培养法研究以泥炭为主的复合基质pH的石灰反应情况。结果显示 :基质 pH的变化主要发生在前 5天 ,在第 8天基本达到稳定状态 ;随着时间的推移 ,pH有升高的趋势 ;石粉的使用量明显影响基质 pH的变化 ,其范围大致为 2～ 6kg/m3 。     

工程弃渣用作植物生长基质的研究

为资源化利用工程弃渣,对粒径＜2 mm的工程弃渣和自然土壤进行了不同体积配比生长实验,结果表明:粒径小于2 mm的工程弃渣与自然土壤混合后可以用作植物生长基质,工程弃渣的使用体积比例以50%～70%为宜;工程弃渣风化程度越高,其养分含量、pH值及抗旱保墒能力越适合植物生长,但工程弃渣的养分含量一般比较贫乏,需额外添加肥料才能满足植物生长对养分的需求;工程弃渣与自然土壤不同体积配比的混合物的三相没有明显变化规律,但混合物的pH值、养分含量、土壤水分常数、种子发芽率、植株保存率等指标随工程弃渣的体积比例变化而规律变化。     

酸性硫酸盐土鳗塘水体防酸技术

为了克服生产实际中用石灰调节鳗塘水体酸性的弊端，利用石灰石石屑防御酸性物质入侵，效果特别好，水体pH维持在7－8的恒定水平；相关溶解氧含量也适合鳗鱼生长的需要；水草生长茂盛；经济效益可观。     

西瓜枯萎病病原菌生长特性的研究

西瓜枯萎病是西瓜的主要病害之一,其病原是镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.Melonis),本实验从温度和pH值两方面对该菌菌丝的生长影响进行了研究,结果表明该病原菌在20～34℃下均能生长,在28～30℃之间生长较好;在pH 4.04～10.89之间均可生长,其最适合的pH值为6.08～8.20,说明该菌的适应性较广。     

风沙土改良剂对白菜生理特性和生长状况的影响

通过盆栽试验,选用泥炭和风化煤作为风沙土改良剂,分析其在不同土壤水分条件下对土壤的改良效果以及对白菜生理特性和生长状况的影响。结果表明,施入8%泥炭明显有利于改良风沙土理化性质,表现为土壤容重、总孔隙度、pH值、全N、碱解N、速效P、速效K明显改善;促进了白菜的生长,表现为白菜的蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、高生长和生物量明显优于对照。尽管施入8%风化煤对风沙土的大部分理化性质得到了明显改善,但白菜的生理和生长指标与对照差异不显著。在8%泥炭处理中,土壤水分充足的条件下同微干旱相比,表现为有利于白菜生理和生长的改善和提高,但8%风化煤处理却表现为土壤微干旱优于水分充足。因此,认为泥炭是风沙土的优良改良剂,施用泥炭有利于提高作物的产量,维持较高的土地生产力。     

酸乳饮料稳定性预测模型的研究

以果胶为稳定剂的调配型酸乳饮料(AMD)分别贮藏于25℃、35℃、45℃、55℃的恒温箱中,贮藏期为6个月,定期检测其理化指标(离心沉淀率、粘度、pH值、粒径)和感官指标。结果表明酸乳饮料贮藏期离心沉淀率增加、粘度降低、粒径增加,贮藏温度越高,理化指标变化越快。酸乳饮料贮藏期pH值没有发生变化,其他理化指标如离心沉淀率、粘度、粒径和感官质量显著相关。通过动力学和热力学分析,建立了以果胶为稳定剂的酸乳饮料的动力学和热力学稳定性预测模型。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.