温室土壤-植物-环境连续体水热运移研究进展

温室栽培是节水增产的有效措施 ,对温室土壤植物环境连续体 (SPEC)水热运移的研究有助于弄清温室系统内水热的收支、运移与转化规律 ,可为温室环境控制和节水、增产和降耗提供有力的理论基础。指出了该领域的研究现状和急需解决的问题     

温室土壤—植物—环境连续体水热运移研究进展

温室栽培是节水增产的有效措施，对温室土壤－植物－环境连续体（SPEC）水热运移的研究有助于弄清温室系统内水热的收支、运移与转化规律，可为温室环境控制和节水、增产和降耗提供有力的理论基础。指出了该领域的研究现状和急需解决的问题。     

冻融土壤水热迁移与作用机理研究

季节性冻融土壤的水热变异及空间迁移过程是一个复杂的动力学系统,冻融土壤水热系统作为自然界能量循环的重要环节,在水资源、环境、能源以及人类工程等方面占有极其重要的地位,详细探求冻融土壤的水热扩散机理,准确地掌握土壤的水热迁移状况,对于科学合理的制定春播制度具有深远的影响。以高效利用冻土资源、提高农业经济、改善生态环境为宗旨,在总结国内外研究成果的基础上,阐述了土壤冻融交替的物理过程、冻层水分入渗、热量传导、土壤溶质的转化过程以及工程冻害防治,概括了冻融土壤的水热分布对于地表环境改变以及气候因子差异的响应机制,进而从机理上对冻融土壤特征参数、水热耦合动态模拟及预测模型进行了论述。同时,提出了冻融土壤结构多尺度结合、土壤覆被联合体间反演、统计模型与随机模型并行的研究思路,旨在为寒旱区季节性冻土水热循环、水热平衡研究以及科学合理的指导农业生产提供借鉴。     

基于多目标遗传算法反求土壤的扩散率与导水率

土壤水热耦合运移的数学模型是研究土壤中水分迁移及其热量传输的重要依据,而准确地确定土壤的扩散率与导水率是进行研究的重要前提.为此,在水热耦合运移方程的理论基础上,以温度误差、含水率误差最小为目标建立数学模型;在不同初始含水率的土柱冻结试验条件下,利用多目标遗传算法优化反求土壤的扩散率与导水率,通过验证表明计算结果具有较好的精度.     

华北冬小麦-夏玉米农田水分动态模拟研究

冬小麦-夏玉米连作是华北地区主要的粮食作物种植模式。根据华北季节性冻土区的特点,将全年划分为作物生长期与越冬期,分别建立了作物生长条件下农田水分运移模型、冻融条件下土壤水热运移模型。前一模型主要包括参照腾发量计算、腾发量分配、作物根系吸水、土壤表面蒸发、土壤水分特征参数和土壤水分运动等子模型;后一模型主要包括冻土水热耦舍迁移、地气水热交换等子模型。应用以上模型对冬小麦-夏玉米连作条件下的土壤水分过程进行模拟,根据北京永乐店试验资料对模型进行检验。模拟了不同降水水平年、不同灌溉处理下的农田灌溉制度及土壤水分过程,分析了降水、灌溉对农田蒸散、土壤水利用、深层渗漏等的影响。     

不同秸秆覆盖厚度下季节性冻融土壤的水热运移规律模拟研究

运用水热耦合模型(SHAW)对秸秆覆盖厚度为5、10、15、20和30 cm下的季节性冻土中的水热迁移进行了模拟。结果表明:模型对土壤水分模拟效果较好,模拟期土壤水分模拟的标准误差RMSE为0.003～0.08 m~3/m~3。由于表层土壤易受外界气象条件变化的影响,模型对土壤温度模拟结果误差相对较大,但误差处于合理范围内。使用率定好的SHAW模型对秸秆覆盖厚度大于30 cm下的土壤水热运移进行了模拟预测,模拟结果表明当秸秆覆盖厚度≥45 cm时,秸秆覆盖下的土壤水热运移基本不受外界影响。     

饱和-非饱和土壤中溶质的溶解-结晶二相模型初探

目前溶质运移的模型主要采用水动力弥散方程来实现,但水动力弥散方程不能考虑到溶解在地下水中的溶质因为溶解-沉淀作用形成结晶而积聚在土壤中的事实,这部分结晶相溶质不能直接通过水动力弥散作用而随地下水迁移。将土壤中的溶质分解成溶解相溶质和结晶相溶质,试图对溶质在随地下水-土壤水分运动而迁移,并同步沉积、释放的动态变化过程进行定量化的描述,建立起更为合理的地下水中溶质迁移和积聚的动态数学模型。     

地表滴灌条件下水热耦合迁移数值模拟与验证

土壤水热分布状况是作物优质高产的关键环境条件之一，基于土壤水、热运动基本方程，结合地表滴灌水分运动特点，建立了地表滴灌水、热运移数学模型，利用HYDRUS-2D软件对构建的数学模型进行了数值求解，并对数值模拟得到的土壤水热值与田间实测数值进行了对比验证。结果表明， 所构建的数学模型对地表滴灌条件下的土壤水分运动和土壤温度变化及分布的动态变化具有较好的模拟效果；当土壤、气象以及灌水资料等可知时，利用该数学模型可以较准确地预测地表滴灌条件下水热耦合迁移与分布规律，模型可用来适时监测和调控地表滴灌条件下作物生长所需的土壤水、热环境条件。此外，数值模拟值和实测结果都显示，地表滴灌条件下上层土壤的水分和温度值较下层土壤易受到土壤蒸发和大气温度剧烈波动的影响。     

基于温度示踪法的典型农渠渠道渗漏模拟研究

以渠道渗漏土壤水动态及热伴生机理为理论基础,利用热示踪技术,选取内蒙古河套灌区典型农渠开展野外监测、原位热示踪试验,利用温度示踪结果定性分析渠系渗漏过程。利用二维水热运移数值模型VS2D对渠道渗漏条件下饱和/非饱和土壤的水热迁移过程进行模拟,反演出试验区粉砂壤土和砂壤土的饱和水力传导度分别为0.025 m/d和0.6 m/d。通过静水试验数据对模型进行验证,结果表明,温度模拟值和实测值的平均均方根差(RMSE)和平均相对误差(MRE)分别为1.6℃和2.5%,累积入渗量实测值与模拟值的相对误差为2.4%,模拟结果与实际监测数据吻合较好。研究结果表明,温度信号可用来对渠系的渗漏状况进行示踪和监测,VS2D模型模拟土壤水热运移的结果能够为灌区的渠道渗漏问题提供科学依据,可为我国北方旱区灌区水资源的管理以及渠系节水改造工程提供一定的理论和技术支持。     

塑料薄膜覆盖时土壤内水热传输模拟

建立了一个包括土壤层、塑膜覆盖物、植物冠层和大气边界层的系统,系统中的各层进行了能量平衡计算。并根据Ｐｈｉｌｉｐ和ＤｅＶｒｉｅｓ提出的土壤水热运移耦合方程,开发了预测塑膜覆盖下土壤水热运移的一维模型。采用该模型进行了十天的模拟计算,模拟结果与实测的土壤温度及负压剖面吻合较好     

冬季田间水热状况的数值模拟

根据土壤冻结过程中水热迁移的基本方程，推导了土壤水热耦合方程，改进了冻结条件下土壤水热迁移问题的求解方法。用该模型模拟了室内土柱冻结试验，模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好，同时计算速度较快。根据地表能量平衡原理、微气象学理论，建立了冻结条件下土壤蒸发模型，将其作为土壤水热迁移的上边界条件，模拟了北京永乐店试验站冬小麦试区１９９５～１９９６年越冬期（１９９５．１２．０１～１９９６．０２．２９共３个月）土壤的冻融过程，模拟结果与实测值基本符合。在模拟过程中，采用有限差分法求解土壤水热运动方程，水、热方程的上边界分别为第二、三类边界。根据模拟结果，分析了越冬期土壤水热状况的变化规律     

A simulation model of water dynamics in winter wheat field and its application in a semiarid region

Many models for water flow in cropped soil contain parameters such as rooting density, root permeability, and root water potential. Usually these parameters are chosen by trial-and-error method and direct measurements are difficult and impractical in some cases. This study presents a simulation model capable of analyzing water transport dynamics in a soil–plant–atmosphere continuum (SPAC). This model is developed by combining an existing mathematical model for soil water flow, a modified transpiration model taking into account of the air pressure and diurnal changes of the extinction coefficient of crop canopies, and a new simple model for root water uptake. Using data from lysimeters in a field experiment carried out on a wheat crop, we also developed two new empirical equations for the estimation of total canopy resistance and soil evaporation.We then applied the model for 2 years (1990–1991, 1991–1992) on winter wheat in a semiarid area of northwest China. Required parameters, particularly soil hydraulic and crop parameters, were determined by field and laboratory tests. Outputs from the simulation were in good agreement with the independent field measurements of seasonal changes in soil water content, canopy transpiration, surface evaporation, and root water uptake along the soil profile. In addition, this simulation agreed well with the actual measurements of seasonal crop water consumption and soil water balance among the treatments for different irrigation amounts.     

Simulation of heat and water transfer in a surface irrigated, cropped sandy soil

Field experiments were conducted to validate a one-dimensional numerical Simple Soil Plant Atmospheric Transfer (SiSPAT) model that simulates heat and water transfer through the root zone of a surface irrigated, cropped sandy soil. The model accounts for the dominant processes involved in water and heat transfer in a cropped soil. Model validation used field experimental data from 2004 and suggested that the SiSPAT model could be successfully applied to predict soil water and temperature dynamics of a cropped soil in experimental conditions. Validation resulted in high values of model efficiency (ME), and low values of root mean square deviation (RMSD) and mean bias error (MBE) between the simulated and measured values. Model predictions were obtained using field experimental data from 2005 and showed that the SiSPAT model reproduced reasonably well the experimental distributions of soil moisture and temperature. Minor discrepancies between the predicted and measured data during the prediction period can probably be attributed to the uncertainties in soil water content and soil temperature probe measurements. In addition, the influence of irrigation water temperature on water and heat transfer was ignored in the model. This could have contributed to deviations between the simulated and measured values during the experiment. Prediction results indicated that the variability of the water and heat transfer fluxes following a surface irrigation in different stages of the crop (wheat) growth season resulted from the difference in net radiation reaching the cropped soil due to the varying shielding factor as controlled by leaf area index (LAI), root water uptake, meteorological conditions and soil water regime. Furthermore, an interaction between water and heat transfer through the root zone in the cropped soil could be observed during the prediction period.     

土壤水热迁移问题的混合有限元法

基于土壤水动力学理论以及传热学理论建立了水热耦合的数学模型 ,采用混合有限元法对其求解 ,同时求得水压、水分通量 ,温度分布以及热通量。为农业工程设计提供依据     

Effects of the micro-scale advection on the soil water movement in micro-irrigated fields

The objective of this study was to explore the soil water dynamics under micro-advective conditions. A numerical model was introduced to estimate the airflow turbulence generated by the crop canopy. The vapor pressure and air temperature in the vicinity of the soil surface were estimated from the wind velocity predicted by this model. The energy budget on the soil surface was estimated using wind velocity, vapor pressure, and air temperature simulated by numerical models. The soil water content and temperature were predicted using the simulation model describing the water and heat transfer in soil. Using the energy budget, the accuracy of this model was experimentally verified using a wind tunnel. Spatial changes of the soil water content simulated by this model were reproduced by the experiment. This indicated that the numerical model for estimating the soil water movement under micro-scale advection considering the crop body was satisfactory.     

降雨入渗补给量计算的数值模拟方

基于土壤水运动的物理过程，提出了降雨入渗补给地下水的计算模型。该模型以超渗产流和蓄满产流的混合产流模式计算地表产流量，以双层土壤蒸发模式和植物蒸散发机制计算蒸散发量，并在考虑大孔隙对土壤水运动影响的基础上，采用一维土壤水运动分层计算模型模拟土壤水运动。利用零通量面法确定非饱和土壤渗透系数、土壤水分率定模型其它参数。利用江苏徐州汉王水文试验站蒸渗仪实测资料对模型计算的入渗补给量进行了检验，结果表明，模型可以较好地模拟以土壤水运动为核心的水文过程及降雨入渗补给量。     

冬小麦生长及根系吸氮的动态模拟研究

建立了冬小麦生长、根系吸氮耦合模拟模型。冬小麦生长动态受到气象、土壤水分、氮肥等外界因素和作物吸氮能力等内在因素的影响 ,而作物吸氮量与干物质增长量和土壤水分、氮肥条件也有着密切的关系。模拟结果表明 :该模型能够较好的反映冬小麦生长动态、叶面积指数变化及作物吸氮过程