腌制温度和食盐用量对咸鸭蛋蛋黄脂质的影响

为进一步提高咸鸭蛋品质,以鸭蛋为原料,分析不同腌制条件对蛋黄中脂质存在形式、脂质氧化速率的影响。结果表明,在腌制过程中,随着腌制温度的升高、腌制时间的延长,蛋黄指数、脂质含量、蛋黄皂化值均显著增加(P0.05);腌制用盐量对蛋黄中脂质的皂化值有显著的促进作用(P0.05)。在腌制液食盐质量分数为20%~30%时,升高腌制温度对蛋黄中脂质二次氧化(硫代巴比妥酸值thiobarbituric acid,TBARS)有显著促进作用(P0.05),在腌制30 d后,TBARS无显著变化;并且在试验条件下,提高腌制用盐量能显著提高蛋黄中的TBARS(P0.05);动力学分析表明,增加食盐用量能够降低蛋黄中脂质初始氧化反应的活化能,从而促进脂质氧化。因此,通过调整腌制用盐量及腌制温度能够实现对咸鸭蛋蛋黄中脂质氧化的调控,由此得出咸鸭蛋较好的腌制条件为腌制温度25℃、腌制用盐量25 g/(100 g)、腌制时间为25 d,该研究结果可以为咸鸭蛋的腌制生产提供技术参考。     

基于动力学模型的高油大豆储藏期间品质指标变化规律

为了解高油大豆在储藏过程中品质指标的变化规律,为高油大豆的科学储藏及储藏期间的品质变化预测提供理论依据。选取河南与内蒙古产地的高油大豆为研究对象,调节至不同含水率13.00%和15.00%后分别在25℃和35℃下密闭储藏180 d,每隔30 d取样一次,对其品质指标进行测定分析,并进一步对其电导率、丙二醛（Malonaldehyde, MDA）两项指标的变化趋势进行动力学分析。结果表明,随储藏时间的延长,两种高油大豆中过氧化氢酶（Catalase, CAT）、过氧化物酶（Peroxidase, POD）及多酚氧化酶（Polyphenol oxidase, PPO）活性均呈下降趋势,电导率和MDA含量均呈上升趋势,且含水率和储藏温度越高,变化幅度越大。不同指标的相关性分析结果表明,储藏时间与两种高油大豆的各理化指标的变化均有显著或极显著相关性,储藏时间与河南大豆的MDA和PPO相关系数分别为0.82和-0.90,与内蒙大豆的MDA和PPO相关系数分别为0.81和-0.92。初始含水率与两种大豆的CAT活性呈极显著负相关,相关性系数分别为-0.63和-0.74;储藏温度与两种大豆电导率的变化存在较强相关性,相关性系数分别为0.60和0.59。不同储藏温度下两种高油大豆的电导率和MDA含量的变化均符合零级动力学模型,两项指标在储藏过程中的变化均属于需能反应,零级动力学反应系数随大豆初始含水率和储藏温度的升高而增大,同时具有较高粗脂肪含量的河南大豆的电导率和MDA的零级动力学活化能均高于内蒙古大豆,并且在相同含水率条件下,MDA的活化能均小于电导率的活化能,表明高油大豆储藏过程中,温度、水分和粗脂肪含量越高,电导率和MDA含量变化越快,且MDA含量较电导率更易发生变化。因此在高油大豆储藏过程中,要根据大豆的脂肪含量,严格控制储藏时的温度和水分,尤其高含水率的大豆要严格控制温度条件,以延缓其品质劣变,同时在高油大豆在储藏过程MDA含量较其他指标更易发生变化,可作为其储藏品质变化的早期预测参考指标。     

咸蛋黄快速腌制过程中理化性质变化规律

该研究以新鲜蛋黄为原料,利用快速腌制模具,探究在咸蛋黄的上表面添加食盐单侧腌制过程中,食盐添加量和腌制时间对咸鸡蛋黄快速腌制过程中形貌特征和理化性质变化规律的影响。借助多种仪器分析手段对蛋黄腌制过程中形貌与物性的变化、水分及盐分的迁移规律进行了表征。低场核磁及成像结果表明：在腌制过程中,蛋黄中的水分不断向外迁移,含水率显著降低,当增加食盐的添加量和延长腌制时间,会加快水分的迁移速率;原子吸收结果表明：增加食盐添加盐量越多和腌制时间越长盐分迁移速率越快,质构、色差结果共同表明咸蛋黄腌制过程中,由于水分的向外迁移和盐分的向内渗入,使得蛋黄的蛋白质发生聚集使颜色加深;同时与市售整个腌制后分离的鸡蛋黄产品相比,当腌制时间为7d,添加盐量为3%;腌制时间为3d,添加盐量为5%时,所得的样品与市面的成品咸鸡蛋黄的感官品质及量化指标差异不显著（P<0.05）,为咸蛋黄单侧腌制技术提供理论的可行性。     

LSA—800B吸附树脂对苹果汁吸附脱色的动力学研究

该文研究了不同温度(25℃～70℃)和不同树脂浓度(1，2，4，8 g/L)条件下LSA—800B树脂对苹果汁吸附脱色的动力学过程。试验结果表明，该树脂吸附平衡曲线符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型，获得了不同温度下的模型参数值(K_ad、Q₀、K_f和n)。吸附焓变化(ΔH)值为4.16 kJ/mol说明这一过程是吸热过程。自由能(ΔG)随温度升高而呈下降趋势说明此过程是自发过程。由试验数据进一步计算出了不同树脂浓度和不同温度下苹果汁吸附脱色的动力学参数。随着温度升高吸附能力提高，但初始平衡时间有所减少；在2～4 g/L的树脂浓度范围内，吸附效果比较明显，在55℃时，树脂达到初始平衡的覆盖率(θ_e)较高，据此确定了该树脂对苹果汁吸附脱色的适宜温度和树脂浓度范围分别为55℃，2～4 g/L。     

茄子片热风干燥收缩特性及其修正的湿分扩散动力学模型

为了研究收缩特性对切片果蔬对流干燥过程水分有效扩散系数的影响,以切片茄子作为研究对象,结合密度分析、扫描电镜分析、压汞测试等方法,分析了热风干燥过程切片茄子内孔容积、孔隙结构及体积的收缩变化规律,建立了考虑其收缩特性的水分扩散动力学模型,并分析了干燥收缩行为对切片茄子干燥动力学的影响。研究结果表明,热风干燥过程切片茄子内孔容积随水分比的减小近似呈线性降低趋势,不同热风干燥温度对其降低趋势影响不大;干燥初期切片茄子孔隙以105nm以上的大孔为主,干燥过程孔隙收缩导致105nm以上的大孔孔隙逐渐消失,105nm以下的中小孔隙比例逐渐增加,峰值孔径也从约1.5×105nm减小至4×104nm;Hatamipour及Quadratic收缩方程均能较好地描述切片茄子热风干燥过程中的体积收缩特性;考虑切片茄子体积收缩对干燥传质过程的影响,采用Quadratic收缩方程对基于Fick第二定律的扩散模型修正后,切片茄子干燥过程水分有效扩散系数明显降低,表观活化能由20.69 k J/mol增大至25.76 k J/mol,表明干燥过程中的收缩导致水分扩散内部阻力增大。因此,水分有效扩散系数在不考虑干燥收缩对动力学影响时将被明显高估。该研究结果能为更客观地评价可变形多孔物料的干燥特性、优化其干燥工艺提供参考。     

咸蛋盐水腌制动力学研究

以鲜鸡蛋为原料，采用盐水腌制法，研究腌制温度、时间和盐水浓度对咸蛋成熟度的影响。试验结果表明：随着腌制温度、时间的延长和盐水浓度的增加，含盐量及蛋黄指数迅速升高，蛋清的含盐量明显高于蛋黄，且含盐量由内到外呈梯度分布，蛋黄外层含盐量明显高于中心点。建立的腌制条件对蛋品含盐量及蛋黄指数的拟合方程，能较好地描述腌制温度、时间和盐水浓度对咸蛋成熟的影响。     

饲料限水糊化动力学及其颗粒结构特性的表征

饲料的糊化作为一种功能特性广泛存在于饲料的热加工中,水分、温度和时间是影响饲料糊化的重要工艺参数。为探究饲料在水热处理过程中的糊化动力学参数及饲料颗粒结构的内在变化,该研究基于均匀板加热法,将25%和30%水分的育肥猪配合饲料,分别在75、80、85、90和95℃温度下,进行0.5、1、3、5、7和10min加热时间的热处理,分析热处理后饲料样品的糊化程度、糊化动力学参数、结晶特性、双折射特性和微观形貌等理化性质。结果显示,水分是饲料糊化的第一限制性因素,25%和30%水分饲料的最大糊化度分别为0.320 6±0.016 2和0.668 8±0.015 0,饲料的糊化过程遵循非线性一级动力学模型,且在热处理时长达到3 min左右时,糊化度趋向糊化终端的渐进值;由Arrhenius公式回归得到的25%和30%水分饲料糊化活化能分别为11 356.58和52 705.59 J/mol,是限制水分条件下的"不完全糊化活化能"。具有不同双折射消失程度的颗粒共存于同一热处理样品体系中,淀粉颗粒双折射性的消失从颗粒中心开始,热处理样品微观结构的变化主要表现为颗粒中心无定形区的优先破坏,中心结构的破坏导致颗粒表面塌陷,并促进了存在于淀粉颗粒无定形区直链淀粉的浸出;经过热处理样品的结晶图谱由A型转变为V型;晶体结构的破坏和重组同时发生但程度不同,样品的相对结晶度表现为先降低,并在特征温度明显回升后再次下降。研究结果为饲料热加工中原料的相互作用及变化机制提供了基础数据,对饲料调质和膨化工艺的优化具有潜在的应用价值。     

干燥物系的特征函数及其理论解

干燥现象是物系对应外部约束条件的自发过程,是各种因素同时作用的结果。多种传递行为并存,得不到严格意义的传递系数的数学解。基于扩散动力学建立的干燥机理函数,又存在活化能、指前因子和过程指数难以定量等问题。如何获得干燥过程的理论解是长期以来干燥研究领域的重要命题。该研究以水分活度统一特征,以自由能传递和转换为统一尺度,建立干燥特征函数,说明基于物料的最大汽化速率、初始态水分活度、相平衡条件下的水分活度和介质的相对湿度,揭示实际物系状态变化规律和获得理论解的方法;给出自由含水比、干燥速率比和干燥速率随时间变化的数学解。该理论及方法不仅可以基于物系中的一个状态点,揭示出任意外部条件下的理论解,同时,按照水汽化、混合过程压力变化特征及其发生的位置,能够完整地解析出干燥过程物料内部的含水率偏差和水分活度分布;摆脱了基于单一行为描述的传递定率中的传递系数,对揭示物系传递机理,评价工艺系统能效,制定科学评价标准具有较高的理论价值,对指导工程实践具有重要的现实意义。     

磁性壳聚糖微球吸附苹果渣多酚的动力学及热力学分析

为了更好的利用胺基化磁性壳聚糖微球吸附分离苹果渣多酚的工艺,对其反应动力学和热力学进行了研究。主要采用Langmuir准一级动力学模型、Langmuir准二级动力学模型、Elovich方程及内扩散方程对吸附反应动力学过程进行拟合,并利用Langmuir等温吸附模型、Freundlich等温吸附模型及Temkin等温吸附模型对吸附反应热力学特性进行解析。结果表明:吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型的描述,吸附温度越高,吸附速率常数和初始吸附速率越大,且平衡吸附量越高。吸附热力学过程符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,热力学参数ΔG<0,ΔH>0,ΔS>0,表明胺基化磁性壳聚糖微球对苹果渣多酚的吸附过程可以自发进行,并且是伴随着焓变>0的吸热过程。动力学及热力学研究为利用胺基化磁性壳聚糖微球进行苹果渣多酚的提取分离提供了技术依据。     

玉米果穗在自然通风过程中水分迁移的动力学分析

为了探索玉米果穗水分迁移规律,针对低温自然通风降水过程中玉米果穗的绝对水势、扩散系数及活化能的变化规律及影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:在低温条件下,玉米果穗通过仓储自然通风干燥至安全水分需要3到4个月的时间;随着环境温度的上升,空气与玉米的绝对水势均逐渐增大,玉米的绝对水势大于空气绝对水势,玉米水分下降,当两者间的绝对水势差值逐渐缩小时,仓内粮食的水分子没有足够能量从表面扩散到周围的空气中,玉米水分逐渐趋于平衡;各仓水势梯度明显,水分从西向东迁移,仓内迎风面水势值小,水分下降快,粮堆厚度对绝对水势有影响;玉米果穗的水分扩散系数范围为2.563×10-12~5.34×10-12 m2/s,粮食与空气的绝对水势差及粮堆厚度对水分扩散系数均有影响;Arrhenius方程可以描述玉米果穗水分扩散系数与温度的关系,玉米果穗水分扩散的平均活化能为35.76 k J/mol。研究结果将为粮食储藏与干燥过程的动力学研究提供理论依据。     

适宜涂膜预处理提高扇贝柱渗透脱水效率

溶质在渗透脱水过程中过多渗入组织不利于渗透脱水进程,同时对营养、感官特性与外观形态等均会产生不利影响。为了抑制渗透脱水过程中溶质过多渗入扇贝柱,提高渗透脱水效率,研究了壳聚糖、低甲氧基果胶与海藻酸钠等3种不同成膜预处理对扇贝柱渗透脱水过程中传质特性影响。采用Peleg模型拟合扇贝柱渗透脱水过程中传质和动力学参数;采用Fick’s第二扩散定律评估水分扩散系数（Dew）和溶质扩散系数（Des）以及渗透脱水效率（Dew/Des）。扇贝柱渗透脱水过程受到成膜材料种类、渗透溶液温度和氯化钠质量分数影响显著（P<0.05）。成膜预处理扇贝柱的水分损失和氯化钠渗入的初始速率与平衡速率均低于（P<0.05）未经涂膜的对照组。有效扩散系数随着渗透脱水温度的升高而增加,水分和氯化钠有效扩散系数范围分别为1.224×10-9～2.466×10-9 m2/s和1.152×10-9～1.894×10-9 m2/s。成膜预处理可在维持较高失水率的同时有效地控制高温渗透脱水过程中氯化钠的渗入。海藻酸钠与低甲氧基果胶成膜预处理后扇贝柱的脱水效率（Dew/Des）高于（P<0.05）对照组。然而,对于壳聚糖成膜预处理,当氯化钠液质量分数高于30%或者质量分数为20%且温度为25℃时,扇贝柱脱水效率高于（P<0.05）对照组。扇贝柱渗透脱水过程中,为了调控固形物增加和提高渗透脱水效率,成膜预处理是一种行之有效的方法,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Influence of aging and salting on protein secondary structures and water distribution in uncooked and cooked pork. A combined FT-IR microspectroscopy and 1H NMR relaxometry study

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy and low-field (LF) proton NMR transverse relaxation measurements were used to study the changes in protein secondary structure and water distribution as a consequence of aging (1 day and 14 days) followed by salting (3%, 6%, and 9% NaCl) and cooking (65 degrees C). An enhanced water uptake and increased proton NMR relaxation times after salting were observed in aged meat (14 days) compared with nonaged meat (1 day). FT-IR bands revealed that salting induced an increase in native beta-sheet structure while aging triggered an increase in native alpha-helical structure before cooking, which could explain the effects of aging and salting on water distribution and water uptake. Moreover, the decrease in T2 relaxation times and loss of water upon cooking were attributed to an increase in aggregated beta-sheet structures and a simultaneous decrease in native protein structures. Finally, aging increased the cooking loss and subsequently decreased the final yield, which corresponded to a further decrease in T2 relaxation times in aged meat upon cooking. However, salting weakened the effect of aging on the final yield, which is consistent with the increased T2 relaxation times upon salting for aged meat after cooking and the weaker effect of aging on protein secondary structural changes for samples treated with high salt concentration. The present study reveals that changes in water distribution during aging, salting, and cooking are not only due to the accepted causal connection, i.e., proteolytic degradation of myofibrillar structures, change in electrostatic repulsion, and dissolution and denaturation of proteins, but also dynamic changes in specific protein secondary structures.     

Equilibrium, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics of Methylene Blue Adsorption by Pine Tree Leaves

The adsorption capacity of pine tree leaves for removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution was investigated in a batch system. The effects of the process variables, such as solution pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, amount of adsorbent, agitation speed, salt concentration, and system temperature on the adsorption process were studied. The extent of methylene blue dye adsorption increased with increase in initial dye concentration, contact time, agitation speed, temperature, and solution pH but decreased with increased in amount of adsorbent and salt concentration. Equilibrium data were best described by both Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of pine tree leaves biomass was 126.58?mg/g at 30?°C. The value of separation factor, R _L , from Langmuir equation and Freundlich constant, n, both give an indication of favorable adsorption. The intrapartical diffusion model, liquid film diffusion model, double exponential model, pseudo-first and second order model were used to describe the kinetic and mechanism of adsorption process. A single stage bath adsorber design for the MB adsorption onto pine tree leaves has been presented based on the Langmuir isotherm model equation. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard Gibbs free energy (??G ⁰), standard enthalpy (??H ⁰), and standard entropy (??S ⁰) were calculated.     

气调和真空包装对腌制海鳗货架期的影响

该文主要考察25℃下气调和真空包装对腌制海鳗货架期的影响.4个样品分别是M1:空气包装(对照),M2:真空包装,M3:CO2/N2,40%/60%,M4:100%CO2,以挥发性盐基氮,三甲胺,pH值,硫代巴比妥酸值,菌落总数和感官为指标.结果表明,气调包装的货架期为20 d,真空包装为19 d,对照为16 d.对照组细菌增加很快,而M4增加最慢.挥发性盐基氮和三甲胺都随着储存时间延长而增加,在气调包装下的感官质量明显好于对照组.气调和真空包装,特别是100%CO2包装是保藏腌制海鳗的最有效方法.     

Water distribution in brine salted cod (Gadus morhua) and salmon (Salmo salar): a low-field 1H NMR study

Low-field (LF) (1)H NMR T 2 relaxation measurements were used to study changes in water distribution in lean (Atlantic cod) and fatty (Atlantic salmon) fish during salting in 15% NaCl and 25% NaCl brines. The NMR data were treated by PCA, continuous distribution analysis, and biexponential fitting and compared with physicochemical data. Two main water pools were observed in unsalted fish, T 21, with relaxation times in the range 20-100 ms, and T 22, with relaxation times in the range 100-300 ms. Pronounced changes in T 2 relaxation data were observed during salting, revealing changes in the water properties. Salting in 15% brine lead to a shift toward longer relaxation times, reflecting increased water mobility, whereas, salting in saturated brines had the opposite effect. Water mobility changes were observed earlier in the salting process for cod compared to salmon. Good linear correlations ( F 相似文献   

Salt-induced changes in pork myofibrillar tissue investigated by FT-IR microspectroscopy and light microscopy

FT-IR microspectroscopy and light microscopy were used to investigate pork muscle musculus semitendinosus samples, taken from three animals, that were subjected to brine salting at different concentrations (0.9, 3, 6, and 9% NaCl). Differences in spectral characteristics and in microstructure were observed in meat from animals differing in initial pH and varying salt concentrations. The FT-IR data displayed changes in the amide I region from 1700 to 1600 cm(-1). This spectral range was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares regression (PLSR). These methods revealed correlations between the spectral data and the different animals, salt content, moisture content, pH value, and myofiber diameter. A shrinking share of alpha-helical components was related to an increase in salt concentration in the muscle. At the same time, a greater share in nonhydrogenated C=O groups (1668 cm(-1)) was related to an increase in salt concentration in the meat. The share of aggregated beta-strands differed with respect to the different animals but was not influenced by salt concentration. The meat at higher pHs (>6) had less aggregated beta-strands than that at lower pHs (5.6-5.7). It could be demonstrated that simultaneous with changes in microstructure, pH value, salt, and moisture content were alterations in the protein amide I region as measured by FT-IR microspectroscopy, revealing a relationship between these biophysical and chemical parameters and secondary protein structure attributes.     

Gas diffusion through soil crumbs: the effects of wetting and swelling

Gas diffusion coefficients for hydrogen through air in packings of 1–2 mm crumbs from a clay loam (both under grass and under arable) and from a sandy loam were measured over a range of water contents as the soils were wetted. Diffusion coefficients decreased with increasing water content (decreasing air content) in three stages: in the first, to specific water contents of 0.08–0.10 gg¹, decreases were small indicating the filling of pores less effective for diffusion; in the second, to crumb saturation, decreases were greater, and in the third, to complete saturation, decreases were greatest. Two of these stages are related to swelling: in the first, any slight swelling is contained within the crumb and there is loss to the gas of crumb pores only; in the second, the crumbs swell and there is simultaneous loss of crumb pore space and, more important, inter-crumb space; in the third, swelling is complete, so, as in nonswelling soil, there is loss of inter-crumb space only. Pore size and pore shape in the three soils, and pore distribution (intra-crumb structure) in the grassland clay loam, may also affect diffusion but to a lesser extent: these influences are discussed. On subsequent drying there was little evidence of hysteresis in diffusion with water content, and only a slight indication in the arable clay loam of decreases due to structural degradation during the measurements.     

土壤磷扩散的影响因素研究

对3种不同质地土壤磷扩散特征以及影响因素进行了试验研究。结果表明,随着土壤含水率的增加,土壤磷的扩散系数明显增加,土壤磷的扩散系数与土壤含水率的关系呈显著的幂函数相关;随土壤质地加重,土壤磷扩散系数增大;温度升高,土壤磷扩散系数增大,土壤磷扩散系数的温度效应可用磷扩散系数的温度系数定量表示;随着土壤施磷量的增大,土壤的磷扩散系数明显增加;土壤容重对磷扩散的影响与土壤的质地有关。对于质地较重的土壤,随着土壤容重的增加,磷扩散系数有降低的趋势;而对于质地轻的沙土,磷扩散系数有增加的趋势。     

Equilibrium, Kinetics and Mechanism of Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption onto Pine Cone Biomass of Pinus radiata

The kinetics and mechanism of methylene blue adsorption onto raw pine cone biomass (Pinus radiata) was investigated under various physicochemical parameters. The extent of the methylene blue dye adsorption increased with increases in initial dye concentration, contact time and solution pH but decreases with the amount of adsorbent, salt concentration and temperature of the system. Overall the kinetic studies showed that the methylene blue adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics among various kinetic models tested. The different kinetic parameters including rate constant, half-adsorption time and diffusion coefficient are determined at different physicochemical conditions. Equilibrium data were best represented by Langmuir isotherm among Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of pine cone biomass was 109.89 mg/g at 30°C. The value of separation factor, R _L, from Langmuir equation and Freundlich constant, n, both give an indication of favourable adsorption. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard Gibbs free energy (?G ⁰), standard enthalpy (?H ⁰), standard entropy (?S ⁰) and the activation energy (A) were calculated. A single-stage batch absorber design for the methylene blue adsorption onto pine cone biomass has been presented based on the Langmuir isotherm model equation.