海南槟榔提取物急性毒性研究及保健饮料开发

研究海南槟榔提取物的急性毒性及保健饮料的开发。一次性灌胃给予小鼠最大容积和最大混悬浓度的槟榔提取物,观察小鼠急性毒性反应,评价槟榔提取物的安全性;正交设计法优化得出槟榔提取物、白砂糖和柠檬酸的最佳配方;用不同用量的阿拉伯胶、羧甲基纤维素钠、海藻酸钠作为稳定剂,评价最佳稳定剂。14 d内,小鼠外观、精神、行为无异常,槟榔提取物最大给药量为5.0 g/kg;槟榔饮料的最佳配方为槟榔提取物添加量0.2%,柠檬酸添加量0.05%,白砂糖添加量10%,槟榔饮料的最佳稳定剂为0.2%的阿拉伯胶。槟榔提取物安全性高,槟榔保健饮料具有槟榔的淡香味,适合大众口味。     

鹿产品护肤作用的研究

目的研究鹿产品的保湿、抗氧化和抑制酪氨酸酶活性的作用。方法以梅花鹿鹿茸、鹿胎、鹿角盘为原料,分别以75%乙醇和蒸馏水为溶剂提取,冷冻干燥得到鹿产品的提取物,考察了鹿产品各提取物的保湿作用,以酶标仪测定各样品的DPPH清除率和酪氨酸酶的抑制率。结果鹿产品在不同程度上均有一定的保湿作用,其在湿度较高的条件下保湿效果更好,具有长效的保湿作用;鹿产品对DPPH自由基的清除效果从强到弱依次顺序为鹿胎水提物鹿角盘水提物鹿茸水提物鹿茸醇提物鹿胎醇提物鹿角盘醇提物;鹿产品对酪氨酸酶有一定的抑制作用,鹿茸水提物对酪氨酸酶的抑制作用最强,IC50为31.932mg/ml,鹿茸醇提物对酪氨酸酶的抑制率较低,IC50为51.530mg/ml。结论鹿产品具有保湿、抗氧化和抑制酪氨酸酶活性的作用,具备护肤作用的相关基础活性。     

普洱茶提取物与绿茶提取物降糖功效的研究

通过整体动物模型研究比较普洱茶提取物与绿茶提取物的降糖功效。以C57BL/6J小鼠作为对照组,将遗传性糖尿病（KKAy）小鼠随机分组,分别灌胃给予普洱茶提取物与绿茶提取物4周,以空腹血糖、血糖曲线下面积作为观察指标,比较二者的药效作用;以SD雄性大鼠一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）造模糖尿病大鼠,根据初始空腹血糖值随机进行分组,连续灌胃给予普洱茶提取物与绿茶提取物4周,以空腹血糖、血糖曲线下面积和空腹血清胰岛素作为观察指标。结果显示普洱茶提取物和绿茶提取物对KKAy小鼠和STZ糖尿病模型大鼠空腹血糖均有降低作用,同时均能降低血糖曲线下面积,但是不同的是普洱茶提取物在降低动物空腹血糖和血糖曲线下面积方面要优于绿茶提取物,同时普洱茶提取物能够较模型组显著降低大鼠空腹血清胰岛素,而绿茶提取物在降低大鼠空腹血清胰岛素与模型组相比无明显差异。比较了两种茶提取物对糖尿病的体外靶酶糖醛还原酶和PTP1B的抑制作用,发现普洱茶提取物对PTP1B活性有较强的抑制作用,抑制率88.0%,绿茶提取物对该酶无抑制作用。综合实验结果表明,普洱茶提取物的降糖功效优于绿茶提取物。     

Utilization of fruit by-products for organic reducing agent in indigo dyeing

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of banana peel extract as a possible substitute for the environmentally unfavorable sodium dithionite in cellulosic fiber dyeing with indigo. Antioxidant activity and total sugar content of the banana peel extract were measured. Composition of the extract was investigated by GC/MS analysis. Its reducing power for synthetic indigo was evaluated by reduction potential measurements and dyeing tests. It was shown that the studied extract could be applied successfully in the reduction of indigo in spite of their lower reducing power when compared with that of sodium dithionite. In dyeing study, sodium dithionite showed its superiority in term of reducing power over the studied extract but the studied extract was superior stability of reduction to sodium dithionite. So, it can be concluded that banana peel extract could be a biodegradable and sustainable alternative to sodium dithionite as a reducing agent in indigo dyeing processes.     

地胆头化学成分及其生理活性的研究

研究地胆头提取液中总多酚和类黄酮含量及其生理活性。测定了不同地胆头提取液的总多酚含量、类黄酮含量及其清除DPPH自由基的能力,并比较了不同料液比的地胆头提取液对血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)的抑制率。结果表明:不同提取剂提取的地胆头总多酚和类黄酮含量不同,其中,丙酮提取液中总多酚和类黄酮含量分别为12.27 mg/g、7.50 mg/g,均高于乙醇、甲醇、水提取液中的总多酚和类黄酮含量;地胆头丙酮、甲醇、乙醇提取液对DPPH自由基的清除率分别为94.60%、93.41%、90.87%,均高于人工合成氧化剂BHT(89.15%)和地胆头水提取液(62.75%);地胆头提取液对ACE的抑制效果随着料液比的增加而越明显,其中,1∶10的料液比下,乙醇地胆头提取液对ACE抑制率达到96.67%。通过本研究得出,在地胆头乙醇、甲醇、水、丙酮4种提取液中,丙酮提取液的总多酚和类黄酮含量最高,且其抗氧化性效果最佳,乙醇地胆头提取液的抗高血压能力最强。地胆头提取液具有明显的抗氧化性和抗高血压等生理活性,在功能食品及中草药领域里具有良好的开发应用前景。     

Antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Sapium ellipticum

The stem bark extract of S. ellipticum (Hochst) Pax was investigated for its antioxidant properties in this study. The extract was evaluated for antioxidant activity in vitro in terms of its ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation and its free radical scavenging, reducing and metal chelation powers. The total amount of phenolic compounds in the extract was also determined in terms of gallic acid equivalent. The extract produced effective free radical scavenging and reducing activities in a dose dependent fashion. The extract exhibited noticeable inhibition of lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion. These activities were less than that of ascorbic acid and 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol used as positive controls. The extract however demonstrated poor iron chelating ability compared to ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid. The total phenolic content of the extract was 50.61 +/- 0.08 mg g(-1) in terms of gallic acid. This study showed that the stem bark extract of S. ellipticum exhibits significant antioxidant activity and is a good source of natural antioxidants.     

圆叶牵牛对小麦种子的化感作用研究

为了给入侵杂草圆叶牵牛的综合治理提供参考依据,采用生物测定法研究了圆叶牵牛水浸提液对三个小麦品种种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,圆叶牵牛内存在化感物质,浸提液处理降低了三个供试小麦品种的发芽率、根长、苗高、活力指数,抑制作用随浓度的升高而增强。小麦幼苗生长对浸提液反应更为敏感,浸提液对幼苗生长的抑制作用大于对种子萌发的抑制作用。相同浓度的浸提液对三个小麦品种的影响程度存在差异,石麦18抗性较强。     

棉花秸秆浸提液对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感效应

为了解棉花秸秆对小麦生长发育的化感效应,按每克秸秆粉碎物10 mL水的比例浸提制备母液(浓度记为10％),以小麦品种扬麦13为材料,研究不同浓度棉花秸秆浸提液对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,浓度低于7.0％的棉花秸秆浸提液延迟了小麦种子发芽时间,但不影响发芽率;浓度高于7.0％的浸提液不仅延迟了发芽时间,而且降低了发芽率.浸提液对小麦幼苗地上部和根系生长的影响差异较大.浓度低于1.0％的浸提液对根系生长影响较小,高于此浓度水平则抑制根系伸长和根表面积增大,增加根系膜脂过氧化程度,降低根系活力,抑制根系吸收水分和养分及其向地上部的运输能力;4.0％的浸提液促进了小麦幼苗地上部对氮、磷、钾和水分的吸收,当浸提液浓度继续升高,促进作用逐渐减弱,直至表现为抑制作用.浸提液中总酚酸含量较高,10.0％的浸提液中总酚酸含量达到124.0 mg· L-1,且总酚酸含量与种子萌发相关指标(发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数)、整株鲜重、根冠比、根系含水量、总根长、根表面积和根系活力均呈显著负相关,与根系氮、磷、钾含量、根平均直径和丙二醛含量呈显著正相关.由此推测,棉花秸秆的化感效应可能与浸提液中总酚酸含量有关,影响小麦种子萌发和幼苗对水分及养分的吸收与运输是其化感效应的主要表现.     

印楝提取物对瓜叶螟幼虫拒食活性的测定

研究6种印楝种仁提取物（编号为A，B，C，D，E，F）对瓜叶螟（Diaphania indica)幼虫的拒食活性。室内试验结果表明；印楝的6种提取物稀释10倍时，对瓜叶螟幼虫具有较强的拒食活性。24h非选择性拒食率分别为D100.0%，B96.1%,A93.2%,E87.5%,C76.5%,F66.6%；在稀释100倍时，处理后24h，提取物D对瓜叶螟幼虫具有较好的拒食作用，拒食率为96.5%,C61.6%，其他4种拒食活性较差。     

南瓜根系及根部土壤水浸液化感作用研究

以黄瓜、西瓜作受体材料,研究南瓜根系及根部土壤水浸液的化感作用。结果表明,南瓜根系及根部土壤水浸液对受体种子萌发率、萌发指数、幼苗根长、苗高和苗干重存在化感促进或抑制效应。对指标进行综合效应分析,发现南瓜根系及根部土壤水浸液化感作用呈现浓度效应及受体差异性,一定浓度水浸液处理对受体种子萌发阶段、幼苗生长阶段及整体生长有促进作用,但西瓜较黄瓜对浓度敏感,0.02 g/mL南瓜根系及根部土壤水浸液对黄瓜化感促进强度最大,0.04 g/mL处理下,表现为化感促进强度降低或微弱抑制作用;0.02和0.04 g/mL南瓜根系水浸液及0.04 g/mL根部土壤水浸液对西瓜则表现为强烈抑制现象。     

The Relationship Between D Hordein and Malting Quality in Barley

The contribution of grain protein to the malting quality of barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) was investigated by comparing the hordein composition and the malting quality in barley produced under a range of field conditions. Two malting cultivars, Schooner and Arapiles, and one feed cultivar, Galleon, were grown under five nitrogen regimes in each of two years. Hordein composition of the grain was determined at maturity using a combination of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polacrylamide gel electrophoresis and laser densitometry. Malt extract was determined on all samples after micromalting. Variation in growth conditions resulted in a wide range of grain protein contents and malt extract values, as well as variation in the proportions of the individual B, C and D hordeins in the grain. D hordein in particular varied over a 10-fold range. High levels of all protein fractions were associated with low malt extract. Total protein, as expected, displayed a strong, negative correlation with malt extract. The relationship was cultivar specific and separate regression lines were generated for each cultivar. Of the individual hordein fractions, D hordein displayed the strongest negative correlation with malt extract and its relationship to malt extract was independent of cultivar. A consistent relationship between D hordein and malt extract was observed across seasons, treatments and cultivars that was indicative of a causal relationship between D hordein and malting quality. D hordein therefore offers an alternative measurement to total protein for the prediction of malting quality over a wide range of environmental conditions and cultivars.     

辣木叶提取物对百香果生根的影响

[目的]研究辣木叶不同提取物对百香果扦插苗成活率及生根的影响,获得较好的促进百香果生根的提取物。[方法]通过水培法,以百香果插条为供试对象,研究辣木提取物的促生根活性。[结果]不同浓度提取物处理的百香果插条表现出不同的活性,培养至40 d时,均无萎蔫现象。0.5000和1.0000 g/L乙醇提取物、1.0000 g/L石油醚提取物处理的插条生根率达到100%。1.0000 g/L石油醚提取物处理插条生根数最大,达到4.45条/株;0.0625 g/L乙酸乙酯提取物处理的插条表现为最大的生根根长。[结论]为获得较高品质扦插成活苗,建议选用1.0000 g/L石油醚提取物处理插条,既可获得100%的生根率,也可获得较多的生根根数。     

茯砖茶抗腹泻效果研究

研究茯砖茶提取物对不同致泻剂所致的小鼠腹泻试验以及小鼠小肠推进试验的作用,以探讨茯砖茶对分泌性腹泻、非感染渗出性腹泻、渗透性腹泻以及小肠推进运动功能紊乱所引起腹泻的作用效果。结果显示茯砖茶提取物可降低番泻叶、蓖麻油和硫酸镁致腹泻小鼠的腹泻指数和稀便率,抑制正常小鼠及小肠运动紊乱小鼠的胃肠道推进运动且剂量间呈一定正相关的量效关系。     

普洱茶提取物对自发性高血压大鼠降压研究

采用自发高血压大鼠（SHR）进行普洱茶提取物降压功效的研究。给予普洱茶提取物0.25、0.5、1.0、2.0g/kg灌胃4周,观察动物的血压、心率、体重变化。结果显示,以普洱茶提取物1.0g/kg和2.0g/kg灌胃4周,对动物的平均动脉压、收缩压和舒张压均有降低作用,与模型组间存在显著差异（P<0.01）。普洱茶提取物0.25g/kg和0.5g/kg组动物血压较模型组没有显著性改变。普洱茶提取物2.0g/kg可提高动物的心率,有抑制其体重增长的趋势;其他剂量组动物的心率及体重增长均无显著变化。研究表明,普洱茶提取物对自发高血压大鼠具有降压作用,且具有剂量依赖性。     

普洱茶不同溶剂提取组分降脂减肥作用的比较研究

采用丙酮、水、氯仿、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇连续萃取普洱茶,旋转蒸发后冷冻干燥得到氯仿层、乙酸乙酯层、正丁醇层以及剩余水层4个主要分离组分,利用不同的组分灌胃经过肥胖造模处理的ICR小鼠,与普洱茶总水提取物和减肥药左旋肉碱进行比较,研究普洱茶不同组分对ICR肥胖小鼠的降脂减肥作用。实验结果表明,普洱茶总水提取物、乙酸乙酯萃取组分、剩余水层组分均对肥胖ICR小鼠具有很好的降脂减肥作用。其中乙酸乙酯层和剩余水层抑制脂肪累积（抑制率分别是24.7%和22.5%）的效果略差于减肥药物左旋肉碱（抑制率38.8%）,但在改善血清指标尤其是提高HDL-C水平方面（提高率为61.7%和73.4%）显著优于左旋肉碱（9.4%）,肝脏指标检测也得到了类似的结论,揭示普洱茶降脂减肥作用的主要成分可能存在于乙酸乙酯层和（或）剩余水层中。     

火炬树叶浸提液对小麦根尖细胞的遗传毒性

为了解入侵植物火炬树对小麦根尖细胞的遗传毒性,用不同浓度的火炬树叶浸提液(0.5‰、1‰、2‰、5‰、1%、3%、5%、7%、10%)处理萌发期的小麦根尖6、12、24和36h,观察其有丝分裂的变化和染色体行为的异常。结果表明,除低浓度(<2‰)浸提液外,火炬树叶浸提液对小麦根尖细胞产生了明显的毒害作用。随着处理浓度的升高和处理时间的延长,有丝分裂指数逐渐降低,同时诱发了微核、多核和染色体畸变的出现,畸变率随处理浓度的提高和处理时间的延长而逐渐升高。     

Antibacterial activity of the fruits of Iranian Torilis leptophylla against some clinical pathogens

The aim of this study was to examine the antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of Torilis leptophylla was tested on eleven bacteria (Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus licheniformis, Brucella melitensis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Bordetella bronshiseptica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Tested extract was effective against all bacteria but not B. subtilis. Consequently, the ethanolic extract had antibacterial activity on some pathogens thus confirming their use in folk medicine.     

假蒟中胡椒碱的分离鉴定及杀虫活性研究

为进一步探讨假蒟的杀虫活性成分,采用生物活性示踪法从假蒟乙醇提取物中分离纯化出1种活性成分,其化学结构经MS、1H NMR、13C NMR分析鉴定为胡椒碱。以螺旋粉虱为供试对象,采用叶片浸渍法测试胡椒碱及假蒟乙醇提取物对螺旋粉虱成虫和若虫的毒杀活性及杀卵作用,结果表明：胡椒碱及乙醇提取物对螺旋粉虱成虫和若虫均具有很好的杀虫活性,对成虫LC50值分别为28.59、224.31 mg/L,对若虫的LC50值分别为65.91、336.68 mg/L,胡椒碱对成虫的毒力优于若虫,与对照药剂印楝素无显著性差异;其杀虫活性明显高于假蒟乙醇提取物;胡椒碱及乙醇提取物有一定的杀卵作用,但作用方式有所不同,胡椒碱对初孵幼虫有较高的致死率,而假蒟乙醇提取物则明显影响螺旋粉虱卵的孵化。     

Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Lavandula officinalis on nicotine-induced convulsion in mice

Epilepsy an important CNS (central nervous system) problem that about 1% of world's population suffer of it. The aim of study was to evaluate of anticonvulsant effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Lavandula officinalis. In this study, anticonvulsant activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Lavandula officinalis (L. officinalis) was studied against chemoconvulsant-induced seizures in male mice. Lavandula officinalis (100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg kg(-1)), diazepam (0.15 mg kg(-1)) and normal saline (10 mL kg(-1)) were injected intraperitoneally, respectively in different groups of mice, 30 min before nicotine (5 mg kg(-) i.p.). The onset time intensity and duration of convulsions and the percentage of death were recorded. Also the time-response (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 min before nicotine injection) for most effective dose of plant extract (600 mg kg(-1)) was investigated. The results showed that hydroalcoholic extract of Lavandula officinalis had anticonvulsant effect. The most effective dose of plant extract was 600 mg kg(-1). In time-response study for the most effective dose of extract (600 mg kg(-1)), the onset, duration and intensity of convulsion significantly (p < 0.05) increased, decreased and decreased, respectively for all tested times. The best response observed in 30, 45 and 60 min. The results showed significant anticonvulsant effect for hydroalcoholic extract of Lavandula.     

Separation of particles from ethanol/maize extracts: An inexpensive alternative to centrifugation

An important aspect of extraction using an organic solvent that is often ignored in many laboratory scale studies is thorough solvent recovery. Although most of the solvent can be recovered with a centrifuge, the solvent left on the ‘dry’ stream must be evaporated. A custom built pilot-scale settling tank was used to separate maize particles from ethanol extracts into water with little dilution of the extract liquid. The larger particles that settled in the first one-fourth of the tank were carried out by a continuous water flow 76 cm below the extract layer. The large particles had 80% higher protein mass fraction than the smaller particles that collected in the bottom of the settling tank downstream from the extract inlet. Water flow was confined to the bottom of the tank and extracted particles were prevented from accumulating in the settling tank with a much lower water/extract flow rate ratio than needed for a smaller settling tank. The mass ratio of entrained extract liquid/settled solids (0.5) was one-half that observed in previous methods using smaller tanks. This is caused by a more stable extract/water interface. The yield from finer, 1 mm meal, was slightly lower than 2 mm meal and increased extract liquid entrainment. Consequently, the 2 mm particle size is the minimum that should be used with this process.