乳源木莲天然林群落结构特征研究

本文利用Simpson指数、Shannon-wiener指数、种间均匀度指数及Margalef指数作多样性指标,运用扩散系数、扩散指标等聚集度指标对乳源木莲种群的空间分布格局进行了研究。同时,对该种群分布格局的动态规律及趋势进行了探讨。结果表明:乳源木莲天然林群落物种比较丰富,群落处在以乳源木莲、拉氏栲等为优势种的进展演替中,群落的主要建群种乳源木莲在空间上属聚集分布(此分布型将在相当长的时间内保持相对稳定状态),乳源木莲正处于成熟种群,可作为天然林更新的主要保护树种。     

乳源木莲天然群落结构特征研究

以沙县青州镇板山村乳源木莲天然林为研究对象,测定群落各层树种的重要值;利用Simpson指数、Shannon_wiener指数、种间均匀度指数及Margalef指数作多样性指标;运用扩散系数C、扩散指标Iδ等七种聚集度指标,对乳源木莲种群的空间分布格局进行研究。同时,采用曲仲湘五级分类法划分种群动态,并对种群分布格局的动态规律及趋势进行了探讨。结果表明:乳源木莲天然林群落物种比较丰富,优势种群作用明显,群落处在以乳源木莲、拉氏栲等为优势种的进展演替中。群落的主要建群种乳源木莲在空间上属聚集分布,正处于成熟种群,可作为天然林更新的主要保护树种。     

北京山区天然次生林群落结构与种群分布格局研究——以雾灵山自然保护区为例

在北京雾灵山自然保护区天然次生林内,设置了2个有代表性的固定标准地,应用相邻格子法获得野外调查资料,进行优势种群结构和空间分布格局的研究。结果表明：（1）以山杨为优势种群的群落Ⅰ和以蒙椴为优势种群的群落Ⅱ年龄结构呈塔型,群落高度结构呈“L”型,幼苗相当丰富,天然更新能力强。（2）山杨种群、白桦种群、黑桦种群均为衰退种群,蒙椴种群表现为增长型种群。（3）在分布格局上,不同群落优势种群均呈集群分布,白桦伴生种群呈随机分布,黑桦种群在不同群落中分布格局差异较大。不同群落在整体上呈集群分布,但不同发育阶段,分布格局有所差异,幼树和中树阶段为集群分布,中树阶段显示出扩散的趋势,大树阶段为随机分布,这种差异与其生物学和生态学特性及物种的竞争有密切联系。     

北京山区天然次生林群落结构与种群分布格局研究——以雾灵山自然保护区为例

在北京雾灵山自然保护区天然次生林内,设置了2个有代表性的固定标准地,应用相邻格子法获得野外调查资料,进行优势种群结构和空间分布格局的研究。结果表明:(1)以山杨为优势种群的群落I和以蒙椴为优势种群的群落II年龄结构呈塔型,群落高度结构呈"L"型,幼苗相当丰富,天然更新能力强。(2)山杨种群、白桦种群、黑桦种群均为衰退种群,蒙椴种群表现为增长型种群。(3)在分布格局上,不同群落优势种群均呈集群分布,白桦伴生种群呈随机分布,黑桦种群在不同群落中分布格局差异较大。不同群落在整体上呈集群分布,但不同发育阶段,分布格局有所差异,幼树和中树阶段为集群分布,中树阶段显示出扩散的趋势,大树阶段为随机分布,这种差异与其生物学和生态学特性及物种的竞争有密切联系。     

图里河白桦群落结构及其物种多样性研究

对大兴安岭中部图里河育林林场白桦群落的树种组成、胸径、树高、白桦种群的分布格局及其物种多样性进行了研究.结果表明:(1)图里河白桦群落的树种组成简单,群落Ⅰ有白桦和山杨两种乔木树种,群落Ⅱ为白桦纯林,群落Ⅲ有白桦、山杨、兴安落叶松和朝鲜柳四种乔木树种.群落Ⅱ的林分密度最大,为1 760株/hm2.群落Ⅲ的林分密度最小,为1 660株/hm2.(2)白桦群落的胸径和树高分布清晰她反映了群落的水平和垂直结构.胸径呈载尾正态分布、偏正态分布及双峰山状分布;树高呈负偏态分布和单峰山状分布.(3)白桦群落的种群分布格局均为聚集分布,聚集程度大小顺序为群落Ⅱ＞群落Ⅲ＞群落Ⅰ.(4)白桦群落物种数分布范围为15～18种.白桦群落的丰富度指数、多样性指数即Simpson指数(D)和Shannon-Wiener指数(H')均表现为群落Ⅲ＞群落Ⅰ＞群落Ⅱ,由群落的垂直结构可知,物种丰富度和多样性指数均为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层,群落Ⅲ表现为草本层＞乔木层＞灌木层.     

闽西北天然杉阔混交林杉木及其伴生树种种群动态研究

采用立木级存活数据、存活曲线以及数量动态等方法对闽西北天然杉阔混交林杉木及其伴生树种木荷和丝栗栲的种群动态进行研究。结果表明，木荷和丝栗栲种群立木级结构齐全，属于成熟种群，林下幼苗和幼树较多，属于增长种群；杉木种群立木级结构齐全，属于成熟种群，林下幼苗和小树数量较少，属于衰退种群。     

人为干扰对常绿阔叶林主要种群分布格局的影响

通过对甜槠群落几个主要种群甜槠、深山含笑、木荷、赤楠分布格局的研究,探讨常绿阔叶林在受到人为干扰后的种群变化动态。结果表明,当群落受不同程度外界扰动后,各种群分布格局呈不同的变化趋势。人为干扰强度越大,甜槠、深山含笑的聚集性越强,而木荷、赤楠的聚集性则下降。在低立木级上,轻度干扰更有利于形成种群的集群分布特征;在中间立木级上,随立木级的增大,种子萌发和萌条能力强的树种分布格局趋势是以重度干扰群落中的聚集性更强;在高立木级上,各种群的分布格局均呈随机分布。     

北京山区天然次生林种群空间分布的点格局分析——以雾灵山自然保护区为例

 根据北京雾灵山自然保护区1hm²天然次生林样地调查结果,采用点格局分析方法,对群落内的主要种群在不同尺度下的空间分布格局及其相互关系进行了研究。结果表明:1)雾灵山天然次生林单种格局在较大尺度范围内都呈显著的集群分布,个别种群在尺度r<3m和r>48 m时,呈随机分布;2)主要种群分布格局在0～50m尺度范围内,均达到了最大聚集强度,不同种群出现最大聚集强度和最大聚集规模的空间尺度差异较大,聚集强度大小顺序为蒙椴>黑桦>山杨>白桦,单种格局的最大聚集规模顺序为山杨>蒙椴>黑桦>白桦;3)树种之间存在着种间关联,负关联种对比率较大,树种间竞争激烈,群落组成和结构不稳定,处于植被演替的初期向演替中期过渡的阶段。     

毛乌素沙地羊柴种群点格局分析

在宁夏盐池毛乌素沙地,分别在固定沙地和半固定沙地设立一块50 m×50 m典型样地,应用Ripley’s K函数的双变量点格局分析方法,对飞播条件下羊柴种群的点格局进行研究。结果表明:羊柴种群的空间分布格局与植株大小及生境2种因素关系密切,随着羊柴植株形体的增大,其集聚强度加强;对于羊柴种群的空间关联性,随着2个大小级的形体大小差异减小,它们的空间正关联关系将加强;半固定沙地上的羊柴种群及其各大小级与固定沙地相比更趋向于集群分布,同时各大小级之间的空间正关联也更明显;移植羊柴时,应尽量将其栽种成集聚分布形式,以提高植被成活率。     

大明山天坪采伐区天然次生林优势树种种群结构及动态初步研究

本文对广西大明山天坪采伐区天然次生林中９个优势树种种群结构和动态进行了研究。结果表明：１．次生林的优势种群为罗浮栲、拟赤杨、大果蜡瓣花、光叶石栎、粗皮桦和毛桂等；２．不同树种种群的大小结构类型明显不同，常绿树种种群属增长型和稳定型，而落叶树种种群属于始衰型和中衰型；３．罗浮栲、拟赤杨、千年桐、光叶石栎和羊角杜鹃的种群分布格局趋于随机型，而大果蜡瓣花、毛桂、长叶木姜子和粗皮桦种群趋于集群分布；４．种群分布格局随大小结构变化具有由集群型向随机型过渡的倾向。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

Changes in the structure of the rhizosphere complex of actinomycetes in the ontogenesis of winter rye

Changes in the taxonomic structure of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) growing on acid soddy-podzolic soil were studied. During the first stages of ontogenesis of winter rye, the rhizosphere complex of mycelial prokaryotes was characterized by a relatively level generic structure (with respect to the indices of abundance and frequency of particular genera), low values of the species diversity, and low domination frequency of the species from the Streptomyces genus. The numbers and species diversity of the streptomycetes increased during the further growth of the winter rye, so that streptomycetes became a dominant group in the complex of the rhizosphere actinomycetes. According to the two-way ANOVA, the population density of the Micromonospora and the Streptosporangium genera in the rhizosphere was mainly dictated by the winter rye variety, whereas the population density of the streptomycetes depended on the particular stage of the winter rye development. The differences between the actinomycetal complexes characteristic of different varieties of winter rye at the early stages of its development was leveled by the end of the winter rye growth.     

Evolution of forest pedogenesis in the south of the forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland in the Late Holocene

The Late Holocene stage of forest pedogenesis has been studied on the interfluves along river valleys in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The development of gray forest soils from the former chernozems as a result of the Late Holocene advance of forest vegetation over steppes is discussed. It is argued that the climatic conditions of the Subatlantic period were unstable, so that multiple alternation of forest and steppe vegetation communities took place. This specified a complex character of soil evolution upon contrasting substitution of forest pedogenesis for steppe pedogenesis. On the interfluves near the natural drainage network (balkas, ravines, and steep slopes of river valleys), the climate-driven dynamics of forest and steppe vegetation with corresponding changes in the character of pedogenesis could take place during the entire Holocene, which is reflected in a lower thickness of humus profiles and deeper leaching of carbonates from chernozems of the Early Iron Age in comparison with their analogues formed under steppe cenoses in central parts of the interfluves. Two variants of the evolution of gray forest soils can be suggested: the pulsating evolution typical of balkas and interfluves near river valleys and the continuous progressive evolution typical of automorphic (plakor) positions in central parts of the interfluves.     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

论图书馆数字馆藏资源建设中亟待解决的问题

论述数字馆藏的产生、概念和特点,分析数字馆藏资源建设中存在的问题,探讨数字馆藏资源建设中应采取的策略。     

Variations in the composition of the sap of zea mays with the increase in osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution

The alterations are studied which are produced in the content of mineral elements and organic fractions of sap with the increase in the osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution at levels of 2.0; 3.5 and 5.0 atm., obtained through the addition to the nutritive solution either of magnesium sulphate or PEG‐4000.

Through the effect of the osmotic pressure, the transformations are modified of the nitrogen and mineral phosphorus at organic fractions experience a series of modifications which produce different values in the Nm%TSN and Pm%TSP ratios with respect to control. Through action of the specific effect of magnesium sulphate, the reducing sugars concentrations in sap having an important increase.     

Seasonal changes in the communities of microorganisms and algae in the litters of tree plantations in the steppe zone

Specific structural and dynamic parameters of communities from various ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms and algae in the litter of artificial tree stands were studied using the example of the Staro-Berdyansky Forest in the steppe zone of Ukraine. The composition of the communities was shown to vary by seasons and depend on the forest-forming woody species. In spring, in all the litters, the maximal number of actinomycetes and aminotrophs was recorded; in the leaf litter, the number of phosphate-mobilizing organisms was also the largest. In summer, the development of cellulolytic organisms, ammonifiers, and nitrogen-fixers was intensified; in autumn, the number of micromycetes and oligotrophic organisms decreased. The composition of dominants, the species richness of algae and their abundance also varied by seasons. Representatives of the Chlorophyta division predominated. The highest species richness of algae was characteristic of the spring litter samples, and their number, for the spring and autumn ones. The positive correlation was established between the numbers of micromycetes and oligotrophs, micromycetes and algae. The negative correlation was found between the numbers of micromycetes and actinomycetes, cellulose-decompose bacteria and algae in the litters.     

Changes in the physical properties of soils in the Kamennaya Steppe under the impact of shelterbelts

The physical properties of ordinary chernozems and meadow-chernozemic soils under different land management practices (maple, larch, birch, and pine sections of the shelterbelts; continuous (since 1959) fallow; and arable field (since 1952)) were studied in the Kamennaya Steppe. The soils had favorable physicochemical properties, light clayey texture, and high microaggregation independently from the type of land management. The long-term impact of the shelterbelts improved the soil structure in the upper part of the humus horizon: the content of agronomically valuable aggregates increased, the content of coarse aggregates (>10 mm) decreased, the aggregation coefficient increased by 3.7–4.3 times, and the water stability of the aggregates became by 8–12% higher. The soils under the shelterbelts were characterized by minimum values of the bulk density and solid phase density and by maximum values of the total, active, and air porosities. At the same time, no considerable differences between water reserves in the studied range of soils were detected. The ratio of the optimum productive water range to the active (productive) water range (OPWR/AWR) within the upper soil meter varied from 0.42–0.44 to 0.45–0.54. This points to changes in the character of perched water: the content of intra-aggregate capillary-perched water decreases, and content of film perched water increases down the soil profile.     

近50年博斯腾湖水位变化特征分析

以干旱区博斯腾湖为研究对象,依据博斯腾湖1956—2012年期间的水位监测数据,采用小波分析及MannKendall(M-K)趋势检验等统计学方法,揭示了近50a博斯腾湖水位变化趋势及规律。结果显示:博斯腾湖1956—2012年水位变化分为3个阶段下降(1956—1987年)—上升(1988—2002年)—下降(2003—2012年),其中1956—1987年水位下降了3.39m;1988—2002年上升了3.7m;2003—2012年再次下降了3.21m。水位总体上呈现出显著的下降趋势,且通过了α=0.05时的显著性检验。就其周期性变化规律而言,博斯腾湖水位存在18a的主周期,而38a的周期由于水位资料序列有限难以确定,需要更长的资料序列进行分析验证。     

稳定同位素在植物源性农产品产地溯源研究进展

产地溯源是保护农产品品牌及地区特色产品、防止欺诈、保护消费者权益的有效保障。稳定同位素指纹分析是用于食品产地溯源的有效技术之一,具有高效、准确、可靠的特点。本文系统分析了近5年来,稳定同位素指纹分析技术在植物源性初级农产品、加工农产品溯源中的应用以及稳定同位素在食品加工过程中分馏变化的研究进展。在此基础上,展望了今后稳定同位素在植物源性农产品产地溯源中的研究重点和发展方向。