化学絮凝法在工业有机污水处理中的应用

有机污水的常规处理方法是生物氧化和厌氧发酵。生化法具有技术成熟、效果可靠、运转费用低的特点。对生活污水和一些生化性能好,溶解有机物比例高的工业有机污水,生化法不失为一种最佳的选择。然而,这种传统的方法也有一定的缺点和局限性。主要为:基建投资高,对污水的选择性强,技术难度大,操作管理复杂,在当前国     

有机农药废水综合治理技术

该成果主要用于治理可生化综合性有机农药废水,采用“中和微碱解(预处理)——生物厌氧水解(预处理)——SBR好氧生化”工艺。中和微碱解反应,通常以废水中和为目标,当进水有机磷浓度较高时,通过提高加碱量来促进碱解反应,降低农药原体的毒性,改善后续生化处理的水质条件。厌氧反应利用水解菌将难生物降解的大分子有机物转化为易生物降     

生物材料吸附处理高浓度有机废水试验

对生物吸附材料处理高浓度有机废水的各种影响因素进行了研究,结果表明：菇渣等生物吸附材料对废水中COD的去除效果较好,在粒径为2mm,投加量为5g,处理COD浓度为1478．40mg／L,pH值为4．92的废水中,COD去除率可达35．98％,废水可生化性增强,有利于废水的后续生化处理。     

A~2/O处理渗滤液中重金属的去除率分析

以垃圾渗滤液中的重金属为研究对象,分析了A2/O工艺处理垃圾渗滤液过程中重金属(Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr)的变化以及去除情况。结果表明:A2/O工艺对渗滤液中的重金属去除率较高,但由于处理过程易受运行条件的影响,各重金属的去除率并不相同。由于渗滤液中重金属主要以溶解态形式存在,因此当渗滤液经过调节池的调节作用后,通过重力沉降或吸附沉降作用得到去除重金属含量较少。从生化处理结果来看,重金属经过生化处理后得到了很好的去除,去除率顺序基本与总去除率顺序保持一致。     

酵母生产废水处理方法对比研究

酵母废水是酵母企业生产过程中主要的污染物质,具有COD高、色度高、难生化降解的特点,是一种高浓度有机废水,未经处理排放至环境中会造成严重的环境污染。本文重点选取了二级厌氧-好氧-混凝-过滤吸附处理法、生物流化床耦合工艺和LLMO生物试剂处理工艺3种具有代表性、效果较好的酵母废水处理工艺,通过对比分析,将生物流化床耦合工艺优化改进后,酵母废水COD去除率可达99.6%,BOD去除率可达99.8%,氨氮去除率可达98.4%。     

蚯蚓生物反应器

蚯蚓生物反应器是世界著名蚯蚓专家爱得华滋80年代中期设计的一种有机废弃物处理装置。它主要有三部分组成:反应器主体,加料部分和出料加工部分。蚯蚓在反应器中只是一种活的加工机。蚯蚓生长所需的温度湿度等条件均由电脑自动控制,使之保持在最佳生存环境和高的处理效率。蚯蚓生物反应器最初在英国用于处理植物生产废弃物(土豆加工废弃物)和动物粪便。其主要原理是利用蚯蚓和微生物之间的相互作用,在蚯蚓消化有机废弃物的同时,使有机废弃物在通过蚯蚓消化道时,被接种的工程菌进一步分解。生产出的蚯蚓粪便为小而均匀的颗粒状,其     

五味子叶保健绿茶加工工艺比较研究

采用炒制杀青、蒸汽杀青和微波杀青3种不同方法处理五味子叶,干燥后制成五味子叶茶,测定毛茶感官指标和生化指标,研究不同加工工艺对五味子叶保健绿茶品质的影响,结果显示:与传统炒制杀青加工工艺相比,蒸汽杀青和微波杀青两种处理方法加工的五味子叶保健绿茶的品质感官指标综合得分在85分以上,其营养成分和药用成分溶出率也显著(p<0.05)提高。     

丁苯橡胶生产废水预处理技术

指出了丁苯橡胶生产过程中产生的工业废水有机污染物浓度高、可生化性差,常规的生化处理难以满足排放标准要求,在生化处理前需要预处理。对现行的几种预处理技术进行了分类概述,分析了各种预处理技术的优缺点和适用情况。以期通过预处理减轻后续生化处理负荷,为确保废水达标排放提供参考。     

水质指标评价法评价水质的可生化性探讨

指出了废水可生化性的确定对于废水处理方法的选择、确定生化处理工段进水量、有机负荷等重要工艺参数具有重要意义,研究用水质指标评价法分别对标准生化需氧量样品、本区域地表水、本区域具有代表性行业产生的原污水进行了可生化性评价,结果表明：用水质指标评价法评价水质可生化性方法成熟,操作简单,准确度高,可操作性强。     

添加硫和锰对长白山森林土壤与腐殖质顽固性有机碳矿化的影响

【目的】探究硫和锰添加对长白山森林土壤和腐殖质顽固性有机碳的矿化速率及其温度敏感性(Q_(10))的影响,为评估长白山森林碳元素的生物地球化学循环对大气硫输入的响应提供科学依据。【方法】采集长白山阔叶红松林、杨桦林和高山苔原土壤以及阔叶红松林和杨桦林腐殖质样品,进行室内培养试验。首先将样品置于25℃预培养90天,以移除易分解的活性碳组分,之后分别加入2 mL MnCl_2、NaCl、MnSO_4和Na_2SO_4溶液(Mn添加量为3 mg·g~(-1)有机碳),对照处理加入等体积的双蒸水,分别置于25和35℃下培养30天,于第1、3、6、10、15、21和30天测定释放的CO_2量,并计算顽固性有机碳矿化速率、累积矿化量和有机碳矿化的温度敏感性(Q_(10))。在培养结束时(第30天),采用磷脂脂肪酸生物标记(PLFA)法测定土壤和腐殖质样品的磷脂脂肪酸总量。【结果】在MnCl_2和NaCl处理间及在MnSO_4和Na_2SO_4处理间,土壤和腐殖质的顽固性有机碳矿化速率、累积矿化量和Q_(10)无显著差异(P0.05);腐殖质的顽固性有机碳矿化速率在4种处理之间无显著差异;土壤顽固性有机碳矿化速率在MnSO_4处理下得到提高(P0.05),而MnCl_2处理对其无显著影响;添加可MnSO_4和Na_2SO_4显著提高3种土壤和杨桦林腐殖质顽固性有机碳累积矿化量(P0.05),而添加MnCl_2和NaCl处理则无显著影响,表明供试土壤和腐殖质有机碳矿化受到硫添加的影响,而不是锰添加;添加硫和锰可显著降低阔叶红松林土壤顽固性有机碳矿化速率Q_(10)(P0.05),而对杨桦林和高山苔原土壤无显著影响;阔叶红松林和杨桦林腐殖质的微生物总量在MnSO_4处理下显著提高(P0.05),而MnCl_2处理对其无显著影响;MnSO_4添加可提高土壤的微生物总量,特别是高山苔原土壤显著高于对照(P0.05)。【结论】硫添加可显著提高长白山森林土壤的顽固性有机碳矿化速率和累积矿化量,而锰添加则无显著影响。考虑到硫对土壤有机碳矿化的重要性,今后建立土壤有机碳矿化模型时应将硫输入作为一个重要参数。     

常规净水工艺对生物稳定性影响因素的分析

以鸡西市政净水厂典型常规净水工艺为研究对象,选择生物可同化有机碳（AOC）、生物可同化溶解性有机碳（BDOC）和生物可利用磷（MAP）三个生物稳定性指标,分析了常规净水工艺原水和各净水构筑物出水的生物稳定性变化情况。     

Water cycle investigations in Hungarian forest ecosystems

From the biological point of view the value of autotrophy plant association is determined by the carbon fixation and the carbon cycle. Among the plant associations of Hungary, forest has the largest biological carbon fixation and carbon cycle.In general, the annual water cycle is the key factor in the organic material production of the Hungarian forests. The most intensive water consumption and organic material production take place from May till July, which period is named main water consumption and respectively main growing period. In Hungary the categories of the forest climate are characterized by main tree species and based on the characteristic meteorological data (Jaro and Tatraaljai, 1985). In Hungary the forest area covered by stand is 1,650,000 hm2. Beech forest climate covers 8% of the forest area, hornbeam-oak forest climate covers 22%, sessile oak-Turkey oak forest climate covers 48% and forest steppe climate covers 22%. Partly in the frame of ICP-Forests, the Department of Ecology in the Forest Research Institute carries out long term, complex ecophysiological investigations on several sample plots (so-called basic plots) throughout the whole country. The organic material production (growth), the nutrient and water cycle, the measurements of air pollutants and meteorological parameters, as well as chemical analyses are all part of the investigations. As a comparison the figure of two basic plots (Sopron-Piispokladany) shows the water cycles of a good growing beech stand in beech climate and a weak pedunculate oak stand in forest steppe climate in the hydrological year of 2001-2002. In the Hungarian forest 60%-70% of the precipitation is used for interception, evaporation, and in the vegetation season, for the transpiration both in beech and forest steppe climate. From other point of view, only 30%-40% of the open air precipitation infiltrates into the soil and can be utilized by the forest.     

木本植物叶蛋白提取工艺研究进展

叶蛋白是从植物茎叶中提取的高质量蛋白浓缩物,其氨基酸种类丰富且均衡,是一种高营养蛋白。到2020年,预计我国畜牧业总需蛋白将有50%的缺口,而叶蛋白是世界上最大的蛋白质来源,对我国来源广、基数大的木本植物资源进行叶蛋白提取利用,具有巨大的经济效益和重要的现实意义。文中介绍木本植物新鲜叶片和干燥叶片叶蛋白提取工艺的研究进展及其副产品的利用方式,指出我国叶蛋白现有提取工艺研究概念上的混淆和操作上的不足,提出对浸提方法和析出方法进行拆分式优化、区分所用木本植物品种及收割期的建议,展望包括培育新品种、加强生物方法高速浸提研究在内的木本植物叶蛋白提取研究下一步的发展方向。对于木本植物叶蛋白的提取研究,国外研究报道较少,我国也仍处于起步阶段,且叶蛋白提取工艺较为复杂,诸多因素对其结果均有影响。针对木本植物固有的生物特性,找到对应的提取工艺,对其进一步加工及工业化生产利用仍有很长的路要走。     

浅谈污水处理工艺

介绍了污水处理的主要方法及工艺流程,阐明污水处理工艺主要是去除有机物和氮磷,对指导水质净化厂的污水处理工程有借鉴作用。     

用生物活性炭法去除饮用水中氯仿的试验研究

本文简述了饮用水中三卤甲烷类特别是氯仿的米源和危害;阐述了粒状活性炭过滤吸附和臭氧化—粒状活性炭过滤吸附两种流程的生物活性炭法去除氯仿的效能与机理。试验发现,各活性炭柱在运行初期,均有较高的去除率,其中北京X—11型炭的吸附性能高于太原ZJ—15型炭,并从Lundelius规则和炭层中的生物活性的角度进行了解释。活性炭流程的出水氯仿穿透点为4000～5000床体积;臭氧—活性炭流程为12000～15000床体积。并对臭氧活性炭流程除氯仿效能较好的原因进行了探讨。两种流程的炭柱出水中氯仿比原水中的氯仿浓度高。作者认为这是炭层中的微生物在厌氧条件下将有机物先降解为各种羧酸最后降解为甲烷,而甲烷与水中的游离氯发生自由基取代反应形成氯仿所致。     

人工林土壤碳库研究进展

在综合阐述人工林碳库动态研究对全球陆地生态系统碳收支和区域林业经济持续发展意义的基础上，对有关土壤碳库动态和稳定性的主要指标，如TOC(总有机碳)、DOC(可溶性有机碳)、MBC(微生物生物量碳)、POMC(颗粒有机物碳)和SR(土壤呼吸)等及其影响因子进行了重点评价，针对我国人工林经营和碳库研究现状，结合国际农林业土壤碳收支和动态研究趋势，认为我国主要人工林碳库研究的2个主要方向为：(1)土壤碳库物理化学稳定性指标与生物的交互作用；(2)土壤碳库动态与全球变化关系及其环境效应评价。     

Nitrification and denitrification in subalpine coniferous forests of different restoration stages in western Sichuan, China

Nitrification is the biological conversion of organic or inorganic nitrogen compounds from a reduced to a more oxidized state. Denitrification is generally referred to as the microbial reduction of nitrate to nitrite and further gaseous forms of nitric oxide, nitrous oxide and molecular nitrogen. They are functionally interconnected processes in the soil nitrogen cycle that are involved in the control of long-term nitrogen losses in ecosystems through nitrate leaching and gaseous N losses. In order to better understand how nitrification and denitrification change during the process of ecosystem restoration and how they are affected by various controlling factors, gross nitrification rates and denitrification rates were determined using the barometric process separation (BaPS) technique in subalpine coniferous forests of different restoration stages. The results showed that forest restoration stage had no significant effects on gross nitrification rates or denitrification rates (One-way ANOVA (analysis of variance), p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the temperature coefficient (Q ₁₀) for gross nitrification rate among all the forest sites (One-way ANOVA, p < 0.05). Gross nitrification rates were positively correlated with water content (p < 0.05), but not with soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, or C/N ratios. Denitrification rates in all the forest soils were low and not closely correlated with water content, soil pH, organic matter, or total nitrogen. Nevertheless, we found that C/N ratios obviously affected denitrification rates (p < 0.05). Results from this research suggest that gross nitrification is more responsible for the nitrogen loss from soils compared with denitrification. Translated from Journal of Plant Ecology, 2006, 30(1): 90–96 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

Linkages between forest soils and water quality and quantity

The most sustainable and best quality fresh water sources in the world originate in forest ecosystems. The biological, chemical, and physical characteristics of forest soils are particularly well suited to delivering high quality water to streams, moderating stream hydrology, and providing diverse aquatic habitat. Forest soils feature litter layers and high organic contents, both of which contribute to an abundant and diverse micro- and macro-fauna. Root systems under forests are extensive and relatively deep compared to agricultural lands and grasslands. Together, these biological conditions create soils with high macroporosity, low bulk density, and highly saturated hydraulic conductivities and infiltration rates. Consequently, surface runoff is rare in forest environments, and most rainfall moves to streams by subsurface flow pathways where nutrient uptake, cycling, and contaminant sorption processes are rapid. Because of the dominance of subsurface flow processes, peak flows are moderated and baseflows are prolonged. Conversion of forests to row crops, pastures, or lawns almost always results in deterioration of water quality. In North America, the majority of municipalities ultimately rely on forested watersheds to provide adequate quantities of high quality water for human use. This is particularly true in the western and eastern parts of the continent where human populations are large or growing rapidly. Forest soils provide the perfect conditions for creating high quality water supplies. This paper provides a historical perspective of the linkage between forest soils and water quantity and quality over the past century, and it also makes predictions about research directions in the area of forest soil and water quality linkages.     

Effects of heat treatment and impregnation with zinc-oxide nanoparticles on physical,mechanical, and biological properties of beech wood

Effects of zinc-oxide nanoparticles on physical and mechanical properties, as well as biological resistance of untreated and heat-treated beech wood were investigated in this study. Test specimens were prepared from sapwood and impregnated with a 5,000-ppm nano-zinc-oxide (NZ) suspension with a size ranging from 10 to 80 nm at 2.5 bars of pressure and using the Rueping process for 20 min. Control (C) and nano-zinc-oxide-impregnated specimens after (NZA) and before (NZB) heat treatment were divided into four subgroups of unheated (C and CNZ), heated at 50, 145 and 185 °C. Heat treatment resulted in a significant decrease in mechanical strength at temperatures of 145 and 185 °C. Heat-treated specimens showed less dimensional instability and fungal degradation. Impregnation with nano-zinc resulted in a slight and significant increase in weight loss and biological resistance against Trametes versicolor. The results showed that the impregnation significantly decreased the water absorption of the specimens. Impregnation before heat treatment showed considerable effect on the properties of wood compared to that of untreated ones.     

复合凹凸棒滤料去除氨氮和有机物试验研究

通过静态吸附实验和动态过滤实验研究复合凹凸棒滤料对氨氮和有机物的去除效果。静态实验结果表明：在氨氮初始浓度为5mg／L,溶液pH值在3—9时,吸附量较高;复合凹凸棒滤料对氨氮的吸附行为符合Freundlich方程,相关系数在0．99以上。动态试验结果表明：复合凹凸棒滤料易于微生物附着挂膜,能够实现对普通滤池进行生物强化。在滤速6m／h时,复合凹凸棒生物过滤对CODMn去除率为32．6％～42．1％,对NH4^＋-N去除率为75．7％～87.8％。复合凹凸棒滤料生物滤池处理工艺不需增加新构筑物,适用于老水厂升级改造和新水厂建设。