四川盆地中部农区水土保持林防护效益的初步研究

四川盆地中部浅丘农区水土流失严重，侵蚀模数达8815t/km^2.a，通过对水土流失成因分析和试验观测，水土流失主要发生在坡耕地，根据水土流失现状提出了营造水土保持林的治理方案，治理后每平方公里土壤蓄水容量增加22236.1m^3，次洪流量所产生的侵蚀模数由79.14t/km^2下降到3．71t/km^2。     

云南省坡耕地现状调查及分析

基于云南省2015年土壤侵蚀调查成果及云南省各年度水土流失综合治理情况统计结果,利用坡耕地坡度特征指数和坡耕地治理度两个指标,对云南省坡耕地现状进行了定量分析,结果表明:云南省中度以上水土流失面积主要分布在坡耕地上,坡耕地水土流失面积为45 337.34 km^2,占全省水土流失面积104 727.74 km^2的43.29%,极强烈以上的坡耕地水土流失面积为12 152.38 km^2,占全省极强烈以上水土流失面积12 609.54 km^2的96.37%。无措施的坡耕地面积达到34 377.66 km^2,占耕地总面积82 022.00 km^2的41.91%,占水土流失总面积的32.83%。云南省坡耕地坡度特征指数为0.34,坡耕地坡度总体较大,坡耕地总体治理度为48.01%,治理水平相对较低,大面积的坡耕地急需治理。应基于坡耕地分布及结构的区域性差异,确定未来如何开展坡耕地水土流失综合治理。     

南方红壤丘陵区经果林开发对水土流失的影响——以江西省为例

江西作为南方红壤丘陵区的典型区域,其大规模的经果林开发已成为丘陵区水土流失的主要原因。在江西赣县、进贤县和泰和县分别设立观测场进行定位观测和调查,结合室内试验分析,定量研究经果林开发初期对水土流失的影响,结果表明:赣州清溪水土保持生态科技园径流小区脐橙园建设第二年土壤侵蚀模数为5 043 t/(km^2·a),第三年为4 984 t/(km^2·a),土壤侵蚀模数下降幅度较小;进贤县油茶开发基地随开发年限的延长,平均土壤侵蚀模数急剧下降,下降幅度为42.86%～75.00%;泰和县柑橘园开发后土壤侵蚀模数明显减小,由前三年的2 850 t/(km^2·a)下降到第四年的1 043 t/(km^2·a)。     

神东矿区2005—2018年水土流失动态变化研究

基于多源遥感影像,采用资料收集、遥感监测、模型计算等方法,定量推算了神东矿区2005、2010、2015、2018年土壤侵蚀模数,并对不同侵蚀强度土地面积进行了对比分析,结果表明:2005—2018年神东矿区土壤侵蚀模数由3322.53 t/(km^2·a)降低至852.17 t/(km^2·a),水土流失面积减少了355.75 km^2,相当于矿区面积1/3还多,其中中度侵蚀面积减少最多,减少了346.89 km^2。整体来看,矿区土壤侵蚀模数降低,水土流失面积明显减少,土壤侵蚀由高强度向低强度转移,生态环境显著改善。     

广安市水土保持工作成就初报

广安市位于四川省东部的华蓥山,地处长江上游嘉陵江和渠江河畔,山高坡陡,暴雨集中,植被稀疏,水土流失严重.据1988年遥感资料,全市水土流失面积为4055 km2,年土壤侵蚀总量为3 005 t,土壤侵蚀模数为年7 410 t/(km2·a).1989年以来,全市五区(市、县)先后被列入长江流域水土保持重点防治区,采取工程、生物和耕作措施相结合,进行水土流失综合治理,13 a来,全市水土流失面积降至3 042 km2,年土壤侵蚀量降至1 280万t,年土壤侵蚀模数降至4 208 t/(km2·a).水土保持工作呈现出广安的地方特色.     

基于USLE模型的云南省坡耕地土壤侵蚀和养分流失评价

定量评估区域坡耕地土壤侵蚀分布规律,是科学制定坡耕地水土流失综合治理规划、开展坡耕地质量建设的基础,然而目前针对省域尺度坡耕地土壤侵蚀和养分流失规律的研究较少。该研究基于GIS空间分析技术和通用土壤流失方程（Universal Soil Loss Equation,USLE）,在模型参数率定与计算精度验证基础上,定量评价云南省坡耕地土壤侵蚀和养分流失特征。结果表明：1）云南省坡耕地土壤侵蚀面积为421.38万hm2,侵蚀总量为376.58×106 t/a,占全省侵蚀总量的63.02%,坡耕地是区域侵蚀产沙的主要策源地;坡耕地平均侵蚀模数为7 986.31 t/(km2.a),总体处于强烈侵蚀等级,剧烈侵蚀、极强烈侵蚀和强烈侵蚀是坡耕地侵蚀产沙的主要来源;不同分区坡耕地侵蚀模数和侵蚀量差异显著,滇西南区侵蚀强度最大,滇东南区侵蚀强度最小。2）随着坡度增加,坡耕地侵蚀面积比例、侵蚀强度、侵蚀量均呈较快增加趋势,土壤侵蚀主要来源于15～25°、>25°、>8～15°3个坡度级坡耕地。3）坡耕地流失土层厚度集中分布在0～12 mm/a之间,平均流失土层厚度为7.31 mm/a;耕层更新周期集中分布在20～200 a之间,均值为175.6 a,耕层更新周期-面积分布曲线呈先快速递增,并在某一峰值之后出现快速递减趋势。4）坡耕地养分流失空间分布存在差异性,土壤有机碳、全氮、速效钾、有效磷流失模数分别为223.60、23.94、1.59、0.15 t/（km2·a）,坡耕地养分流失是区域养分流失量的主要来源。研究可为区域坡耕地水土流失治理和坡耕地质量建设提供科学依据。     

西安市水土流失空间分布特征与管控空间划分

城镇规模的快速发展是引发城市水土流失的关键因素。以西安市为研究区域,计算了各区县土壤侵蚀面积并进行了强度等级划分,分析了水土流失在空间上的分布特征并进行预测,识别出需要重点监管的区域。结果表明:西安市年均土壤侵蚀量为278.49万t,年均土壤侵蚀模数为176.74 t/(km^2·a),微度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀占总侵蚀面积的99.76%,中度侵蚀以上面积仅占0.24%;未来情景下西安市各区域土壤侵蚀模数主要分布在0~200 t/(km^2·a),其中建成区和发展区土壤侵蚀面积分别为65.37,302.19 km^2;水土流失空间管控与重点区域主要分布在高陵区、鄠邑区、长安区和临潼区等地区。随着城市建设与发展的完善,西安市重点管控区的面积也在发生变化。     

采矿迹地生态重建研究实例

探讨了采矿迹地生态重建的途径，首先分析了采矿迹地的水土流失特性，并根据研究区域的特点设计了沉沙池来测定采矿迹地的土壤蚀模数，最后设计出生物和工程措施对采矿迹地进行治理，结果表明，通过生物措施和工程措施相结合对采矿迹地进行治理，大大降低了该区的年土壤侵蚀量，年土壤侵蚀模数由原来的41905．33－5443．41t/(km^2.a)，降低至694.32t/(km^2.a)，已接近无明显流失状态，生物措施和工程措施相结合对采矿迹地水土流失进行治理是一个很有效的方法，不过生物措施只强调种草种树是不够的，而要在其上真有一定经济价值的果树，这样才能促进治理者对该区的持续治理。     

宜宾县土壤侵蚀分析

分析了宜宾县土壤侵蚀现状、消长以及水土流失发展趋势。研究表明:宜宾县土壤侵蚀面积达986.03km~2,占幅员面积的33.54%;宜宾县土壤侵蚀面积从2000年至2012年减少了608.28km~2,减幅达38.15%,平均土壤侵蚀模数减少440t/km~2·a;宜宾县土壤侵蚀与雨季和农业活动密切相关;宜宾县实施的各类水土保持措施效果显著,需加大坡耕地治理规模;小型生产建设项目水土流失有加剧的趋势。     

阴山北麓农牧交错带土壤侵蚀驱动机制研究

阴山北麓农牧交错带是我国北方生态建设的重要防线。近年来由于人口迅速增加,经济相对贫困,不合理的土地利用,导致土地急剧退化,土壤侵蚀严重。研究区水土流失的主要特点是风蚀与水蚀共存,最大风蚀模数达9 985t/（km^2·a）,最大水蚀模数为3 000 t/（km^2·a）,复合侵蚀量非常大,水土流失面积占土地总面积的89.8%。针对这样的情况,对当地土壤侵蚀过程进行了阐述,分析了导致土壤侵蚀的自然因素和人为因素,发现这两个因素在时间和空间上具有藕合性,揭示出二者相互影响、相互促进、协同加剧的规律,为当地土壤侵蚀治理提供思路。     

水氮耦合对苹果光合特性和果实品质的影响

通过不同灌水量和施氮处理,研究水氮耦合对红富士苹果光合特性及品质的影响。结果表明:红富士苹果的光合特性在不同水肥组合下的变化不同,其光合作用存在明显的“午休”现象。中水高肥和高水高肥的肥水组合对光合速率的保持有一定的作用。低水中肥的肥水组合的蒸腾速率最低,保水效果最好。中度水分供应条件下,施用较多的氮肥可以提高气孔导度利于光合的进行。肥水管理以灌溉量5250m³/hm²、氮肥施用量600kg/hm²方案能获得较高的品质效益。     

Soil organic matter and the adsorption and decomposition of the herbicides atrazine and linuron

Soil was subjected to a variety of treatments so as to provide a series of materials with different organic residues. These preparations were inoculated with an aqueous extract of untreated soil, then incubated at 20°C with atrazine or linuron and rates of herbicide degradation were followed. The rates were lowest when virtually all the organic matter had been removed by peroxidation. The most rapid break-down occurred in samples which had been successively extracted with ethanol + toluene, hot water, dilute acid and dilute alkali. It is suggested that the organic residue left after this sequence contained hydrolysed materials that were easily metabolized and hence could support the most active microbial population. There was no relationship between extent of adsorption and decomposition rate.     

圆叶决明的栽培技术及其防蚀培肥的功效

经多年种植结果表明，圆叶决明具有覆盖率高、固氮率高、适应性和抗逆性强等特点，是山地茶果园水土流失地套种的先锋作物，本文阐述了圆叶决明的特征特性、栽培技术以及防治水土流失、培肥地力的作用。     

Mobility and breakdown of asulam in the soil and the possible impact on the environment

Asulam reaching the soil either directly as spray drift or as rain washings from bracken fronds would, due to its rapid mobility in soil, be expected to leach down the soil profile into the drainage water and thereby contaminate streams and water catchments. The mobility of asulam in soil is influenced by pH, where undissociated asulam will leach less rapidly than the associated form (asulam pK_a 4·82). This is particularly relevant in the case of bracken as it can grow satisfactorily over a wide range of pH values (3·6 – 7·6). Adsorption coefficients expressed as Kd values [(μg asulam/g soil)/(μg asulam/ml solution)] were 2·54, 1·94 and 0·96 at pH readings of 4·0, 4·3 and 4·9 respectively. Another factor involved, the breakdown of asulam, was shown to be temperature dependent, 30·95, 7·65 and 2·50% remaining after 28 days at 5, 18 and 25°C respectively, thus underlining the influence of geographical regions and climatic conditions on asulam behaviour.     

Solods of the Baraba Lowland and the Priobskoe Plateau: Their properties and genesis and the methods of their diagnostics

The properties, hydrological features, and genesis of the solods occurring in the Baraba Lowland and Priobskoe Plateau were studied. Methods for determining the hydromorphism degree are considered; the features of the similarity and differences between the solods and other soils with textural profile differentiation are shown. Depending on the reasons for the waterlogging, the solods should be divided into two groups: the solods of groundwater waterlogging and the solods of surface waterlogging. Criteria for their discrimination are suggested: the ratio between the contents of the clay fraction in the parent rock (or in the B2 horizon) and that in the A2 horizon, the changes in the pH values along the soil profiles, and the content of nonsilicate iron compounds. The solods studied are shown to be formed under the conditions of a stagnant-percolative regime and gleying. This circumstance is an obligatory and sufficient reason for the formation of the light-colored acid eluvial (A2) horizons. According to some basic properties of the soil solid phase (the acidity, the total chemical composition, and the clay pattern in the eluvial part), the gleyed solods are close or identical to the gleyed soddy-podzolic and gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils. At the same time, the solods differ from the gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils by their thicker A1 (or Ap) horizon and their higher humus content (5–7%).     

甘蔗节间蛋白质含量与生长发育关系的研究

选用8个不同基因型的甘蔗，即粤糖86-368、新台糖16号、农林8号、拔地拉、割手密和从甘蔗杂交后代F1中选出的3株种茎的无性系(单株)。在甘蔗伸长初期，测定其 2节间至 8节间的长度、茎径，同时取 3、 5、 8节间，测定其可溶性蛋白质、细胞壁离子型结合蛋白质、细胞壁共价型结合蛋白质及可溶性总糖的含量。结果表明：从 2节间到 8节间，不同基因型的节间长度的变化极为相似，除割手密外，其它基因型甘蔗的节间长度都在 6节达到最长；但其茎径在 6节间以后仍保持稍微的增粗。从 3节间到 5、 8节间，所有基因型的三类蛋白质含量都逐渐下降，而可溶性总糖含量都逐渐提高。其中，三个节间较粗的基因型即拔地拉、粤糖86—368和无性系3号，其三类蛋白质含量相对较高，而可溶性总糖含量相对较低。     

图书馆与大力发展文化创意产业之间的关系

党的十七届六中全会提出了要推动文化创意产业成为国民经济的支柱性产业。图书馆拥有丰富的文献资源和信息服务能力,在为文化创意产业项目提供信息服务的同时,应提升自身形象,谋求更大发展。     

Mineralogical composition of the clay fraction and micromorphology of the Middle and Late Pleistocene loesses and paleosols in the center of the East European Plain

The mineralogical composition of the clay fraction and microfabrics of the cryogenic soil-loess sequences of the Middle and Late Pleistocene ages have been studied near the northern boundary of loess sediments on the East European Plain. Poorly ordered mixed-layered mica-smectitic minerals with different portions of smectitic layers predominate in the clay fraction; di-and trioctahedral hydromicas occupy the second place. The clay fraction also contains chlorite, clay-size quartz grains, and feldspars. Individual smectite is present in some of the samples. Interstadial chernozem-like paleosols are specified by the higher content of clay, the maximum concentration of smectitic layers in the mixed-layered minerals, and the presence of individual smectite. The clay fraction in the profiles of interglacial paleosols is sharply differentiated: in the eluvial part, it is depleted of smectite and enriched in kaolinite, hydromica, and clay-size quartz. These features allow us to suppose that interglacial paleosols were subjected to podzolization processes. According to the mineralogical indices, Middle Pleistocene paleosols can be differentiated into those subjected to lessivage (the Kamenskii interglacial paleosol) and podzolization (the Inzhavin interglacial paleosol).