不同栽培因子对盛泰优9712产量和品质的影响研究

对杂交晚稻盛泰优9712进行不同播期、移栽期、移栽密度和施氮量进行4因素3水平的正交试验,筛选其最佳栽培因子组合。结果表明:播期、移栽期和施氮量是影响晚稻生育期、产量和米质的主要因素。播期对生育期的影响最大,播期、移栽期和施氮量对产量的影响较大;播期和移栽期对米质的影响较大。盛泰优9712高产优质栽培最佳方案为:6月30日播种,7月15日移栽,移栽密度20.0 cm×20.0 cm,施氮量157.5 kg/hm2。     

移栽密度和施氮量对宁粳3号产量及其构成因素的影响

以宁粳3号为材料,设置移栽密度和施氮量试验,分析不同移栽密度和施氮量对宁粳3号单产及产量构成因素的影响。研究结果表明:(1)移栽密度和施氮量对单产有显著影响;330 kg/hm2施氮水平单产最高,300 kg/hm2施氮水平其次,360 kg/hm2的再次,270 kg/hm2的最低;移栽密度以基本苗45×104/hm2的单产最高,其次为22.5×104/hm2的。(2)增加移栽密度和氮肥用量能显著提高单位面积穗数和高峰苗数;施氮量和移栽密度过多或过少均不利于每穗颖花数、结实率、千粒重和成穗率的提高。(3)总颖花量的增加是提高超级稻产量的决定性因素;在足穗的基础上,培育大穗是提高总颖花量的主要技术手段;在适宜总颖花量的基础上提高千粒重和每穗颖花数是获得高产的保证。(4)本试验条件下,宁粳3号最适宜基本苗移栽密度是45×104/hm2,施氮量是330 kg/hm2。     

高产栽培下施氮水平对春玉米氮素吸收与利用的影响

以金山27为试验材料,采用田间试验的方法,研究高产栽培下施氮水平对春玉米氮素吸收与利用的影响。结果表明,玉米植株体内的氮含量总体上随施氮水平的提高而增加,氮的累积量随施氮水平的提高先升后降。在300 kg/hm2施氮水平下,生物产量、子粒产量和子粒中氮的分配比例均最大。氮生理效率以增氮(390 kg/hm2施氮处理)最低,氮素利用效率以减氮(210 kg/hm2施氮处理)最高,氮收获指数以300 kg/hm2施氮处理最大。与300 kg/hm2施氮处理相比,390 kg/hm2施氮处理导致氮生理利用率、氮肥效率和氮肥吸收效率下降;210 kg/hm2施氮处理的氮生理利用率、氮肥效率和氮肥吸收效率升高。氮肥利用率以施氮300 kg/hm2处理最高,增氮(390 kg/hm2处理)和农户传统高产施氮(270 kg/hm2施氮处理)均相对较低。在研究地区,高产玉米栽培适宜的施氮量为300 kg/hm2,其种肥、拔节肥、大喇叭口肥的比例为1∶3∶6。     

鲁西南地区氮肥减施对蒜套棉产量品质以及效益的影响

为探讨氮肥减施对蒜套棉氮肥残留量、生育性状、产量和纤维品质及植棉效益方面的影响,以瑞杂818为试验材料,设置4个减施氮量处理(0 kg/hm2、45 kg/hm2、90 kg/hm2和135 kg/hm2),以常规施氮量180 kg/hm2为对照,研究不同减氮量对蒜套棉产量品质及其经济效益的影响.结果 表明:随着施氮量的增加,氮肥残留量增加,棉花生育期延长,籽棉产量和皮棉产量均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,纤维上半部平均长度和整齐度指数均随着施氮量的增加而降低,而断裂比强度和马克隆值随着施氮量的增加先增加后降低,经济效益与产量变化规律基本一致,均随着施氮量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,施氮量为90 kg/hm2处理(比常规施氮量减50％)的产品效益最高,综合考虑棉花需氮情况及经济效益情况,施氮量90 kg/hm2处理为鲁西南植棉区蒜套棉推荐氮肥追施量.     

密度和施肥水平对双低油菜苏油1号产量及分枝习性的影响

密度和施肥水平两因子对苏油1号产量及分枝习性影响的研究结果表明：（1）移栽11．25万株/hm2，施纯氮270kg/hm2是适宜苏油1号的种植密度和施肥处理，产量达到3452.0kg/hm2.(2)产量结构因子以单位面积有效角果数对产量的影响较大，其次为千粒重和每角粒数。（3）随密度和施氮量增加，单位面积有效果数呈先增后减的趋势，千粒重与施氮量关系密切，但过量施氮则降低千粒重，（4）单位面积为枝数多，分枝角果数多和分枝籽粒多是苏油1号的高产表现。     

密度和氮肥运筹对宁粳3号产量及其构成因素的影响

在大田栽培条件下,设置移栽密度和施氮量试验,分析在不同移栽密度和施氮量条件对宁粳3号单位面积产量及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明:330 kg/hm2施氮水平单位面积产量最高,300 kg/hm2施氮水平其次;移栽密度以45×104/hm2基本苗单位面积产量最高,其次为22.5×104/hm2基本苗;总颖花量的增加是提高宁粳3号产量的决定性因素;宁粳3号最适宜移栽密度是45×104/hm2,施氮量是330 kg/hm2。     

密度和氮肥用量对油菜产量及氮肥利用率的影响?

 为机械化种植油菜,研究不同施氮水平下密度对直播油菜生长发育和氮肥利用效率的影响。以甘蓝型油菜品种中双11号为材料,在低密（15万株/hm2）和高密（45万株/hm2）两种密度下,设施氮0、90、180和270kg/hm2处理,分析施氮量与密度对油菜农学性状、产量、氮肥利用效率的影响,并对比分析了密度与油菜需氮量之间的关系。结果表明,增密后油菜的株高、分枝数、单株角果数和每角粒数显著降低,分枝高度和千粒重显著增加。高密油菜群体株型结构整齐均一,更能满足机械化收获需要。高密处理油菜籽粒产量高于低密处理。施氮0～180kg/hm2时,两个密度下的籽粒产量均随施氮量增加而显著提高,但在270kg/hm2时两密度下油菜产量均有所下降。油菜氮肥表观利用率随着施氮量的增加而下降,但是又随种植密度的增加而增加。说明增加密度能促进氮素向油菜籽粒转移,降低每生产100kg籽粒油菜需氮量,提高氮肥表观利用率。在相同的目标产量（低密下的经济产量、湖北省油菜平均单产和全国油菜平均单产）下,油菜增密后可以节约氮肥用量22.9%~30.6%,增密减氮效果明显。       

施氮量和移栽密度对重穗型杂交稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

以重穗型杂交稻德优4727和轻穗型常规稻五山丝苗为材料,设置4个施氮量(0、120、165、210 kg/hm~2,分别记为N0、N120、N165、N210)和3种移栽密度(25.0、19.1、12.5丛/m~2,分别记为D1、D2、D3),于2016年在四川德阳进行大田试验,研究施氮量和移栽密度对重穗型杂交稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,参试水稻品种的适宜移栽密度均为25.0丛/m~2,在此移栽密度下,重穗型杂交稻德优4727产量随施氮量的增加呈先增加后下降的趋势,以N165处理产量最高(10.90 t/hm~2),轻穗型常规稻五山丝苗产量随施氮量的增加呈升高趋势,以N210处理产量最高(10.21 t/hm~2);相同移栽密度下,参试水稻品种氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加呈下降趋势;随移栽密度的增加,参试水稻品种产量和氮肥利用率呈增加趋势。可见,提高移栽密度,减少施氮量可兼顾水稻高产和氮肥高效利用,其最佳肥密组合为施氮量165 kg/hm~2、移栽密度25丛/m~2,即低氮密植可作为重穗型杂交稻高产高效栽培的关键技术。     

机条播油菜的生育特性及配套技术研究

机条播油菜播期、密度、薹肥施用水平及不同播栽方式对比试验结果表明:(1)机条播油菜可以获得与常规育苗移栽相近的产量,适宜种植密度为30.0×104～37.5×104株/hm2,播种期以9月20日至10月10日为宜,抽薹期适宜施N量为70.5～105.7kg/hm2.(2)与育苗移栽相比,机条播油菜生育期缩短,个体生长量较小,单株角果数较少,但单位面积总结角数相近,每角粒数和千粒重变化不大.(3)机条播油菜降本增效作用明显,成本降低592.5元/hm2,经济效益增加973.5元/hm2.     

播期、密度和氮肥运筹对瑞华麦520产量和品质的影响

为确立抗病小麦品种瑞华麦520高产优质高效栽培管理措施,在大田研究了播期、密度、施氮量及氮肥基追比对瑞华麦520籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,播期和密度对籽粒产量和品质均有明显影响,不同施肥量间差异显著,且播期效应大于密度和施肥效应。播期与密度试验中,10月10日播种、基本苗225万株·hm~(-2)时产量最高,10月10日后随着播期的推迟籽粒产量下降;籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间均随播期的推迟而增加;籽粒蛋白质含量随密度增加而降低,湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间受密度影响不大。氮肥运筹试验中,施氮量180～270kg·hm~(-2)范围内,籽粒产量随施氮量的增加而快速增加,施氮量超过270kg·hm~(-2)后产量增长缓慢;氮肥基追比7∶3时产量最高;籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间随着施氮量的增加而上升。综合分析,在本试验条件下,10月10日播种、基本苗225万·hm~(-2)、施氮量270kg·hm~(-2)、基追比7∶3时瑞华麦520可以获得更高的产量和品质。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.