生态农业模式研究及模式建设建议

生态农业模式建设是生态农业建设的重点。随着我国生态农业建设的开发，生态农业模式的系统工程概念逐步明确，生态农业模式分类体系也日趋完善。分析了生态农业模式的机制研究现状及存在问题，并指出生态农业模式建设工作的重点。     

发展生态农业的战略意义

分析了农业生态学定义和我国生态农业内涵之间的关系,系统阐述了农业生态学对生态农业建设类型分区、生态农业建设规划设计、生态农业模式建立和生态农业建设评价指标确定的指导意义,认为农业生态学是我国生态农业建设的理论基础,并通过生态农业建设实践促进了农业生态学的研究及发展。     

赣州生态农业建设的思路

通过对赣州市生态农业建设限制因素的分析，依据赣州生态农业市建设的目标，提出将赣州划分为4个生态农业区，建设8项生态农业工程及其保障生态农业建设的主要措施。     

赣州生态农业市建设的思路

通过对赣州市生态农业建设限制因素的分析，依据赣州生态农业市建设的目标，提出将赣州市划分为4个生态农业区，建设8项生态农业工程及其保障生态农业建设的主要措施。     

建设生态农业户的实践和成效

生态农业户建设是引导广大农民自觉走生态农业道路，积极参与生态农业县建设的重要措施。眉山在生态农业建设中始终把生态农业户建设摆在重要位置，取得了阶段性成效。     

固始县生态农业建设现状与对策

研究了河南省固始县生态农业的现状、生态农业技术与生态农业模式，提出了基地建设、示范小区建设、配套项目建设、农村生态环境综合治理等生态农业建设的主要对策。建立结构和功能不断优化的生态农业复合系统是实现固始县生态农业良性循环和可持续发展的有效途径。     

我国生态农业建设的理论基础

分析了农业生态学定义和我国生态农业内涵之间的关系,系统阐述了农业生态学对农业建设类型分区、生态农业建设规划设计、生态农业模式建立和生态农业建设评价指标确定的指导意义,认为农业生态学是我国生态农业建设的理论基础,并通过生态农业建设实践促进了农业生态学的研究及发展。     

兴安县生态农业模式建设及发展建议

从生态农业模式建设的角度阐述兴安县生态农业建设发展情况及特点。在对兴安县生态农业模式建设的优势和现状进行分析的基础上,提出了兴安县生态农业模式建设的建议和措施。     

江西省发展生态农业的探索与思考

介绍了江西省生态农业建设的工作思路、工作内容以及生态农业建设成效，并提出关于生态农业建设标准的思考。     

建设生态农业的成功经验──拜泉县生态农业建设考察与研讨会纪实

建设生态农业的成功经验──拜泉县生态农业建设考察与研讨会纪实丁玉华（农业部农业政策研究会北京，１０００２６）１９９４年８月下旬，由中国农业生态环保协会倡议，生态农业专业委员会与拜泉县政府联合举办的“生态农业建设考察与研讨会”，在全国生态农业建设走在前...     

Deactivation of ferrylmyoglobin by vanillin as affected by vanillin binding to β-lactoglobulin

Vanillin was found to be efficient as a deactivator of ferrylmyoglobin with a second-order rate constant of k(2) = 57 ± 1 L mol(-1) s(-1) for reduction to metmyoglobin with ΔH(?) = 58.3 ± 0.3 kJ mol(-1) and ΔS(?) = -14 ± 1 J mol(-1) K(-1) in aqueous pH 7.4 solution at 25 °C. Binding to β-lactoglobulin (βLG) was found to affect the reactivity of vanillin at 25 °C only slightly to k(2) = 48 ± 2 L mol(-1) s(-1) (ΔH(?) = 68.4 ± 0.4 kJ mol(-1) and ΔS(?) = 17 ± 1 J mol(-1) K(-1)) for deactivation of ferrylmyoglobin. Binding of vanillin to βLG was found to have a binding stoichiometry vanillin/βLG > 10 with K(A) = 6 × 10(2) L mol(-1) and an apparent total ΔH° of approximately -38 kJ mol(-1) and ΔS° = -55.4 ± 4 J mol(-1) K(-1) at 25 °C and ΔC(p, obs) = -1.02 kJ mol(-1) K(-1) indicative of increasing ordering in the complex, as determined by isothermal titration microcalorimetry. From tryptophan fluorescence quenching for βLG by vanillin, approximately one vanillin was found to bind to each βLG far stronger with K(A) = 5 × 10(4) L mol(-1) and a ΔH° = -10.2 kJ mol(-1) and ΔS° = 55 J mol(-1) K(-1) at 25 °C. The kinetic entropy/enthalpy compensation effect seen for vanillin reactivity by binding to βLG is concluded to relate to the weakly bound vanillin oriented through hydrogen bonds on the βLG surface with the phenolic group pointing toward the solvent, in effect making both ΔH(?) and ΔS(?) more positive. The more strongly bound vanillin capable of tryptophan quenching in the βLG calyx seems less or nonreactive.     

Gaseous Diffusion Reflecting Soil Structure

In continuation of earlier work, the results of field scale - regularly as well as randomly distributed - and regional randomly distributed measurements of relative gas diffusion coefficients are presented for loess soils in dependence of the gas filled relative pore space ?. Maps are shown for the field distribution variables both, D_s/D_a and ?. The maps show more homogeneous regions within the already relatively homogeneous field. - When compared with linear and power regression, all D_s/D_a (?) measurements show lowest standard deviations using exponential regression. This is in contradiction to nearly all the D_s/D_a (?) measured elsewhere. The reason for this may be explained by the technique of measurement used. In this context, the physical meaningfulness of this exponential regression is discussed. An example is also given, moreover, how sensitively D_s/D_a (?) may demonstrate differences in soil structure induced by tillage practizes.     

Food grade fungal stress on germinating peanut seeds induced phytoalexins and enhanced polyphenolic antioxidants

The effects of food grade fungus Rhizopus oligosporus stress on phytochemicals and phytoalexins of germinating peanut seeds were investigated by comparing the metabolic profiles of ungerminated (UG), germinated (G), and germinated seeds under fungal stress (GS). Three types of peanut seeds with different skin color (red, reddish brown, and black) were compared in the process. The polyphenolic contents were analyzed and correlated with antioxidant capacity for specific free radicals including peroxyl radical ROO(?) (ORAC), hydroxyl radical HO(?) (HORAC), superoxide radical O(2)(?-) (SORAC), and DPPH radical. The polyphenolic fingerprints analyzed by HPLC and LC-MS(n) showed that phenolic acids (coumaric, sinapinic, and ferulic acids derivatives) were the major group of phenolic compounds in ungerminated seeds. G or GS increased the level of phenolic acids, phytoalexins, and antioxidant capacity values in reddish and red peanuts but not in black peanuts. From the LC-MS(n) spectral data, 45 compounds were identified tentatively in the germinated peanuts, including 14 coumaric acids, 3 ferulic acids, 4 sinapinic acids, 2 hydroxybenzoic acids, 1 caffeic acid, 2 flavonoids, and 19 stilbenoids derivatives. Reddish brown germinated peanuts produced the highest amount of phytoalexins after GS with 55 compounds detected. Forty-five of these compounds were suggested as stilbenoid phytoalexins derivatives. The high content of phytoalexins may enhance the bioactivity of peanut seeds as functional food ingredients.     

红枣、黄花菜的辐照贮藏

用~(60)Coγ射线辐照塑料薄膜包装的红枣,黄花菜,吸收剂量为1kGy,可以有效地杀灭危害红枣、黄花菜的鳞翅目和鞘翅目的多种仓库害虫。辐照的干果、干菜保存一年后好果率达90%以上。杀虫剂量辐照的红枣、黄花菜的主要营养成份(总糖、氨基酸、无机盐等)均无显著变化。由于杀虫剂量属于低剂量范围,所以辐照的红枣,黄花菜食用安全无害。辐照红枣、黄花菜杀虫效果好,经济效益显著,是一项值得推广的新技术。     

草被覆盖度对坡面流水动力学参数的影响

坡面流流速U、径流深h、雷诺数Re、佛汝德数Fr、沿程阻力系数λ以及径流切应力(?)等水力要素是反映水动力学特征的主要指标。通过室外人工模拟冲刷试验,分析了草被覆盖度大小对坡面流水力学参数的影响及各水动力学参数沿坡面的分布特征。研究表明:坡面草被措施降低了坡面流流速和水深,且草被覆盖度越大,其削弱径流流速和降低径流水深的作用就越明显;坡面草被措施明显地降低了坡面流的紊动性,降低了坡面流速及其挟沙能力,且草被覆盖度越高,这种作用就越明显;草被措施增加了坡面入渗,降低了径流深,减弱了径流剪切力,从而起到了减蚀作用,且随着覆盖度的增加减蚀作用越加明显。     

Mycorrhizal fungi of Pseudotsuga menziesii in the North Island of New Zealand

Attempts were made to isolate mycorrhizal fungi of a timber species, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco which is exotic to New ZeaLond. Over 2000 pieces of mycorrhizal roots were plated out on Hagem medium and modified Melin-Norkrans medium; 14% of these yielded Rhizopogon vinicolor A. H. Smith, 6% gave rise to Amanita muscaria (L. ex Fr.) S.F. Gray, and 7% to unidentified basidiomycetes, 21% yielded dark sterile mycelia, 13% were sporing Fungi Imperfecti presumed to be contaminants, and 39% remained free of fungal growth.Eleven basidomycetous fungi were tested for their mycorrhiza-forming ability on P. menziesii seedlings. Under the test conditions R. vinicolor, Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull, ex St. Am) Quel., A. muscaria, Scleroderma bovista Fr., Laccaria laccata (Scop, ex Fr.) Berk. & Br., Inocybe corydalina (?), I. jurana (?), and I. maculata (?) formed mycorrhizas.     

Improved pyrogallol autoxidation method: a reliable and cheap superoxide-scavenging assay suitable for all antioxidants

The original pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) method, which was developed specifically for superoxide dismutase, is now widely used for measuring superoxide-scavenging of other antioxidants. However, the strong pH effect has been ignored. In this study, the influencing factors have been systematically investigated for the first time, and a number of experiments have proved that the pH is of major importance. As major antioxidants contain carboxylic acid, ester, or lactone groups, pH 8.2 should be modified to physiological pH 7.4. The improved procedure is as follows. A pyrogallol solution (in 1 M HCl) is thoroughly mixed with pH 7.4 Tris-HCl buffer; A(325 nm) is measured every 30 s for 5 min at 37 °C. As the ΔA(325 nm, control) value reflects the initial concentration of substrate (?)O(2)(-), it should be well controlled to guarantee the accuracy of the method. The improved pyrogallol method is a reliable and cheap superoxide-scavenging assay suitable for all types of antioxidants.     

Hydraulic Resistance and Capacitance in the Soil-Plant System

In this paper, the hydraulic resistances and capacitances were evaluated. based on the development of non-(?) model of water flow in the soil-plant system and the simulating experiment work.The results show that the mean hydraulic resistance in the soil-plant system is 6.79×10⁹ MPa·S·m^-3; the mean hydraulic capacitance in the system is 5.2×107m³·MPa^-1. In the components of hydraulic capacitance in the system, the capacitance in soil (81.8×10^-6m³·MPa ) is the biggest and its variability with suii water potential is extremely strong, the capacitance in plant (5.3×10^-7m³·MPa^-1) is much smaller than that in soil, and the capacitance in shoots (15.5×10^-7m³·2MPa^-1) is bigger than that in roots (8.4×10-7m³·2MPa^-1). An interesting result is that the capacitance in plant is almost equivalent to that in the soil-plant system.     

Metabolic profiling of strawberry grape ( Vitis × labruscana cv. 'Isabella') components by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and evaluation of their antioxidant and antiproliferative properties

In the assessment of the antioxidant properties of edible plants, the widely consumed Vitis × labruscana cv. 'Isabella', known in Italy as "fragola" (strawberry) grape, was of interest. Phenol and flavonoid contents of the methanolic extracts of peel, pulp, seed, leaf, and stalk components of the plant were determined. The metabolic profile of the extracts was performed by 1D and 2D NMR. Quantitative analysis, obtained in the presence of 0.01% of internal standard trimethylsilyl propionate, evidenced the presence of catechins in both stalk and seed extracts, whereas caffeic acid and quercetin were the main metabolites of the leaf extract. Furthermore, the extracts were tested for their radical scavenging and reducing capacities by measuring their capacity to scavenge DPPH(?) and ABTS(?+) and to reduce Fe(III) and Mo(VI) salts. The antioxidant efficacy of the extracts in cell-free systems and their antiproliferative activity toward HepG2 and A549 cells were also evaluated. Seed and stalk components are able to reduce by 39.6 and 40.6%, respectively, the amount of the metabolically active HepG2 cells after only 24 h of exposure.     

Micromorphology of sediments from Hayonim Cave,Israel

Hayonim Cave, situated in the western part of Upper Galilee is a solution cavity formed in limestone and filled with a partly cemented mixture of stony and slightly silty clays. Prehistoric industries range from Mousterian (ca. 80,000 to 40,000 BP) at the base, to Natufian (ca. 10,000 BP) whose burials are dug into the underlying Upper Palaeolithic and Kebaran deposits, a one to two meter accumulation of Byzantine ash, with guano and clays rich in organic matter capping the sequence.Micromorphological investigation, using principally the terminology of BREWER, was undertaken to describe systematically the sediments and to interpret the depositional and palaeoenvironmental history of the cave sediments. Skeleton components (including litho- and pedo-relicts) consist of limestone fragments, bone, quartz silt, chert and abundant rounded red clay clumps that contain quartz silt and bone inclusions. Other items are burnt wood, phytoliths (?) and carnivore (Hyaena?) faecal remains. Plasma, mostly localized in the form of clumps, is predominantly red clay with argillasepic and mosepic plasmic fabrics. With the exception of the quartz silt which was blown into the cave, most of the skeleton material is biogenic or anthropogenic in origin.Post-depositional modification is represented by cementation with calcite micrite and sparite, and precipitation of vugh-type collophane (hydroxyapatite). Calcite cementation is found in the Mousterian, in the center of the cave, and in the Kebaran, near the cave entrance, suggesting possibly moister environments during these periods.