大气散落核素复合示踪在土壤侵蚀科学中的应用

介绍了大气散落核素⁷Be、²¹⁰Pb_ex、¹³⁷Cs复合在土壤侵蚀和泥沙来源领域中的研究进展;阐述了核素比率应用的原理、特点及其能更为敏感地反映土壤侵蚀速率和过程等优点;说明多元素复合示踪在推断土壤不同侵蚀过程及估算土壤侵蚀速率方面的作用;论述了建立两核素相关深度曲线确定泥沙起源深度的应用原理和特点及其应用范围,并对各种方法进行了简单的评价.     

土壤侵蚀示踪方法研究综述

土壤侵蚀已成为极为严峻的环境问题之一,由于降雨、坡面层流引起的土壤侵蚀被认为是涉及到坡面土壤的分散、沉积和转移同时发生的过程。分别介绍了放射性核素¹³⁷Cs示踪,稳定性稀土元素示踪,磁性示踪剂在土壤侵蚀、沉积、分布和泥沙来源研究领域中的进展情况。旨在借鉴国内外研究方法上的经验。对于准确评价侵蚀泥沙在坡面空间、时间尺度上的分布、转运、沉积,了解土壤侵蚀过程和评价基于坡面、流域的土壤侵蚀模型有重要的指导意义。     

西南喀斯特小流域地表、地下河流细粒泥沙来源的137Cs和磁化率双指纹示踪研究

在黔中喀斯特高原农林复合生态系统峰丛谷地小流域,利用¹³⁷Cs和磁化率双指纹因子对碳酸盐岩表层土壤(坡地和坝地)、深层土壤(沟道和洞穴/裂隙)以及碎屑岩夹层岩屑3类来源开展指纹特征分析,通过多元混合模型对流域暴雨过程侵蚀悬移质泥沙进行指纹复合示踪,并计算小流域地表及地下出口输出泥沙的主要来源及相对贡献率。结果表明:¹³⁷Cs和磁化率在碳酸盐岩表层土壤、深层土壤以及碎屑岩夹层岩屑3类来源存在显著差异,流域内表层土壤、深层土壤和碎屑岩夹层岩屑的¹³⁷Cs和磁化率平均含量分别为3.39 Bq/kg和310.07×10^-8 m^3/kg、0.50 Bq/kg和180.69×10^-8 m^3/kg、0 Bq/kg和7.02×10^-8 m^3/kg。表层土壤、深层土壤和碎屑岩夹层岩屑对流域地表出口泥沙的相对贡献分别为16.2%,4.3%和79.5%,拟合优度为99.97%;表层土壤、深层土壤和碎屑岩夹层岩屑对流域地下出口泥沙的相对贡献分别为<0.1%,37.9%和62.1%,拟合优度为83.80%。喀斯特流域泥沙来源区别于其他碎屑岩流域具有的特点为:(1)碳酸盐岩风化表层土壤来源少,对河流泥沙贡献小,主要贡献于地表河流。(2)无论流域地表出口还是地下出口,河流泥沙来源主要为流域中碳酸盐岩所夹的少量(地面物质组成<10%)的碎屑岩夹层岩屑。(3)深层土壤略有贡献,地下河流贡献比例高于地表河流。另外,¹³⁷Cs和磁化率可作为双指纹示踪物较好地示踪喀斯特小流域地表、地下河流泥沙来源和确定相对贡献率。     

稀土元素示踪法在土壤侵蚀与泥沙来源研究中的应用

[目的]掌握稀土元素(REE)示踪土壤侵蚀和泥沙来源的方法,明确其不确定性来源,对正确运用该方法获得可靠的侵蚀速率和泥沙源地贡献结果具有重要意义。[方法]基于前人运用REE示踪土壤侵蚀速率和泥沙来源的研究成果,总结了REE示踪土壤侵蚀的基本技术路线及其在水蚀、风蚀和泥沙来源研究中的应用,探讨了REE示踪土壤侵蚀和泥沙来源研究中的不足。[结果]分析认为REE虽是理想的示踪剂,但REE示踪法仍存在影响示踪土壤侵蚀和泥沙来源准确性的关键方面需要改进,包括REE与土壤结合方式与机理、长期监测或复杂环境下随淋溶、径流的迁移以及植被吸收利用等。在未来研究中应重点关注大量释放REE对土壤、植物、环境健康的影响以及REE示踪法与复合指纹识别法的结合运用等。[结论]研究结果为提高REE示踪土壤侵蚀结果的准确性,运用该方法开展其他侵蚀类型研究,与复合指纹识别法结合辨别大区域的泥沙来源奠定基础。     

桑干河流域淤地坝沉积泥沙特征及其来源解析

[目的]为查明桑干河流域的泥沙主要策源地和侵蚀产沙变化。[方法]选取阳原县高墙乡典型淤地坝沉积泥沙为研究对象,利用复合指纹识别技术,测定沉积泥沙及其源地的土壤粒径、SOC、TN、¹³⁷Cs、低频质量磁化率等9种指纹因子,研究了不同淤积阶段的泥沙策源地及坝控小流域侵蚀产沙演变规律。[结果](1)沉积泥沙中¹³⁷Cs平均含量较低,与沟壁土壤无显著差异(p>0.05),但极显著小于林草地和耕地的¹³⁷Cs含量(p<0.01),这指示淤地坝沉积泥沙主要来源于沟壁;(2)由于沟壁中大部分¹³⁷Cs含量低于检出限,¹³⁷Cs较好地指示泥沙主要来源沟谷地中的沟壁,但难以用于小流域多种策源地的判别,经Kruskal-Wallis H非参数检验和多元逐步判别分析筛选,确定TN+X_lfb+SOC构成最佳指纹因子组合,有效地判别小流域2006—2017年泥沙源地的平均贡献率为沟壁(82.68%±8.20%)>耕地(15.36%±8.46%)>林草地(1....     

应用同位素示踪土壤侵蚀研究的进展

 介绍不同类型的同位素的来源,对几种常用的同位素示踪土壤侵蚀的应用做了比较详细的总结。在过去几十年里,人为放射性核素137Cs在土壤侵蚀示踪研究中应用最广泛。同位素210Pb来自于自然界,它在土壤侵蚀中应用的准确度,有待于进一步探讨。宇宙射线产生的放射性核素中,主要介绍7Be在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用。对稳定性稀土元素和几种核素复合示踪土壤侵蚀与泥沙来源研究的国内外研究进展,进行了总结和评价。对应用同位素示踪土壤侵蚀的发展方向,提出了一些看法。     

浑善达克沙地东南缘坡地风蚀速率变化的137Cs与210Pb复合示踪研究

【目的】坡地是人为活动频繁而生态较脆弱的地区，土壤侵蚀是造成丘陵区坡地土地流失的主要方式，因此探究丘陵区坡地不同位置和不同时间尺度风蚀速率的变化具有重要意义。【方法】以位于浑善达克沙地东南缘农牧交错带、生态环境脆弱、易受到土壤风蚀影响的内蒙古多伦县为研究区，选择一个植被类型为沙化草地的典型坡地，通过测量其坡顶、坡肩、背坡、坡麓等不同位置剖面的¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb比活度，探讨坡地不同位置的剖面¹³⁷Cs、²¹⁰Pb含量及分布特征，计算坡地不同位置的土壤侵蚀速率。【结果】坡地¹³⁷Cs分布较深，²¹⁰Pb含量随深度增加呈负指数递减，¹³⁷Cs、²¹⁰Pb平均活度值较低，受长期风蚀的影响，样品中砂含量高。【结论】除坡麓处于沉积状态外，坡地不同位置均受到轻度或微度风蚀作用的影响，风蚀速率相对大小为：坡肩>坡顶>背坡>坡麓。20世纪60年代以来土壤侵蚀速率显著降低，生态环境质量总体向好。     

水土保持减沙效益监测中的多核素联合示踪技术

水土保持效益评价是提升水土保持技术和水土保持生态建设科学决策的前提。核素示踪技术能够直接测定特定时间段的土壤净侵蚀量,提供独立的土壤侵蚀和堆积数据以及空间分布的信息,是评价土壤侵蚀和泥沙来源的简便、快捷和高效的技术方法。利用环境核素^210Pb,^137Cs和^7Be示踪技术测定不同时间尺度的土壤侵蚀强度,探讨了在无常规水文泥沙监测资料情况下,水土保持效益多核素联合示踪评价的方法和计算模型。     

利用放射化学及地球化学方法追踪德基水库集水区之泥沙来源

用土壤中放射性原子落尘¹³⁷Cs因地表植生,坡度及土层厚度不同而有不同含量以及矿物抗风化及冲蚀程度不同,其所获石英或云母（抗风化）与长石（易风化）矿物含量比,可探测集水区内水库泥沙淤积之来源。就本研究结果,¹³⁷Cs在果园土壤最高,平均为302μμCi/kg,森林土壤次之为203μμCi/kg,而以崩塌地土壤147μμCi/kg最低,显示因地表坡度及植生不同造成表土厚度之差异,徒而影响¹³⁷Cs原子落坐在土壤中之分布。矿物抗风化及冲蚀作用因种类而异,石英/长石比（Q/F）或云母/长石比（Mi/F）之值愈高,表示抗风化之矿物含量高,矿物安定度大或不易受风化及冲蚀。由分析结果获知森林土壤Q/F值与果园土壤相近,而崩塌地土壤最低,就Q/F值或Mi/F值比较,果园土壤似较森林土壤更为安定,此与果园土壤之坡度较平坦,表土较厚有关。此项结果与放射化学方法所测得之¹³⁷Cs含量所表示之意义一致。无论以原子落尘或矿物比值测值,均显示不同植生这有其显着差异,用以追踪水库淤沙来源,具有辨异性辨就方法之设备及分析之难易与时间耗费,笔者建议采用地球化学之矿物测定法,更有应用价值。     

土壤侵蚀磁性示踪技术

系统介绍了磁性示踪技术的基本原理、测量参数、计算模型及应用前景。近年来,利用磁性示踪研究土壤侵蚀成为示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中应用的一种新思路,在利用环境物质磁性的时空差异性来研究区域内侵蚀泥沙来源,以沉积物磁性作为流域环境变迁指示剂以及利用磁性参数的变化研究土壤侵蚀等方面已取得一些成果,同时利用人工磁性示踪剂来研究土壤侵蚀强度的空间分异规律,定量描述侵蚀方式的演变及侵蚀过程的发生、发展规律,并在野外进行了小区试验。磁性示踪技术具有测量简便易行、无破坏性、连续性好、分辨率高、并可迅速与其它示踪技术复合示踪等优点,将成为水土保持监测的有力手段之一。     

Investigating the spatial distribution of soil erosion and deposition in a small catchment on the Loess Plateau of China, using Cs

An understanding of the spatial distribution of soil erosion and deposition in a catchment is important for designing soil and water conservation measures. Traditional monitoring techniques provide limited information on the spatial patterns of erosion and deposition. The fallout radionuclide ¹³⁷Cs was used to document rates and patterns of soil redistribution within a small (0.17 km²) gully catchment located near An'sai in Shaanxi Province, representative of the Loess Plateau of China. The local reference inventory was estimated to be 2266 Bq m⁻² and the ¹³⁷Cs inventories of 198 soil cores collected from the catchment, ranged from 0 to 3849 Bq m⁻². The coefficient of variation of the inventories of the individual cores was 0.85, reflecting the complex pattern of ¹³⁷Cs redistribution by soil erosion and deposition. Estimates of erosion rates derived from ¹³⁷Cs measurement ranged from less than 25 to 150 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, with about 70% of the net soil loss from the catchment coming from the gully area. The ¹³⁷Cs technique was shown to provide an effective means of documenting the spatial distribution of soil erosion and deposition within the small catchment.     

Using Cs and Pbex for quantifying soil organic carbon redistribution affected by intensive tillage on steep slopes

Studying on spatial and temporal variation in soil organic carbon (SOC) is of great importance because of global environmental concerns. Tillage-induced soil erosion is one of the major processes affecting the redistribution of SOC in fields. However, few direct measurements have been made to investigate the dynamic process of SOC under intensive tillage in the field. Our objective was to test the potential of ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex for directly assessing SOC redistribution on sloping land as affected by tillage. Fifty plowing operations were conducted over a 5-day period using a donkey-drawn moldboard plow on a steep backslope of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Profile variations of SOC, ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex concentrations were measured in the upper, middle and lower positions of the control plot and the plot plowed 50 times. ¹³⁷Cs concentration did not show variations in the upper 0–30 cm of soil whereas ²¹⁰Pb_ex showed a linear decrease (P < 0.05) with soil depth in the upper and middle positions, and an exponential decrease (P < 0.01) at the lower position of the control plot. The amounts of SOC, ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex of sampling soil profiles increased in the following order: lower > middle > upper positions on the control plot. Intensive tillage resulted in a decrease of SOC amounts by 35% in the upper and by 44% in the middle positions for the soil layers of 0–45 cm, and an increase by 21% in the complete soil profile (0–100 cm) at the lower position as compared with control plot. Coefficients of variation (CVs) of SOC in soil profile decreased by 18.2% in the upper, 12.8% in the middle, and 30.9% in the lower slope positions whereas CVs of ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex decreased more than 31% for all slope positions after 50 tillage events. ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex in soil profile were significantly linearly correlated with SOC with R² of 0.81 and 0.86 (P < 0.01) on the control plot, and with R² of 0.90 and 0.86 (P < 0.01) on the treatment plot. Our results evidenced that ³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex, and SOC moved on the sloping land by the same physical mechanism during tillage operations, indicating that fallout ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex could be used directly for quantifying dynamic SOC redistribution as affected by tillage erosion.     

Erosion and deposition history derived by depth-stratigraphy of Cs and soil organic carbon

There are a number of uncertainties in the use of ¹³⁷Cs as a marker for deriving soil erosion rates. However, this should not limit other potential uses of this anthropogenic radionuclide in the study of soil landscape processes. This study outlines a sampling methodology which aids in the assessment of the history of erosion and depositional processes within a landscape unit. The depth distribution of ¹³⁷Cs and soil organic carbon (SOC) was utilized as a means of determining the erosion and depositional history of a conventionally tilled agricultural field in southern Ontario, Canada. Three transects oriented along the slope of a large field had five soil profiles excavated at the summit, sideslope, shoulder slope, footslope and toeslope landscape positions. The soils were sampled in 5 cm increments, and ¹³⁷Cs and SOC were determined on the samples. The results show that soil redistribution within landscape units of agricultural fields has been substantial both before and after fallout of ¹³⁷Cs to the soil surface. Soils in depositional areas contained significant ¹³⁷Cs and SOC at depths beyond which the plow can attain at present. This implies that a significant amount of carbon is being sequestered beneath the present plow layer, and the characterization of this pool must be considered in deriving the dynamics of SOC in agroecosystems.     

Landscape position and soil redistribution under three soil types and land use practices in Prince Edward Island

Soil redistribution by erosive processes is a serious problem for the potato growing areas of Prince Edward Island. Studies were conducted to evaluate soil loss for three major soil types under two different cropping systems, at catenary sequences with five slope positions, using the ¹³⁷Cs tracer method. Adjacent forest catenas were sampled to provide baseline ¹³⁷Cs levels. Soil loss over time (1960–1990) on a specific mass (kg m⁻² yr⁻¹) basis was calculated by comparing the ¹³⁷Cs at the same slope positions for the cropping system and adjacent forest site. The effects of land clearing and long-term cultivation were to increase both the depth and density of the Ap horizon, and decrease the total ¹³⁷Cs on an area basis, in comparison to the forested sites. The average ¹³⁷Cs in the forested sites for all three soil types was 3133 Bq m⁻². Catena average soil loss across all soil types and slopes, for the 1960–1990 time period, was 21 and 38 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for the pasture and crop rotation (potato) rotations, respectively. Shoulder slope positions tended to have the highest ¹³⁷Cs loss, which was suggestive of tillage erosion.     

Erosion rates evaluated by the Cs technique and direct measurements on long-term runoff plots under tropical conditions

Measured ¹³⁷Cs losses (Bq m⁻²) from long-term runoff plots under tropical conditions and correspondent estimated soil erosion rates (Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) were significantly correlated to directly measured soil losses of the same plots, during the same period (1963–2002). A tendency of higher ¹³⁷Cs activities was observed in soil profiles of the bottom third part of runoff slopes that could be explained by the restricting effect of the collector system on the runoff flow or by tillage translocation. Despite of the very low ¹³⁷Cs activity found in the soil of the plots, the isotopic technique yielded confident results, comparable to those obtained by the traditional direct measurements.     

东大河小流域林地土壤侵蚀及养分特征研究

为探究滇池流域自实施退耕还林工程以来的林地土壤侵蚀及养分流失特征,本研究以滇池西南部东大河小流域为研究靶区,利用放射性核素¹³⁷Cs示踪技术,对该区域内林地的土壤侵蚀模数进行估算,分析养分含量变化,并主要探讨了坡度、植被覆盖率及土壤颗粒组成对土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明,林地土壤剖面中的¹³⁷Cs比活度呈指数下降趋势,以自然侵蚀为主。流域林地总侵蚀量为69.28×10³ t·a^-1, 侵蚀强度以轻度侵蚀为主,侵蚀模数介于1 039.40~2 402.12 t·km^-2·a^-1。东大河流域林地总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)总流失量分别为1 963.5、209.1、98.94 t·a^-1,土壤TOC、TN含量与¹³⁷Cs比活度呈极显著正相关关系,物理迁移特征相似。土壤养分流失与土壤侵蚀规律较为一致。土壤侵蚀强度以及养分流失空间差异性较大。土壤黏粒含量与土壤侵蚀呈极显著负相关关系,坡度及植被覆盖率在一定范围内对土壤侵蚀的影响明显,坡度为10~25°以及植被覆盖率小于40%的林地中侵蚀状况相对严峻,平均侵蚀量约为1 709.85 t·km^-2·a^-1,需加强10~25°山地植被保护。本研究为减少当地水土流失,恢复生态以及继续推动退耕还林工程,保证退耕还林工程的效益提供了参考依据。     

Modelling tillage erosion in the topographically complex landscapes of southwestern Ontario, Canada

A tillage erosion model was developed for southwestern Ontario based on the relationship between tillage translocation and slope gradient and slope curvature. Two studies of tillage translocation and tillage erosion were used to calibrate this model, one a comparison of upslope and downslope tillage translocation on shoulder slopes, the other an examination of tillage translocation throughout topographically complex landscapes. Two field sites were used for validation of the model. For both sites, past tillage practices were known and past soil erosion was determined using ¹³⁷Cs as an indicator of soil redistribution. The model accurately predicted the pattern of soil redistribution that had occurred within the two field sites. Severe soil loss was observed and predicted on convex landscape positions and soil accumulation was observed and predicted on concave landscape positions. The model accounted for almost all of the soil lost from the convex upper slope positions where tillage erosion was expected to be the dominant erosion process. There was considerable soil loss and accumulation elsewhere in the landscapes which could not be accounted for by the model and was presumed to be primarily the result of water erosion. It was concluded that tillage erosion must be incorporated into soil erosion modelling for the purposes of soil conservation.     

Short-term and long-term effects of ploughing on the vertical distribution of radiocaesium in two Bavarian soils

Abstract. The effect of ploughing on the vertical and horizontal distribution of ¹³⁷Cs was investigated at two fields in Bavaria from 1987 to 1991. Soil samples from four layers in eight plots along a transect were taken in each field after each ploughing and harrowing. Total activities and activity concentrations were evaluated separately for ¹³⁷Cs derived from Chernobyl and from global fallout of weapon testing. In 1987 ¹³⁷Cs from global fallout was already well mixed in both fields because of the long residence time in the soil. ¹³⁷Cs derived from Chernobyl, however, was distributed rather inhomogeneously in vertical as well as in horizontal directions. The coefficient of variation of the vertical activity concentrations within the Ap horizon decreased continuously from the first to the fourth ploughing, in one field by a factor of five. The number of ploughings necessary to attain a uniform vertical distribution of Chernobyl-derived caesium was three and four in the two fields. Along the transects inhomogeneities caused by the spatial variability of the deposition of radiocaesium during the Chernobyl fallout were not removed by ploughing.     

Wind tunnel test and Cs tracing study on wind erosion of several soils in Tibet

The soils of alpine meadows and alpine grassland steppes, aeolian soils, coarse-grained soils, and farm soils cultivated from alpine grasslands in Tibet are typical soils that are suffering from different degrees of soil erosion by wind. Based on field investigations, wind tunnel experiments, and a ¹³⁷Cs trace study, this work tested the erodibility of these soils by wind, simulated the protective functions of natural vegetation and the accelerative effects of damage by livestock, woodcutting, and cultivation on erosion, and estimated erosion rates from 1963 to 2001. The results indicated that alpine meadows have the strongest resistance to wind erosion, and that undamaged alpine meadow soils generally sustain only weak or no wind erosion. Alpine grassland steppes with good vegetation cover and little damage by humans exhibit good resistance to wind erosion and suffered from only slight erosion. However, soil erodibility increased remarkably in response to serious disturbance by livestock and woodcutting; wind erosion reached 33.03 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The erodibility of semi-stabilized aeolian soil and mobile aeolian soil was highest, at 52.17 and 56.4 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. The mean erosion rates of coarse-grained soil with various levels of vegetation coverage and of farm soil were intermediate, at 45.85 and 51.33 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. Restricting livestock, woodcutting, and excessive grassland cultivation are the keys to controlling wind erosion in Tibet. In agricultural regions, taking protective cultivation and management to enhance surface roughness is a useful way to control wind erosion.