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1.
覆膜栽培及抑制剂施用对稻田N2O排放的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
张怡  吕世华  马静  徐华  袁江  董瑜皎 《土壤》2013,45(5):830-837
采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究脲酶抑制剂氢醌(Hydroquinone, HQ)与硝化抑制剂双氰胺(Dicyandiamide, DCD)配合施用(HQ/DCD)对常规栽培和水稻覆膜节水高产栽培下四川丘陵地区稻田的N2O排放的影响。结果表明,水稻生长期,常规栽培和水稻覆膜节水高产栽培稻田N2O排放总量分别为41.8 mg/m2 和506.9 mg/m2。HQ/DCD施用减少常规栽培与水稻覆膜节水高产栽培稻田N2O季节总排放,降幅分别为25.2% 和48.5%。常规栽培和水稻覆膜节水高产栽培N2O季节总排放占施氮量的0.3% 和3.4%,施入HQ与DCD后,其N2O季节总排放分别降为施氮量的0.2% 和1.7%,HQ/DCD施用对水稻覆膜节水高产栽培下的N2O减排更为有效。各处理N2O排放与5 cm土壤温度、土壤Eh无显著相关性。  相似文献   

2.
不同土地利用方式土壤温室气体排放对碳氮添加的响应   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
王海飞  贾兴永  高兵  黄涛  苏芳  巨晓棠 《土壤学报》2013,50(6):1170-1179
揭示不同土地利用方式下土壤N2O产生机制及其CO2和CH4的排放,有助于土壤温室气体减排措施的制定。本研究以长沙金井河流域酸性红壤上菜地、稻田、茶园和林地土壤为研究对象,控制温度和土壤含水量,采用静态培养-气相色谱法,研究4种利用方式土壤N2O、CO2和CH4的排放对不同碳氮和硝化抑制剂添加的响应。结果表明,由于土壤pH较低,酸性红壤外加氮源后仅有较小的N2O排放。葡萄糖能够促进尿素添加后N2O的排放及土壤反硝化作用N2O的排放。异养硝化作用可能是酸性红壤N2O产生的主要途径。硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)对酸性红壤N2O减排无明显效果。碳氮添加后土壤N2O的总排放量表现为茶园 > 菜地 > 稻田 > 林地。外源有机碳能够显著促进4种利用方式土壤CO2的排放,表现为茶园、稻田 > 菜地、林地。但除稻田土壤CH4排放增加外,菜地、茶园和林地土壤CH4排放对外源有机碳无明显响应。  相似文献   

3.
元素硫和双氰胺对菜地土壤铵态氮硝化抑制协同效应研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
采用好气培养法,研究了双氰胺(DCD)、元素硫(S0)和元素硫分解中间物(S2O32-)及其组合对蔬菜地土壤氮素硝化抑制作用。结果表明,在培养试验72 d内,DCD+S0、DCD、DCD+ Na2S2O3处理土壤NH4+-N总量分别是N处理的5. 8、5.1、5.9倍;S0、Na2S2O3处理分别是N处理的1.8、1.4倍;而所有硝化抑制剂(DCD、S0、S2O32-)处理土壤NO3--N含量显著低于N处理,表明DCD、S0和S2O32-均能抑制菜地土壤铵态氮硝化。培养试验开始8 d后,Na2S2O3和DCD对铵态氮硝化抑制产生协同效应,16 d后S0和DCD对铵态氮硝化抑制也产生协同效应,这可能是由于S0 氧化中间体S2O32-、S4O62-具有抑制DCD降解作用,延长了DCD硝化抑制作用时间。建议蔬菜生产上推荐使用DCD+S0组合,以提高氮素利用率。  相似文献   

4.
不同硝化抑制剂组合对铵态氮在黑土和褐土中转化的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
【目的】添加硝化抑制剂和氮肥增效剂是提高氮肥利用率的有效方法。研究不同硝化抑制剂和氮肥增效剂组合对不同性质土壤中铵态氮转化特征的影响,为科学合理选择抑制剂提供理论依据。【方法】供试生化抑制剂包括2-氯-6 (三氯甲基) -吡啶 (Nitrapyrin,CP)、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐 (DMPP)、1-甲氨甲酰-3-甲基吡唑 (CMP)、3-甲基吡唑 (MP)、2-氨基-4-氯-6-甲基嘧啶 (AM)、N-guard、二氰二胺 (DCD)。供试土壤为黑土和褐土,以氯化铵为氮肥,按照常用量添加各生化抑制剂制备稳定性肥料,用于室内恒温、恒湿土壤培养试验。试验设不施肥 (CK)、氯化铵 (N)、N + CP、N + CP + AM、N + CP + DCD、N + CP + N-guard、N + CP + DMPP、N + CP + CMP、N + CP + MP等9个处理。在培养第1、4、7、11、15、22、30、45、60、75、90、105、120天取土样,测定土壤含水量、土壤NH4+-N和NO3–-N含量,并计算硝化抑制率。【结果】在黑土和褐土两种类型土壤中,铵态氮转化特征具有显著差异,在弱酸性黑土中硝化反应速率显著低于碱性褐土。在黑土中,不同硝化抑制剂组合N + CP、N + CP + N-guard、N + CP + DMPP、N + CP + DCD、N + CP + CMP、N + CP + AM、N + CP + MP都表现出较好的硝化抑制效果,可以维持黑土中较高的铵态氮含量超过4个月以上。其中N + CP、N + CP + DCD、N + CP + N-guard处理在120天时,其硝化抑制率为37%~40%。而N + CP + AM、N + CP + MP、N + CP + DMPP为32%~36%,N + CP + CMP为26%。在褐土中,N + CP + DCD组合硝化抑制效果最大,在培养120天,其硝化抑制率为20%;其次是N + CP、N + CP + AM,其硝化抑制率在培养第105天时分别为23%、12%,在培养第90天时分别为63%、60%;N + CP + N-guard、N + CP + DMPP、N + CP + MP、N + CP + CMP在培养第75天时硝化抑制率分别为43%、42%、37%、35%,有效硝化抑制作用时间可维持75天左右。【结论】在黑土和褐土2种不同类型土壤中施用氯化铵氮肥,应添加专一硝化抑制剂或组合制成高效稳定性铵态氮肥。在湿润地区pH较低的酸性土壤上,例如黑土,适宜的硝化抑制剂较多,其中N + CP或N + CP + N-guard、N + CP + DCD组合的硝化抑制效果显著且持续时间长。在干旱半干旱的碱性土壤上,例如褐土,N + CP + DCD组合的硝化抑制效果和持续时间优于其他组合,可用于褐土上施用的高效稳定性氯化铵氮肥的生产。  相似文献   

5.
【目的】施用硝化抑制剂是削减农田N2O排放的有效措施,本文研究不同种类硝化抑制剂对土壤N2O排放的影响,为选择高效硝化抑制剂以实现黑土N2O减排提供科学依据。【方法】在黑龙江省东部典型旱作黑土区进行田间试验。设置6个处理:不施氮肥(N0),常规施氮(N200),减氮20%(N160),减氮20%分别配施硝化抑制剂双氰胺(N160+DCD)、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(N160+DMPP)和2-氯-6 (三氯甲基)-吡啶(N160+CP)。测定全年土壤N2O排放通量,同步测定土壤温度和含水量以及玉米生长季土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量。【结果】施氮显著提高了土壤NH4+-N含量,且各施氮处理间差异不显著。施用硝化抑制剂处理降低了土壤NO3--N含量,DCD和DMPP处理的NO3--N...  相似文献   

6.
硝化/脲酶抑制剂在农业中的应用   总被引:34,自引:3,他引:31  
硝化/脲酶抑制剂对于解决氮肥,特别是尿素及含尿素肥料施用带来的问题已经显示其效果和很好的应用前景。大量的实验室和田间实验表明,与传统肥料相比,添加硝化/脲酶抑制剂的肥料对尿素氮的转化、氨的挥发、土壤中的硝化、反硝化作用以及作物产量、环境效益等方面起到了积极的作用。当今,在世界肥料市场已经有几十种抑制剂申请了专利,其中有四种抑制剂西吡(Nitrapyrin)、双氰胺(DCD)、n-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)和氰醌(HQ)大量应用于农业生产。  相似文献   

7.
化学氮肥添加硝化/脲酶抑制剂和生物质炭均可起到减少硝态氮淋溶损失或气态损失的作用。为研究以有机氮素和无机氮素复合系统的养殖肥液为主体的新型肥料对减少氮素损失的作用,在控制施氮量相同的前提下,通过设置不同种类的抑制剂和抑制剂组合方式:养殖肥液单施(CK)、尿素单施(U)、养殖肥液+双氰胺(DCD)、养殖肥液+氢醌(HQ)、养殖肥液+双氰胺+氢醌(DCD+HQ)、养殖肥液+生物质炭(B),探究硝化抑制剂、脲酶抑制剂单施或配施及生物质炭的添加对养殖肥液施用后土壤氮素转化的影响。结果表明,土壤N_2O-N累积排放量抑制率呈现DCD+HQHQDCDB,抑制率依次为21.97%、19.39%、18.55%和10.71%;土壤氮素矿化速率依次为DCD+HQDCDHQBCKU;土壤氮素硝化速率由大到小依次为CKHQBDCD+HQDCDU。研究表明,DCD+HQ抑制剂组合模式更加有利于防控养殖肥液灌溉过程土壤氮素的损失。  相似文献   

8.
追氮方式对夏玉米土壤N2O和NH3排放的影响   总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5  
【目的】研究氮肥与硝化抑制剂撒施及条施覆土三种追施氮肥方式下土壤N2O和NH3排放规律、 O2浓度及土壤NH4+-N、 NO2--N和NO3--N的时空动态,揭示追氮方式对两种重要环境气体排放的影响及机制。【方法】试验设置3个处理: 1)农民习惯追氮方式撒施(BC); 2)撒施添加10%的硝化抑制剂(BC+DCD); 3) 条施后覆土(Band)。 3个处理均在施肥后均匀灌水20 mm。在夏玉米十叶期追施氮肥后的15天(2014年7月23日至8月8日)进行田间原位连续动态观测,并在玉米成熟期测定产量及吸氮量。采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O排放量,土壤气体平衡管-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O浓度,PVC管-通气法测定土壤NH3挥发,土壤气体平衡管-泵吸式O2浓度测定仪测定土壤O2浓度。【结果】农民习惯追氮方式N2O排放量为N 395 g/hm2,NH3挥发损失为N 22.9 kg/hm2,同时还导致土壤在一定程度上积累了NO2--N。与习惯追氮方式相比,添加硝化抑制剂显著减少N2O排放89.4%,使NH3挥发略有增加,未造成土壤NO2--N的累积。条施覆土使土壤N2O排放量显著增加将近1倍,但使NH3挥发显著减少69.4%,同时造成施肥后土壤局部高NO2--N累积。条施覆土的施肥条带上土壤NO2--N含量与N2O排放通量呈显著正相关。土壤气体的O2和N2O浓度受土壤含水量控制,当土壤WFPS大于60%时,020 cm土层中的O2浓度明显降低,而N2O浓度增加,土壤N2O浓度和土壤O2浓度间呈极显著负相关。各处理地上部产量及总吸氮量差异不显著。【结论】土壤NO2--N的累积与铵态氮肥施肥方式密切相关,NO2--N的累积能够促进土壤N2O的排放,且在条施覆土时达到显著水平(P0.05)。追氮方式对N2O和NH3两种气体的排放存在某种程度的此消彼长,添加硝化抑制剂在减少N2O排放的同时会增加NH3挥发,条施覆土在显著减少NH3挥发的同时会显著增加土壤N2O排放。在条施覆土基础上添加硝化抑制剂,有可能同时降低N2O排放和NH3挥发损失,此推论值得进一步研究。  相似文献   

9.
菜地氮肥用量与N2O排放的关系及硝化抑制剂效果   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
熊舞  夏永秋  颜晓元  周伟 《土壤学报》2013,50(4):743-751
通过连续种植四季蔬菜近一年的大田试验,探究高施氮水平和低氮肥利用率的蔬菜生产系统中,N2O排放量与氮肥施用量之间的定量关系及其机理,并研究硝化抑制剂减少菜地N2O排放的效果.结果表明,在氮肥施用水平为N 0~1 733 kg hm-2a-1间,无论氮肥中是否添加硝化抑制剂,N2O总排放量与氮肥施用量均呈指数函数关系,即氮肥施用量高时,N2O排放率也高.在各氮肥水平处理下,硝化抑制剂均能降低N2O排放,抑制率为8.75% ~ 25.28%,且这种减排效果随着施氮量增加而增加.在氮肥施用量为N 300或400 kg hm-2季-1时,施用硝化抑制剂减少N2O排放所带来的效益略高于其成本,因此,即使不考虑氮肥利用率的提高等因素,施用硝化抑制剂仍是一种有利的选择.  相似文献   

10.
垃圾填埋场的CH4和渗滤液氮是两大污染因子。填埋覆土中因能进行CH4氧化而具有削减填埋场CH4排放的功能。同时,CH4可作为碳源促进反硝化。为此,该文研究了填埋场覆土中的CH4好氧氧化-反硝化耦合(AME-D)特性,以期为填埋场同步强化控制CH4排放和氮污染提供依据。结果表明:CH4、O2和NO3--N均显著影响填埋覆土中的CH4去除(p<0.05),三者影响的大小顺序为CH4>O2>NO3--N,且CH4和O2具有交互作用(p<0.05);CH4去除量随着初始CH4、O2体积分数的增大而增加,且与O2体积分数呈正相关关系(n=144,r=0.786,p<0.01)。CH4、O2和NO3--N明显影响CO2产生(p<0.01),且CH4和O2、O2和NO3--N均对CO2产生有交互作用(p<0.01)。CH4和O2对N2 产生有明显影响(p<0.01),且两者有交互作用(p<0.01),NO3--N质量分数对N2 产生影响不明显,但NO3--N和O2对N2 产生有交互作用。低O2体积分数下(<5%),添加NO3--N能促进N2产生,高O2体积分数下(≥10%),NO3--N对N2产生影响不明显。C/O比对AME-D的影响与CH4和O2体积分数有关,比较合适的C/O比为0.5~1。该试验条件下,当CH4和、O2的体积分数分别为20%,NO3--N质量分数为100 mg/kg时,耦合效果最佳。该文可为垃圾填埋场CH4排放生物控制提供参考。  相似文献   

11.
There is growing interest in N2O and CH4 transport through rice plants, but very little information is available on the effects of inhibitors on these gaseous emissions during rice growth and through rice plants. The closed chamber technique was used to study the effect of the urease inhibitor hydroquinone (HQ) and the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on N2O and CH4 emissions. As rice plants grew, the N2O emission through rice plants was significantly reduced in all treatments; N2O emissions were always lower in the presence than in the absence of inhibitor(s). These variations paralleled those in NO3--N content of fresh rice plants. During the rice growth period, increasing NO3--N content in rice plants paralleled the increase in the N2O emission through rice plants. Hence, NO3--N in young rice plants can substantially contribute to the plant-mediated N2O flux. A substantial CH4 emission through rice plants occurred at their vigorous growth stage; CH4 emissions were always lower in the presence than in the absence of inhibitor(s). Under the experimental conditions, application of DCD, especially of DCD+HQ, could significantly improve the growth of rice, and reduce the emissions of N2O and CH4 during rice growth.  相似文献   

12.
An automated laboratory soil incubation system enabled the effects on gaseous emissions from a soil to be quantified accurately, when amended with slurry plus a nitrification inhibitor: dicyandiamide (DCD), or 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP). Nitrification inhibitors applied with slurry under simulated Portuguese conditions were very efficient in reducing N2O emission, and did not increase CH4 emissions significantly, when the soil was predominantly aerobic. The inhibitors were also indirectly effective in reducing N2O emissions due to denitrification during a subsequent anaerobic phase. All gaseous emissions followed strong diurnal patterns that were positively correlated with soil temperature and obeyed a Q10=2 relationship. The widespread use of DCD and DMPP inhibitors with slurry applied to Portuguese soils could have the potential to reduce N2O emissions from this source by ten- to 20-fold.  相似文献   

13.
程谊  黄蓉  余云飞  王慎强 《土壤学报》2017,54(6):1326-1331
在保证生产力条件下,采取合理的氮肥管理措施降低土壤硝态氮浓度对降低氮污染至关重要。当前,应用硝化抑制剂能够有效延缓铵态氮的硝化速率,进而降低土壤硝态氮淋溶损失和氮氧化物排放,但是其缺点显而易见:促进氨挥发并引起硝化抑制剂污染。好氧条件下,土壤硝态氮净变化量取决于产生(硝化)和消耗(硝态氮同化)的量。但是,一直以来,受微生物优先利用铵态氮这一传统观点的影响,人们普遍认为农田土壤微生物较少利用硝态氮,很大程度上忽视了对硝态氮同化过程的研究。该过程独具优势,它将硝态氮转变为微生物生物量氮进行短期储存并发生再矿化,具有保氮功能且环境友好。加入特定的碳源可以提高硝态氮同化这已是不争的事实,未来应加强硝态氮同化降低土壤硝酸盐累积方面的研究:(1)外源碳影响硝态氮同化的微生物驱动机制是什么?(2)怎样才能操控硝态氮同化和再矿化过程,使得作物氮需求和土壤氮供应相匹配,进而降低氮损失?(3)在碳源充足的条件下,反硝化作用亦会增强,如何才能做到在提高硝态氮同化的同时避免反硝化氮损失?  相似文献   

14.
Emissions of N2O and CH4 and CH4 oxidation rates were measured from Lolium perenne swards in a short-term study under ambient (36 Pa) and elevated (60 Pa) atmospheric CO2 at the Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment experiment, Eschikon, Switzerland. Elevated pCO2 increased (P<0.05) N2O emissions from high N fertilised (11.2 g N m−2) swards by 69%, but had no significant effect on net emissions of CH4. Application of 13C-CH4 (11 μl l−1; 11 at.% excess 13C) to closed chamber headspaces in microplots enabled determination of rates of 13C-CH4 oxidation even when net CH4 fluxes from main plots were positive. We found a significant interaction between fertiliser application rate and atmospheric pCO2 on 13C-CH4 oxidation rates that was attributed to differences in gross nitrification rates and C and N availability. CH4 oxidation was slower and thought to be temporarily inhibited in the high N ambient pCO2 sward. The most rapid CH4 oxidation of 14.6 μg 13C-CH4 m−2 h−1 was measured in the high fertilised elevated pCO2 sward, and we concluded that either elevated pCO2 had a stimulatory effect on CH4 oxidation or inhibition of oxidation following fertiliser application was lowered under elevated pCO2. Application of 14NH415NO3 and 15NH415NO3 (10 at.% excess 15N) to different replicates enabled determination of the respective contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N2O emissions. Inhibition of CH4 oxidation in the high fertilised ambient pCO2 sward, due to competition between NH3 and CH4 for methane monooxygenase enzymes or toxic effects of NH2OH or NO2 produced during nitrification, was hypothesised to increase gross nitrification (12.0 mg N kg dry soil−1) and N2O emissions during nitrification (327 mg 15N-N2O m−2 over 11 d). Our results indicate that increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 may increase emissions of N2O by denitrification, lower nitrification rates and either increase or decrease the ability of soil to act as a sink for atmospheric CH4 depending on fertiliser management.  相似文献   

15.
N2O emissions from soils treated with NH4+-N under aerobic conditions in the laboratory were 3- to 4-fold higher than those from controls (no extra N added) or when NO3?-N was added. Although the emission of N2O-N in these field and laboratory experiments represented only 0.1–0.8% of the applied fertilizer NH4+-N and are therefore not significant from an agronomic standpoint, these studies have conclusively demonstrated that the oxidation of applied ammoniacal fertilizers (nitrification) could contribute significantly to the stratospheric N2O pool.Like N-serve, acetylene was shown to be a potent inhibitor of nitrification as it stopped the oxidation of NH4+-N to (NO3+-N + NO2?)-N and hence reduced the evolution of N2O from nitrification within 60 min after its addition.Although high amounts of NO3?-N were present, the rate of denitrification was very low from soils with moisture up to 60% saturation. The further increase in the degree of saturation resulted in several-fold increase of denitrification which eventually became the predominant mechanism of gaseous N losses under anaerobic conditions.  相似文献   

16.
Urine patches in dairy pastures are major sources of nitrous oxide (N2O). Wet winters result in compaction damage to pastures because of animal trampling. The nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), is effective at reducing N2O emissions from urine patches. Here, we assessed the extent of damage to the physical quality of the soil by trampling and whether this influenced the ability of DCD to mitigate N2O emissions. A field experiment was conducted where a sandy loam soil was trampled by a mechanical hoof just before urine and DCD application. Trampling reduced air permeability and pore continuity, but this had no effect on bulk density. Urine appeared to have contributed to pore collapse and blockage. Trampling increased average cumulative N2O emissions from 1.74 to 4.66% of urine‐N applied. This effect was attributed to increased water‐filled pore space, aggregate destruction and suppression of grass growth. DCD was highly effective in reducing N2O emissions, with the N2O emission factor of the urine‐N being decreased by 58–63%. Trampling did not significantly affect the effectiveness of DCD in reducing N2O emissions.  相似文献   

17.
蔡祖聪 《土壤学报》2003,40(2):239-245
用15N分别标记尿素和KNO3,研究了淹水条件下 ,黄泥土和红壤性水稻土的无机氮转化过程及尿素和KNO3对氮素转化过程的影响。结果表明 ,淹水条件下 ,土壤中存在15NH 4 的成对硝化和反硝化过程。红壤性水稻土15NH 4 硝化只检测到15NO- 2 ,但有反硝化产物15N2 生成 ,因此 ,很可能存在着好气反硝化过程。15NO- 3浓度的下降符合一级反应方程 ,黄泥土的速率常数几乎是红壤性水稻土的 1 0倍。反硝化过程和DNRA过程共同参与15NO- 3的还原。加入尿素提高土壤pH ,增加黄泥土DNRA过程对反硝化过程的基质竞争能力 ,但反硝化过程仍占绝对优势。加入尿素或KNO3改变土壤pH是导致对无机氮转化影响有所不同的主要原因 ,浓度的作用较为次要。  相似文献   

18.
The contribution of nitrification to the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) from soils may be large, but its regulation is not well understood. The soil pH appears to play a central role for controlling N2O emissions from soil, partly by affecting the N2O product ratios of both denitrification (N2O/(N2+N2O)) and nitrification (N2O/(NO2+NO3). Mechanisms responsible for apparently high N2O product ratios of nitrification in acid soils are uncertain. We have investigated the pH regulation of the N2O product ratio of nitrification in a series of experiments with slurries of soils from long-term liming experiments, spanning a pH range from 4.1 to 7.8. 15N labelled nitrate (NO3) was added to assess nitrification rates by pool dilution and to distinguish between N2O from NO3 reduction and NH3 oxidation. Sterilized soil slurries were used to determine the rates of chemodenitrification (i.e. the production of nitric oxide (NO) and N2O from the chemical decomposition of nitrite (NO2)) as a function of NO2 concentrations. Additions of NO2 to aerobic soil slurries (with 15N labelled NO3 added) were used to assess its potential for inducing denitrification at aerobic conditions. For soils with pH?5, we found that the N2O product ratios for nitrification were low (0.2-0.9‰) and comparable to values found in pure cultures of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. In mineral soils we found only a minor increase in the N2O product ratio with increasing soil pH, but the effect was so weak that it justifies a constant N2O product ratio of nitrification for N2O emission models. For the soils with pH 4.1 and 4.2, the apparent N2O product ratio of nitrification was 2 orders of magnitude higher than above pH 5 (76‰ and 14‰). This could partly be accounted for by the rates of chemodenitrification of NO2. We further found convincing evidence for NO2-induction of aerobic denitrification in acid soils. The study underlines the role of NO2, both for regulating denitrification and for the apparent nitrifier-derived N2O emission.  相似文献   

19.
The aims of this study were to assess the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitors dicyandiamide (DCD) and nitrapyrin on reducing emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) following application of NH4 + or NH4 +-forming fertilisers to grassland and spring barley. DCD was applied to grassland with N fertiliser applications in April and August in 1992 and 1993, inhibiting N2O emissions by varying amounts depending on the fertiliser form and the time of application. Over periods of up to 2 months following each application of DCD, emissions of N2O were reduced by 58–78% when applied with urea (U) and 41–65% when applied with ammonium sulphate (AS). Annual emissions (April to March) of N2O were reduced by up to 58% and 56% in 1992–1993 and 1993–1994, respectively. Applying DCD to ammonium nitrate (AN) fertilised grassland did not reduce emissions after the April 1993 fertilisation, but emissions following the August application were reduced. Nitrapyrin was only applied once, with the April fertiliser applications in 1992, reducing N2O emissions over the following 12 months by up to 40% when applied with U. When N fertiliser was applied in June without DCD, the DCD applied in April was still partly effective; N2O emissions were reduced 50%, 60% and 80% as effectively as the emissions following the April applications, for AS in 1993, U in 1992 and 1993, respectively. In 1992 the persistence of an inhibitory effect was greater for nitrapyrin than for DCD, increasing after the June fertiliser application as overall emissions from U increased. There was no apparent reduction in effectiveness following repeated applications of DCD over the 2 years. N2O emissions from spring barley, measured only in 1993, were lower than from grassland. DCD reduced emissions from applied U by 40% but there was no reduction with AN. The results demonstrate considerable scope for reducing emissions by applying nitrification inhibitors with NH4 + or NH4 +-forming fertilisers; this is especially so for crops such as intensively managed grass where there are several applications of fertiliser nitrogen per season, as the effect of inhibitors applied in April persists until after a second fertiliser application in June. Received: 30 August 1996  相似文献   

20.
 A low efficiency of use of N fertilisers has been observed in mid-Wales on permanent pasture grazed intensively by cattle. Earlier laboratories studies have suggested that heterogeneity in redox conditions at shallow soil depths may allow nitrification and denitrification to occur concurrently resulting in gaseous losses of N from both NH4 + and NO3 . The objective of the investigation was to test the hypothesis that both nitrification and denitrification can occur simultaneously under simulated field capacity conditions (∼5 kPa matric potential). Intact soil cores were taken from grassland subjected to both grazing and amenity use. The fate of applied NH4 + was examined during incubation. 15N was used as a tracer. Nitrapyrin was used as a nitrification inhibitor and acetylene was used to block N2O reductase. More than 50% of N applied as NH4 + disappeared over a period of 42 days from the soil mineral-N pool. Some of this N was evolved as N2O. Accumulation of NO3 –N in the surface 0–2.5 cm indicated active nitrification. Addition of nitrapyrin increased N recovery by 26% and inhibited both the accumulation of NO3–N and emission of N2O. When intact field cores were incubated after addition of 15N-urea, all of the N2O evolved was derived from added urea-N. It was concluded that nitrification and denitrification do occur simultaneously in the top 7.5 cm or so, of the silty clay loam grassland topsoils of mid-Wales at moisture contents typical of field capacity. The quantitative importance of these concurrent processes to N loss from grassland systems has not yet been assessed. Received: 15 December 1998  相似文献   

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