2种松科植物精油对蚊虫的毒杀作用

在实验室条件下,用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取雪松叶精油和马尾松叶精油,用浸液法测定其对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊IV龄期幼虫和蛹的毒杀活性。结果表明:雪松叶精油对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊IV龄期幼虫/蛹的24 h LC50值分别是119.58/229.91、146.47/240.80μg/mL。马尾松叶精油对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊IV龄期幼虫/蛹的24 h LC50值分别是135.53/260.10、162.54/257.69 g/mL。可见雪松叶精油和马尾松叶精油对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊有较强的毒杀活性,具有研发成高效、对环境友好的灭蚊剂潜力。     

天竺桂叶精油成分分析及其对蚊虫的毒杀作用

用水蒸汽蒸馏法从天竺桂鲜叶中提取精油,用GC-MS(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry)检测其化学成分,采用浸液法研究其对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊的毒杀活性。结果表明:天竺桂叶精油中,化合物相对含量最高的成分为2—莰醇(28.30%),其它依次为桉叶油醇(20.98%)、乙酸龙脑酯(6.65%)、芳樟醇(5.94%)、α—松油醇(5.87%)、(-)-环氧石竹烯(5.11%)等;天竺桂精油对白纹伊蚊Ⅳ龄期幼虫和蛹的LC50值分别为75.466、87.508μg/mL,而对致倦库蚊则分别是61.804、77.654μg/mL。结果表明天竺桂叶精油对这2种蚊虫的幼虫和蛹均有显著的毒杀效果。     

白僵菌产品生测指示昆虫的研究

对白僵菌产品的毒力生物测定结果表明：玉米螟大蜡螟大蜡柞蚕，黄粉虫，小菜蛾，棉龄虫对球孢白僵菌产品不敏感，感染期长，部分供测昆虫在感染期化蛹，结果无法统计。致乏库蚊和白蚊伊蚊对白僵菌敏感，白蚊伊蚊的ＬＣ５０值分别为８．８３，７．０６，８．８ｍｇ／ｍｌ，致乏库蚊的ＬＣ５０分别为２０，２９，３１ｍｇ／ｍｌ，白蚊伊蚊ＬＣ５０的变异系数小于０．２，致乏库蚊的ＬＣ５０的变异系数大于０．２，白蚊伊蚊幼虫可作为白     

白僵菌产品生测指示昆虫的研究

对白僵菌产品的毒力生物测定结果表明：玉米螟、大蜡螟、柞蚕、黄粉虫、小菜蛾、棉龄虫对球孢白僵菌产品不敏感，感染期长，部分供测昆虫在感染期化蛹，结果无法统计。致乏库蚊和白蚊伊蚊对白僵菌敏感，白蚊伊蚊的ＬＣ５０值分别为８．８３、７．０６、８．８ｍｇ／ｍｌ，致乏库蚊的ＬＣ５０分别为２０、２９、３１ｍｇ／ｍｌ，白蚊伊蚊ＬＣ５０的变异系数小于０．２，致乏库蚊的ＬＣ５０的变异系数大于０．２，白蚊伊蚊幼虫可作为白僵菌产品的生测指示昆虫     

白纹伊蚊实验室饲养最佳营养方案

研究了在实验室大量快速繁殖白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus Skuse的最佳营养方案．结果表明：用小麦粉与酵母粉质量比为3：1的混合物中添加2％的鸡肝粉的饲料饲养幼虫,用质量浓度为100g·L^-1的葡萄糖溶液饲养成蚊,蛹羽化后5d给雌蚊初次喂血,用此营养方案饲养白纹伊蚊效果最佳,单蛹繁殖量为38．4只,繁殖周期为15．2d;羽化后至初次喂血的时间对白纹伊蚊繁殖率和繁殖周期影响最大,其次是葡萄糖溶液的质量浓度和鸡肝粉含量．     

苏云金杆菌及其油剂对马尾松毛虫毒力活性研究

探讨了苏云金杆菌原药及其油剂剂型对马尾松毛虫的毒力效果,确定了苏云金杆菌对马尾松毛虫幼虫毒杀作用及其LC50和LC90,为药剂的进一步开发和应用提供依据。     

雷公藤总甙对马尾松毛虫生物活性的影响

以无水乙醇为溶剂,用连续回流渗漉法从雷公藤生药中提取出粗提物。经乙酸乙酯纯化后得红褐色的浸膏,经检测为总萜内酯（T1）。就其杀虫活性和作用方式进行了较系统的生物测定。结果表明：T1对马尾松毛虫具有强的拒食、麻醉和毒杀作用,毒杀中浓度LC50为1548．50mg／L,拒食中量AFD50为12．25μg／条,麻醉中量ND50为103．98μg／g,无触杀作用;T1不仅抑制马尾松毛虫幼虫的生长发育．还影响其蛹的羽化和卵的孵化及初孵幼虫存活;抑制中浓度EC50为952．65mg／L;在T1浓度10～10000mg／L之间,马尾松毛虫蛹不完全羽化率为43．3％～63．3％。其卵的不能孵化率为12．0％～84．0％,孵化的幼虫存活率为0．0％～95．6％。     

几种农药对湿地松粉蚧的毒力

选取8种化学农药对湿地松粉蚧Oracella acuta(Lobdell)幼虫进行室内毒力测定,结果表明:40%杀扑磷对湿地松粉蚧的室内毒杀力最强,LC50为0.0480 g/L;毒死蜱毒力最差,LC50为0.4026g/L。在8种农药中,杀扑磷、氧化乐果和吡虫啉对湿地松粉蚧均有较好的毒杀效果。     

BsC_3-41灭蚊幼乳剂防治蚊幼试验

对克拉玛依区、农业综合开发区、白碱滩区、乌尔禾区的孳生地面积,孳生地类型,主要蚊种进行初步调查,孳生地面积共计约为33 km2。其主要分布于九公里、农业开发区、供水鱼塘、污水处理厂、克拉玛依炼油厂、试油处、白碱滩填埋场、水牛公园、钻井公园等处。其孳生地类型主要为湿地、污水坑洼等。在新疆首次采用BsC3-41灭蚊幼乳剂,对新疆淡色库蚊和三带喙库蚊孳生地的蚊幼进行了室内、室外杀灭试验,室内用5种不同浓度,室外用1种浓度,24～48 h后观察,防治效果均为100%。淡色库蚊的LC50为0.015 6μg·g-1,95%可信限为0.008 8～0.002 74μg·g-1,LC95为0.4507μg·g-1。三带喙库蚊的LC50为0.018 5μg·g-1,95%可信限为0.009 5～0.0357μg·g-1,LC95为0.930 4μg·g-1。     

四种植物精油对枸杞蚜虫的毒力及3种酶活性的影响

为给枸杞蚜虫Aphis sp.的生物防治及新型杀虫剂的开发提供理论依据,采用玻璃管药膜法和广口瓶密闭熏蒸法,分别测定4种植物精油对枸杞蚜虫的触杀和熏蒸毒力,采用分光光度计法测定4种精油对枸杞蚜虫羧酸酯酶(Car E)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACh E)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)活性的影响。结果表明:罗勒Ocimum basilicum,藿香Agastache rugosus,砂地柏Sabina vulgaris,薄荷Mentha longifolia精油对枸杞蚜虫的触杀致死中浓度LC50分别为2.52,2.78,2.82,2.86 m L/L;熏蒸处理枸杞蚜虫24 h的熏蒸致死中浓度LC50依次为0.81,1.28,1.36,1.56 m L/L;4种精油对枸杞蚜虫的毒杀作用显著。4种植物精油对枸杞蚜虫Car E、ACh E和GSTs酶活性有不同程度的抑制作用,罗勒精油对Car E和GSTs的抑制作用强,藿香和沙地柏精油对ACh E的抑制作用强。     

五种环保型农药防治杨干象幼虫试验

选用35%吡虫啉悬浮剂、3%噻虫啉微囊悬浮剂、1.2%烟碱·苦参碱乳油、8%氯氰菊酯微胶囊剂、20%灭幼脲Ⅲ号悬浮剂5种环保型农药与废机油分别按1∶20、1∶30、1∶40比例混合,通过点涂法测定对杨干象幼虫的防治效果,其结果表明:5种农药与废机油的混配制剂均取得了较好的防治效果,对杨干象的致死率均大于88%;35%吡虫啉与废机油混配制剂(1∶30)防治效果最佳,校正致死率达96.2%;同种农药与废机油不同配比后,防治效果差异不显著;考虑到环保、高效、经济及防治效果等因素,筛选出的最优方案为:20%吡虫啉悬浮剂与废机油按1∶40混配。     

灭幼脲对杨干象作用机制和防治的研究

采用灭幼脲油剂，油胶悬剂等，用点涂的方法对杨干象幼虫和成虫进行了适时防治，结果表明：灭幼脲油剂可抑制表皮几丁质的合成达１５％以上；灭幼脲油胶悬剂抑制杨干象成虫精巢和卵巢的发育，可使成虫产卵间降低４０－７０％，使卵的孵化率降为零。这为杨干象的防治找到一条高效，安全，经济，易全文的新途径。     

薇甘菊挥发油对枣尺蠖的生物活性分析

测定了薇甘菊挥发油对枣尺蠖的生物活性。结果表明:不同浓度处理对枣尺蠖幼虫死亡率的影响达极显著水平。薇甘菊挥发油处理7 d的半致死质量相对浓度C50为挥发油原提液的49%。3个浓度处理(1×、5×、10×)的半致死中时分别为51 h、91 h、115 h。结论:薇甘菊挥发油对枣尺蠖具有一定的生物活性和防控潜力。     

飞机草挥发油对柳毒蛾的室内活性分析

飞机草挥发油对柳毒蛾生物活性测定的结果表明:不同浓度处理对柳毒蛾幼虫死亡率的影响达极显著水平,飞机草挥发油处理7 d的半致死浓度LC50为挥发油原液的41%,3个浓度处理(1倍、5倍、10倍)的半致死中时分别为56、93、135 h,说明飞机草挥发油对柳毒蛾具有一定的生物活性和防控潜力。     

Toxic effects of limonene againstCulex quinquefasciatus Say larvae and its interference with oviposition

Limonene, a major constituent of citrus essential oil isolated from abraded fresh peels of bitter orangeCitrus aurantium L., was tested for its toxicity against early 4th instar larvae ofCulex quinquefasciatus Say. The response of treated larvae was concentration-dependent and LC₉₀s were 53.80 and 32.52 ppm after 24 and 48 h of treatment respectively. Limonene treated water was less favorable for oviposition by females ofCx. quinquefasciatus.     

伐根涂药防治泰加大树蜂试验

对落叶松伐根涂药处理防治泰加大树蜂 Urocerus gigastaiganus Beson幼虫 ,结果表明 ,用氧化乐果、辛硫磷、对硫磷分别兑柴油、水配制的药液或单独柴油涂抹伐根 ,不仅对泰加大树蜂幼虫具有 1 0 0 %的杀虫效果 ,而且还能阻止成虫在伐根上产卵。伐根涂柴油防治泰加大树蜂幼虫 ,方法简便、有效 ,防治成本 1 3 8元 /hm2。     

陕南松阿扁叶蜂发生规律及防治技术

在研究松阿扁叶蜂在丹凤的发生危害、生物学特性及发生规律的基础上,从不同防治方法、不同药剂中筛选出了该虫几种防治方法和防治有效药剂,采用树盘垦复,防效达85%;用40%氧化乐果乳油机动喷烟防治3龄前幼虫,防效达95%;用40%氧化乐果乳油1 000~1500倍液、2.5%敌杀死乳油2 000~3000倍液喷雾防治1~3龄幼虫防效均达93%;在郁闭度0.7以上的林分,用18 kg/hm2敌马烟剂、林丹烟剂防治1~3龄幼虫,防效达90%。     

Aromatic plant-derived essential oil: an alternative larvicide for mosquito control

Five aromatic plants, Carum carvi (caraway), Apium graveolens (celery), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Zanthoxylum limonella (mullilam) and Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary) were selected for investigating larvicidal potential against mosquito vectors. Two laboratory-reared mosquito species, Anopheles dirus, the major malaria vector in Thailand, and Aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in urban areas, were used. All of the volatile oils exerted significant larvicidal activity against the two mosquito species after 24-h exposure. Essential oil from mullilam was the most effective against the larvae of A. aegypti, while A. dirus larvae showed the highest susceptibility to zedoary oil.     

白蜡外齿茎蜂防治试验研究

进行白蜡外齿茎蜂Stenocephus fraxini成虫和幼虫防治试验,结果表明:在成虫羽化高峰期喷药防治成虫,2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯2500倍液,1.8%阿维菌素1500倍液,3%噻虫啉1500倍液速效性好。在幼虫孵化初期灌根防治幼虫,25%噻虫嗪1000倍液和20%呋虫胺2000倍液防效最好;打孔注药防治幼虫,5%和10%吡虫啉原液、5%啶虫脒原液防效最好;毒死蜱不适宜于打孔注药使用。     

Fumigant and repellent activities of essential oil from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coriandrum sativum</Emphasis> (L.) (Apiaceae) against red flour beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tribolium castaneum</Emphasis> (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The biological activity of essential oil extracted from coriander, Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) against eggs, larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. Bioassays conducted in air-tight glass chambers showed vapour toxicity and strong repellency on filter paper arena test towards all the stages used. Responses varied significantly (P < 0.001) within insect stages, dosages and exposures. At 12.0 μg/ml dosage, mortality of adults reached 95%, but for 12-, 14- and 16-days larvae, mortalities were 65, 74 and 82%, respectively. On the developmental inhibition, individuals fumigated at the larval stage confirmed that the percentage of larvae reaching to pupal stage and pupae to adult stage, decreased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing dosage concentration. The oil fumigation yielded 100% mortality for T. castaneum larvae, pupae and adults at 0.08 μg/ml dosage. The oil had fumigant activity against eggs and the toxicity progressively increased with increased exposure times and concentrations. One hundred per cent T. castaneum egg mortalities were obtained with oil fumigation at 20 μg/ml and 96 h exposure period. C. sativum oil also showed highly repellent activity to the adults of T. castaneum, with overall repellency was 90% and at a dosage of 12 μg/ml repellency was 100% in a filter-paper arena test.