储藏方式对稻米黏度和脂肪酸含量的影响

通过稻米常规储藏和真空储藏的对比试验,研究了稻米黏度特性、外观状况和脂肪酸含量。在中国北方室内(温度为18～25℃,平均相对湿度为65%～75%),试验结果表明,采用真空储藏方式后稻米的最高黏度值和崩解值高于常规储藏方式,而胶凝值低于常规储藏方式,并随着含水率增高,最高黏度也增高,崩解值下降,很好保持了稻米食味。研究发现稻米的含水率越高,储藏期间脂肪酸含量变化率越大,真空储藏可以有效减缓稻米陈化进程,对稻米中脂肪酸含量影响程度的重要性依次为:储藏方式、含水率和储藏时间。真空储藏比常规储藏更易保持稻米的食味品质。     

储藏条件对糙米理化特性影响的研究

储藏条件是影响糙米储藏品质变化的关键因素，研究了糙米在5℃、20℃、30℃及自然室温下，分别以真空加脱氧剂、真空、CO₂气体封入、自然空气封入、纸袋包装五种包装(气体)条件下，储藏6个月，糙米及其精米和米饭的有关理化学特性变化情况。结果表明，30℃储藏区米饭品质劣化严重， 储藏中糙米过干燥也可能影响米饭品质，真空与脱氧剂并用、真空、CO₂气体封入、空气封入四种包装条件对糙米储藏品质的影响差异不明显，该研究结果对稻米的储藏有一定的参考价值。     

低支链淀粉品种米的储藏性和食味品质评价

摘要：储藏米的生理品质与食味品质变化程度对于消费者的认可度至关重要。本研究讨论了不同储藏温度对低直链淀粉品种米（Yumepirika）的储藏性和食味品质影响。稻谷具有比糙米更加优越的储藏性。在低温条件下储藏,稻谷脂肪酸含量增加2.9 mg,糙米脂肪酸含量增加15.8 mg,这表明低支链淀粉糙米应该在更低的温度下保存。食味试验表明室温条件下储藏的糙米具有最低黏度值和综合评价值。经过2 a的储藏期,超低温储藏和低温储藏能够保持米的活力和食味品质与基准米相似的水平。     

稻谷干燥温度对稻米食味品质影响规律的研究

研究了干燥条件对稻米理化成分的影响。试验结果表明,干燥温度是导致稻米食味下降的主要因素。高温干燥后稻米脂肪酸和直链淀粉含量升高,蛋白质含量变化不显著,内部结构由有序排列变得杂乱无序,并提出了稻谷临界干燥温度与初始含水率关系式T=e^{(5.021-0.058M)},这对保证稻米干燥后食味品质有很大意义     

辣椒素类物质在烤制加工和储藏中的稳定性

为了解辣椒素类物质在烤制加工和储藏过程中的稳定性,该文研究了不同加热温度和时间处理以及不同储藏条件下（常温和冷藏,真空和非真空）,野山椒中辣椒素类物质的含量变化。试验结果表明：烤制加热温度（80～180℃）及其时间（2～16 min）对辣椒素类物质的影响均显著（p<0.01）;不同储藏条件下,随着储藏时间的延长,野山椒中辣椒素类物质的含量均有不同程度下降。9个月后,真空包装冷藏的辣椒粉中辣椒素类物质含量降低了16.44%,非真空包装冷藏的降低了17.00%,真空包装常温储藏的降低了23.58%,非真空包装常温储藏的降低了24.11%,真空包装对其稳定性影响不大,低温更有利于保存辣椒素类物质。     

油茶籽储藏品质变化规律及条件优化

为探讨不同储藏条件下油茶籽品质的变化规律及其原因,找出适宜的储藏条件,该文分别以物料含水率、空气相对湿度和储藏温度为单因素,研究油茶籽储藏过程中的含油率、酸值、过氧化值等品质的变化规律及相应的脂肪酶、脂氧合酶活性,并对微生物的生长情况进行统计分析。运用响应面法,综合考察上述因素对油茶籽品质的影响。结果表明:油茶籽的储藏过程存在3至4个月的后熟期,酸值、过氧化值均随含水率、温度和储藏时间的增加而升高。脂肪酶及微生物的繁殖与酸值的关系比较显著。优化的油茶籽储藏工艺参数为:空气相对湿度57.6%～67.4%,储藏温度17.2～20.4℃,物料含水率8.9%～10.4%和储藏时间62.2～110.3d。该研究可为油茶籽储藏及后续加工提高出油率和保障品质提供技术支持。     

牛肉低温储藏期间质构参数分析及新鲜度指标的确定

为了寻求低温储藏期间牛肉新鲜度的快速检测指标,将牛肉置于5℃冷鲜密封储藏和-5℃冷冻密封储藏2种条件下,用挥发性盐基氮检测(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)、恒温干燥法与质构多面分析方法(texture profile analysis,TPA)对牛肉样品(储藏时间0、3、6、9、12、15 d)进行检测。发现-5℃冷冻条件下储藏的牛肉比5℃冷藏条件下储藏的牛肉保鲜时间更长,且随着储藏时间的增加2种储藏条件下牛肉的含水率都降低。得到0~15 d内5℃冷鲜密封储藏和-5℃冷冻密封储藏牛肉质地参数(硬度1、硬度2、回复性)的变化规律。用二因素方差分析得知储藏时间、储藏温度对回复性均有显著影响(P0.05),用相关性分析得知硬度1、硬度2、回复性与新鲜度指标显著相关(P0.05)。选取2℃条件下冷鲜密封储藏牛肉进行试验验证,测定挥发性盐基氮与回复性,对试验数据进行统计分析并线性拟合,挥发性盐基氮与回复性两者的线性函数关系具有较好拟合优度(R2=0.85311),挥发性盐基氮值与回复性呈显著相关(P0.05)。因此回复性可作为牛肉低温储藏期间新鲜度的检测指标。研究结果可为生产储运过程与日常生活中牛肉保鲜和保持质地口感提供依据。     

干燥后稻米食味值的预测与分析

为了采用神经网络方法预测干燥后稻米食味值，依据稻米的食味值与其主要成分(水分、蛋白质、直链淀粉和脂肪酸)和干燥温度有关这一研究结论，用近红外光谱谷物成分分析仪测定了稻米的主要成分值，用专家模糊评判方法确定稻米的食味值，建立了稻米食味值与其主要成分之间的网络结构模型，误差分析结果表明：该方法可以较好预测稻米的食味值，并分析了干燥条件对稻米理化指标的影响规律，影响程度为干燥温度：-0.7；水分：0.68、脂肪酸：-0.56、直链淀粉：0.48和蛋白质含量：-0.33。     

基于动力学模型的高油大豆储藏期间品质指标变化规律

为了解高油大豆在储藏过程中品质指标的变化规律,为高油大豆的科学储藏及储藏期间的品质变化预测提供理论依据。选取河南与内蒙古产地的高油大豆为研究对象,调节至不同含水率13.00%和15.00%后分别在25℃和35℃下密闭储藏180 d,每隔30 d取样一次,对其品质指标进行测定分析,并进一步对其电导率、丙二醛（Malonaldehyde, MDA）两项指标的变化趋势进行动力学分析。结果表明,随储藏时间的延长,两种高油大豆中过氧化氢酶（Catalase, CAT）、过氧化物酶（Peroxidase, POD）及多酚氧化酶（Polyphenol oxidase, PPO）活性均呈下降趋势,电导率和MDA含量均呈上升趋势,且含水率和储藏温度越高,变化幅度越大。不同指标的相关性分析结果表明,储藏时间与两种高油大豆的各理化指标的变化均有显著或极显著相关性,储藏时间与河南大豆的MDA和PPO相关系数分别为0.82和-0.90,与内蒙大豆的MDA和PPO相关系数分别为0.81和-0.92。初始含水率与两种大豆的CAT活性呈极显著负相关,相关性系数分别为-0.63和-0.74;储藏温度与两种大豆电导率的变化存在较强相关性,相关性系数分别为0.60和0.59。不同储藏温度下两种高油大豆的电导率和MDA含量的变化均符合零级动力学模型,两项指标在储藏过程中的变化均属于需能反应,零级动力学反应系数随大豆初始含水率和储藏温度的升高而增大,同时具有较高粗脂肪含量的河南大豆的电导率和MDA的零级动力学活化能均高于内蒙古大豆,并且在相同含水率条件下,MDA的活化能均小于电导率的活化能,表明高油大豆储藏过程中,温度、水分和粗脂肪含量越高,电导率和MDA含量变化越快,且MDA含量较电导率更易发生变化。因此在高油大豆储藏过程中,要根据大豆的脂肪含量,严格控制储藏时的温度和水分,尤其高含水率的大豆要严格控制温度条件,以延缓其品质劣变,同时在高油大豆在储藏过程MDA含量较其他指标更易发生变化,可作为其储藏品质变化的早期预测参考指标。     

不同温度及含水率稻米籽粒加工过程破裂载荷分析

稻米籽粒在收获后干燥、仓储和碾米加工过程中受到不同程度压缩载荷,过大压缩载荷将造成籽粒发生破裂(爆腰),从而降低稻米整米率和经济价值。籽粒压缩破裂载荷是稻谷加工1个重要物性参数,该文从统计学角度对稻米籽粒压缩破裂载荷进行试验研究。通过机械压缩测量试验及大样本分析,得到稻米籽粒在同一温度、含水率下,其压缩破裂载荷存在统计分布特性。定义并采用稻米籽粒中值F50和大端破裂载荷F90表征稻米压缩破裂载荷;在低温低含水率(16℃,14%)时,稻米籽粒的中值F50为63 N,F90为80 N。研究了稻米加工过程两大重要工艺参数-温度和含水率对籽粒破裂载荷的影响,发现破裂载荷随温度升高而下降,随含水率下降而增大;相比温度,含水率对破裂载荷影响更大。当稻米从高温高含水率(60℃,21%)到低温低含水率(16℃,14%)时,其由橡胶态转变为玻璃态,相应地破裂载荷从35增加到80 N。统计学意义下稻米压缩破裂载荷数值接近生产实际,更能精确指导稻米加工过程优化和产品品质提高。     

Effects of microwave heat, packaging, and storage temperature on fatty acid and proximate compositions in rice bran

The effect of microwave heat, packaging methods, and storage temperatures on proximate and fatty acid compositions of rice bran during 16 weeks of storage was examined. Freshly milled raw rice bran was adjusted to 21% moisture content and microwave heated for 3 min. Raw and microwave-heated brans were packed in zipper-top bags and/or vacuum-sealed bags and stored at 4-5 and/or 25 degrees C for 16 weeks. The moisture content decreased significantly from an initial 8.4 to 6.4% in microwave-heated samples regardless of packaging methods and storage temperatures. Protein, fat, linoleic, and linolenic contents did not change significantly in all raw and microwave-heated samples during 16 weeks of storage. The microwave-heated rice bran packed in zipper-top bags can be stored at 4-5 degrees C for up to 16 weeks without adverse effect on proximate and fatty acid composition quality under the conditions employed in this study.     

Dry Matter Loss for Hybrid Rough Rice Stored Under Reduced‐Oxygen Conditions

The objectives of this research were to characterize dry matter loss of hybrid long‐grain rough rice during storage under reduced‐oxygen conditions and develop a new approach to predict the dry matter loss by using storage temperature and relative humidity data as input. Two long‐grain hybrid rice cultivars, CL XL745 and XL760, harvested in the year 2015 were stored in rough‐rice form in sealed glass jars at moisture contents of 12.5, 16, 19, and 21%, (wet basis) and temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 27, and 40°C for a total of 16 weeks, with samples taken at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 weeks of storage. Results revealed no differences in dry matter loss connected with the rough‐rice moisture content levels and temperature during the storage duration. However, the dry matter loss was statistically different based on rough‐rice cultivar. Experimental data were fitted to a dry matter loss equation for long‐grain rice found in literature. The dry matter loss equation developed for conditions of grain storage without oxygen limitation did not accurately predict rough‐rice dry matter loss under reduced‐oxygen conditions. Equation constants generated for reduced‐oxygen storage conditions were significantly lower than the typical constants used for long‐grain rice in literature. Hence, integration of rice cultivar and storage conditions such as oxygen supply is crucial for accurate determination of kinetics of dry matter loss during storage of hybrid long‐grain rough rice.     

Detection of changes in taste of japonica and indica brown and milled rice (Oryza sativa L.) during storage using physicochemical analyses and a taste sensing system

Changes in the taste of japonica, hybrid, and indica brown and milled rice, stored for 10 months at low (5 degrees C, 65-70% relative humidity) and room temperatures were observed by physicochemical analyses and a novel method using a taste sensing system. During storage, some properties increased or decreased while others were fairly constant. The main taste components of cooked rice such as sweetness (sucrose) and umami tastes (glutamic acid and aspartic acid) were reduced during storage, whereas glucose and fructose increased. The increase of fat acidity and consequent decrease of the pH value of the cooking solution may contribute to the off-taste of cooked stored rice. A taste sensing system with 10 lipid membrane sensors was also used to classify new and old rice samples using principal component analysis. Fresh and room temperature stored japonica and indica rice could be clearly distinguished; however, it was not possible to differentiate the samples stored at low temperature.     

Effects of Controlled Ambient Aeration on Rice Quality During On‐Farm Storage

Rice (Oryza sativa L., ‘Cypress’) quality is highly dependent on its handling; hence, new storage treatments must be analyzed for their impact on rice quality. Rough rice from the 2000 season was harvested, dried, and stored in six farm‐scale bins. Three of the bins were aerated with a thermostatically activated controller, and three were aerated under traditional methods. Rice was sampled periodically over 12 weeks, and quality parameters were analyzed. The effects of bin sample position (spatial), bin sample depth, aeration treatment, and storage duration were investigated for their impact on rice quality factors: moisture content, head rice yield, pasting properties, and water absorption. For both aeration treatments at most sampling durations, rice sampled from the center of the bins had significantly lower head rice yield than that sampled from the north and south areas. Overall, moisture contents were not significantly affected by sampling position, although, in some specific sampling time and aeration treatment combinations, significant variation was noticed for moisture content as a function of sampling position. Sample depth within the bin did not cause any changes in the values of the rice properties. Throughout the storage duration, the physicochemical properties of the rice treated with controlled aeration were consistent with the trends of the rice treated with manual aeration. Storage duration significantly influenced (P < 0.05) water absorption, peak viscosity, head rice yield (HRY), and moisture content, with all but moisture content increasing over the storage duration. In contrast, the moisture content of the grain slightly decreased over the storage period.     

施肥对中日水稻品系土壤养分及食味品质的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究不同施肥方法对5种水稻品系土壤养分与稻米食味品质的影响。结果表明:日本优质水稻栽培的施肥方法(日本施肥)比常规施肥产量低,5个品系以ZR13产量最低,ZR63最高。与日本施肥相比,常规施肥显著提高了5个水稻品系土壤NH4+-N含量,降低了土壤速效磷含量;从食味品质指标的变化看,日本施肥比常规施肥蛋白质和淀粉含量低,具有较高的食味值。从不同品系看,ZR63的产量和蛋白质、直链淀粉含量均最高,但食味值最低。日本施肥下,ZR13的食味值比ZR63高17.2%;常规施肥下,ZR51的食味值比ZR63高56.1%。综合产量和食味品质,ZR32、ZR51是比较理想的品系,ZR6、ZR13食味值高,但产量低,ZR63产量高,食味品质差。     

Effects of Rough Rice Storage Conditions on the Amylograph and Cooking Properties of Medium-Grain Rice cv. Bengal

Rough rice (cv. Bengal) was stored at four moisture contents (8.8, 10.7, 12.9, and 13.6% MC) and three temperatures (3, 20, and 37°C) for up to six months. The amylograph overall paste viscosity of the milled rice increased during storage. This increase was most apparent in all samples stored at 37°C. For rice stored at 20 and 37°C at all MC levels, a 30–50% increase in peak viscosity (PV) was observed during the first three months of storage. PV subsequently leveled off for rice stored at 12.9 and 13.6% MC but declined for samples stored at 8.8 and 10.7% MC. The final viscosities also increased during storage. The water-absorption ratio of the samples during cooking in excess water increased by an average of 15% over six months of storage. The amylograph and cooking properties were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by rough rice storage duration, temperature, MC, and their respective interactions.     

Prevention of oxidative rancidity in rice bran during storage.

The effect of microwave heat on lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in rice bran under various storage conditions was examined. Raw rice bran from the long-grain variety Lemont was adjusted to 21% moisture content and heated in a microwave oven at 850 W for 3 min. Raw and microwave-heated rice bran samples were packed in zipper-top bags or vacuum packs and stored at room temperature (25 degrees C) or in the refrigerator (4-5 degrees C) for 16 weeks. Samples were analyzed for LOX activity at 4-week intervals. LOX activity did not significantly change from its initial value at week 0 for zipper-top and vacuum-packed samples while stored at 4-5 degrees C for 12 weeks, but decreased at week 16. Vacuum packing did not show a significant impact on LOX activity during 16 weeks of storage. Microwave-heated samples stored in the refrigerator did not show significant change in LOX activity for up to 12 weeks but showed a significant (p < 0. 05) decrease at 16 weeks. Results showed that oxidative rancidity of rice bran could be prevented by microwave heating the samples, packing in zipper-top bags, and storing at 4-5 degrees C for up to 16 weeks.     

储藏玉米陈化机理及挥发物与品质变化的关系

为了找寻挥发性物质与玉米储藏品质指标的关系,探讨玉米品质变化机理.对重庆地区不同储藏时间的玉米,采用项空气相色谱-质谱联用法测定其挥发性物质,同时测定其生理、生化指标,研究挥发性物质的种类和含量及其与储藏时间、生理、生化指标的相关性.研究结果表明:不同储藏时间的玉米挥发性物质种类基本相同,只是在量上存在差异.随着储藏时间的延长,玉米的总挥发性物质以及单个挥发性物质含量逐渐增加.总挥发性物含量、丙酮、对环己二烯、环戊乙炔、乙酸、己醛的含量与储藏时间、生理生化指标呈较高相关性,可作为玉米储存品质变化的评判指标.储存玉米的挥发性物质主要是由脂质的氧化和水解产生的.     

Relating Rice Milling Quality Changes During Adsorption to Individual Kernel Moisture Content Distribution

Several varieties of rough rice that were either stored for an extended period of time or freshly harvested were conditioned to initial moisture contents ranging from 10 to 17%. After the individual kernel moisture content distributions were measured, the samples were soaked in water at temperatures ranging from 10 to 40°C. The samples were then dried and milled. The bulk critical moisture content, at which head rice yield began to decline due to moisture adsorption, ranged from 12.5 to 14.9%, depending on the variety, harvest moisture content, and storage conditions. The kernel critical moisture content, determined from each sample from the cumulative kernel moisture content frequency distribution, increased with increasing sample initial moisture content.     

Prevention of hydrolytic rancidity in rice bran during storage.

The effect of microwave heating, packaging, and storage temperature on the production of free fatty acids (FFA) in rice bran was examined. Freshly milled raw rice bran was adjusted to 21% moisture content and heated in a microwave oven at 850 W for 3 min. Raw and microwave-heated rice bran were packed in zipper-top bags or vacuum-sealed bags and stored at 4-5 or 25 degrees C for 16 weeks. FFA content of bran was measured at 4-week intervals. Total FFA increased rapidly over the 16-week period from the initial value of 2.5% in raw bran stored at 25 degrees C to 54.9% in vacuum bags and 48.1% in zipper-top bags. However, total FFA of raw bran stored at 4-5 degrees C increased at a slower rate from an initial value of 2. 5 to 25.4% in vacuum bags and 19.5% in zipper-top bags. After 16 weeks of storage, total FFA of microwave-heated bran stored at 25 degrees C increased from 2.8 to 6.9 and 5.2%, respectively, for samples stored in vacuum bags and zipper-top bags. Total FFA of microwave-heated samples stored at 4-5 degrees C did not change significantly with storage time. Results showed that hydrolytic rancidity of rice bran can be prevented by microwave heating and that the recommended storage condition for microwaved rice bran is 4-5 degrees C in zipper-top bags.