寒亭区主要甜樱桃品种果实品质比较研究

作者以当地种植合作社主栽的8个甜樱桃品种‘红灯’‘美早’‘布鲁克斯’‘萨米脱’‘黄蜜’‘先锋’‘雷尼’‘拉宾斯’为试验材料,分析测定其单果重、硬度、可食率、出汁率、可溶性固形物含量、总酸含量、总糖含量、维生素C含量及固酸比9项指标。结果表明,8个甜樱桃品种均能在寒亭区开花结实,且坐果率高,果实品质好,产量高,经济效益好。各品种之间果实品质存在差异:单果重,‘萨米脱’‘美早’表现突出,‘先锋’‘拉宾斯’果较小;可食率,‘萨米脱’‘美早’‘布鲁克斯’‘雷尼’‘红灯’均表现突出,‘黄蜜’最低;出汁率,‘美早’‘红灯’‘萨米脱’‘黄蜜’‘雷尼’均表现突出,‘布鲁克斯’最低;果实硬度,‘布鲁克斯’‘先锋’‘美早’高,‘雷尼’‘黄蜜’低;可溶性固形物含量,‘美早’‘红灯’‘萨米脱’高,‘雷尼’‘黄蜜’低。供试的8个甜樱桃品种均表现较好,可在寒亭区种植,‘美早’‘红灯’‘萨米脱’综合性状表现好于其他品种,可重点推广;‘先锋’综合表现略差,‘布鲁克斯’裂果较明显,不建议扩大推广。     

The Effect of Total Anthocyanins Extracted From Sweet Cherry Cultivars on Carbonic Anhydrases and Antioxidant Activity

Total anthocyanins were extracted from eleven sweet cherry cultivars grown in Sakarya, Turkey. In vitro inhibition effects of extracted total anthocyanins on purified carbonic anhydrase I and II were investigated by using CO₂ as a substrate. The results showed that all extracted total anthocyanins inhibited the hCA I and hCA II enzyme activities. Among all cultivars, ‘Merton Premier’ was found to be the most active one against both hCA I (IC₅₀?=?0.83?µg/mL) and hCA II (IC₅₀?=?1.16?µg/mL). Additionally, the DPPH activities of the extracts were investigated as antioxidant properties. The results exhibited that ‘Churchill’ and ‘Merton Premier’ have high antioxidant activity with 74.102% and 73.503% DPPH activity, respectively.

     

持续低温胁迫下甜樱桃枝条电导率变化研究

用电导法测定了5个甜樱桃和1个酸樱桃的枝条细胞在经历持续低温胁迫的过程中电解质渗出率(即电导率)的变化,研究了5个甜樱桃品种的抗寒性。结果表明:所有樱桃品系的枝条细胞在接受持续-20℃低温胁迫处理过程中,细胞电解质渗出率先升高后降低,即细胞在接受临界致死温度附近的低温胁迫过程中,在一定的较短时间内细胞的自身恢复能力会快速提高。比较各品种之间电解渗出率的相对大小与分析细胞自身恢复能力情况得出,酸樱桃CAB、红艳和龙冠的抗寒力相对较强,是抗寒性较强品系、品种,红蜜、红灯和茉莉抗寒力相对较弱,是抗寒性较弱品种。     

甜樱桃温室栽培技术研究

通过品种比较试验,筛选出适宜温室栽培的主栽品种为红灯和拉宾斯,授粉品种为红艳或佳红.测定出不同品种低温需求量,确定了花芽分化时期,适宜的栽植密度、树形和摘心长度等温室栽培的关键技术,并提出了解决温室甜樱桃隔年结果的有效措施.     

四倍体甜樱桃矮化砧木新品种‘矮杰’

甜樱桃四倍体矮化砧木‘矮杰’（原代号LBS）是从‘吉塞拉6’（Prunus cerasus × P. canescens）六倍体的实生后代中选育出，与绝大多数甜樱桃品种嫁接亲和性良好，嫁接口光滑，无大小脚现象，平均嫁接成活率87.3%。以其为砧木嫁接的甜樱桃‘萨米脱’定植翌年始花，4年丰产，比乔化砧嫁接树早丰产3 ~ 5年。以‘矮杰’为砧木的‘萨米脱’甜樱桃定植后4年，其分枝数量、树高、干周和冠径均大于‘吉塞拉6’砧的‘萨米脱’，平均株产高24.3%。     

甜樱桃果实果肉Ca~(2+)质量浓度变化规律及其与裂果的关系

通过对拉宾斯(Lapins),滨库(Bing)和红丰(Hongfeng)3个抗裂性不同的甜樱桃(Prunus avium L.)品种进行果实发育期外源补钙处理,研究了甜樱桃果实整个发育过程中果肉Ca2+质量浓度变化规律,及其对甜樱桃裂果的影响。结果表明,1)拉宾斯果实在成熟后期果肉Ca2+质量浓度呈稳定的上升趋势,而滨库和红丰在果实成熟期果肉Ca2+质量浓度则呈下降趋势。2)外源补钙处理可明显提高果实中的钙含量,所有处理的果实在整个发育过程中果肉Ca2+质量浓度都明显高于对照,其中拉宾斯比对照高12%、比滨库高13%、比红丰高40%。3)在裂果试验中,高抗裂品种拉宾斯对于外源补钙不敏感,叶面补钙处理后裂果率由7%降为4%;而抗裂性较差的滨库和红丰则非常敏感,裂果率滨库由49%降为28%、红丰由92%降为60%,证明果肉Ca2+质量浓度的提高可明显降低果实裂果率。     

Determining the S-genotypes of several sweet cherry cultivars based on PCR-RFLP analysis

Summary

Based on the cDNA sequences encoding sweet cherry self-incompatibility associated ribonucleases (S-RNases), a PCR-based S-allele typing system for sweet cherry cultivars has been recently developed. Using this technique, we determined S-genotypes of the three newly released Japanese cvs Kouka-Nishiki, Beni-Sayaka and Beni-Shuho and one British cv Merton Glory that was classified as a Universal Donor, which is able to be used as a pollen donor for all cultivars in pollen incompatibility groups I to XIII. Furthermore, we also determined the partial sequences of the S-RNase genes of ‘Rainier’ (S¹S⁴)‘ and ‘Sato-Nishiki (S³S⁶)’,which leads to the development of a more reliable S-allele identification method of PCR-RFLP for sweet cherry cultivars. Total DNA isolated from leaves of the four cultivars along with those from ten cultivars with known S-genotypes were PCR amplified with two sets of primers that were designed from DNA sequences encoding the signal peptide (Pru-T2) and two conserved domains (Pru-C2 and Pru-C4R) of sweet cherry S-RNases. By comparing the size of PCR products on agarose gel, the 5-genotypes of ‘Kouka-Nishiki’, ‘Beni-Sayaka’, ‘Beni-Shuho’ and ‘Merton Glory’ were suggested to be S¹S³, S¹S⁶, S⁴S⁶, and S⁴S⁶, respectively. Two of these three S-genotypes (S¹S⁶ and S⁴S⁶) were found for the first time. DNA sequencing of PCR products from S-alleles of ‘Rainier’ and ‘Sato-Nishiki’ revealed that Ban II, Nru I, Apa LI and Ava I sites, respectively, were unique in the S¹-, S³-, S⁴- and S⁶- sequences flanked by Pru-T2 and Pru-C4R primers. RFLP analysis of the PCR products using these enzymes confirmed that S¹-, S³-, S⁴- and S⁶-alleles of the four cultivars contained the respective restriction enzyme recognition sites.     

不同发育阶段甜樱桃花授粉后花粉萌发和花粉管生长的差异

选用自交不亲和性程度不同的2个甜樱桃品种莫利和拉宾斯为试材,分别在开花前、开花当天和开花后进行莫利自花、拉宾斯自花和莫利×拉宾斯异花授粉,并于授粉后12、24、48、72、96h切取花柱,用FAA固定,荧光染色后压片观察。结果表明,3个组合的花粉萌发率都以开花当天授粉的最佳,拉宾斯自交和莫利×拉宾斯的花粉管生长状况也以开花当天授粉的最佳,但莫利自交的花粉管生长状况却以花前第4天最佳,花后第4天次之,而当天授粉的最差。因此认为,甜樱桃自交不亲和程度与其雌蕊的发育状态密切相关,蕾期授粉和延迟授粉都能够在一定程度上克服甜樱桃的自交不亲和性,但蕾期授粉的作用更加明显。     

大樱桃褐斑病病原菌鉴定与田间流行动态研究

【目的】为有效防控大樱褐斑病,【方法】采用传统形态学鉴定方法、单胞分离法和柯赫氏法则,开展了樱桃褐斑病原菌、田间流行学和品种抗病性研究。【结果】研究结果明确了褐斑病病原菌为核果钉孢菌(Passalora circum-scissa)。田间流行动态研究结果表明,6月下旬或7月初始见褐斑病发生,7月下旬进入发病高峰,与降雨程度关系密切;7月下旬或8月初检测到褐斑病菌孢子,8月中旬至9月中旬为孢子释放高峰期。不同大樱桃主栽品种褐斑病发生程度差异较大。明确了烟台樱桃褐斑病初次防治关键期为6月中旬。【结论】研究结果为有针对性地田间防控大樱桃褐斑病提供了理论依据。     

A 3-Year Adaptation Study of Three Distinct Grapevine Cultivars under Midwestern Field Conditions

Simultaneous responses of American (Concord), European (Pinot Noir), and American-European hybrid (Traminette) cultivars to seasonal and diurnal variation in field environmental conditions were assessed to propose suitable cultivars for potential use for selection and breeding in grapevines in dry areas. ‘Pinot Noir’ had higher gas exchange parameters, higher water potential, and chlorophyll fluorescence, while ‘Concord’ had the lowest values in all three seasons and experienced moderate stress by the end of each season. The dry conditions in 2005 caused water potential to decline sharply compared to values recorded in 2004 and 2006. ‘Pinot Noir’ and ‘Traminette’ exhibited a mild stress, while ‘Concord’ exhibited a moderate stress in 2006. Photosynthetic rate decreased slightly during the summer with a slight recovery at the beginning of September, and did not differ across the seasons among cultivars. Stomatal conductance followed the same pattern. However, in both 2004 and 2005, stomatal conductance dropped sharply late in the season because of frequently occurring high temperatures that were greater than 32 °C. Maximum morning values of Fv/Fm were within the optimal range. The study suggests the presence of marginal photoinhibition during mid-summer in Concord cultivars, because no full recovery of photochemical efficiency early in the evening was observed. The European cultivar (Pinot Noir) and the American-European hybrid (Traminette) are more adapted to field conditions in Kansas than Concord cultivars. However, high cold-mortality of Pinot Noir due to high sensitivity to cold winter temperature makes the hybrid cultivars the most suitable cultivar for Midwest regions with relatively cold winters.     

不同酿酒葡萄品种白藜芦醇合酶基因的克隆和序列分析

以红葡萄品种“赤霞珠”、“品丽珠”、“黑比诺”和白葡萄品种“雷司令”为试材,采用改良CTAB法提取葡萄叶片组织中的DNA,并扩增得到4个酿酒葡萄品种的白藜芦醇合酶基因部分片段.结果表明:红葡萄品种“赤霞珠”、“品丽珠”、“黑比诺”的扩增产物均为1 419 bp,白葡萄品种“雷司令”扩增产物为1 417 bp.通过序列多重比较分析,所得到的4个白藜芦醇基因片段与Genbank中河岸葡萄(AF128861)的该基因序列同源性较高(90％以上),外显子区同源性高于内含子;红色葡萄姊妹品种之间、红色葡萄不同品种之间、红色葡萄与白色葡萄品种之间的序列同源性依次递减.     

甜樱桃果实发育过程中细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的变化

【目的】了解甜樱桃在果实发育过程中质地变化与果实细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的关系。【方法】以硬肉型品种‘美早’、常规型品种‘红灯’和软肉型品种‘佳红’为试材,分别在硬核期、转白期、着色期和成熟期对果实硬度、细胞壁组分以及细胞壁降解酶活性进行了测定分析。【结果】‘美早’硬度降低速率较慢,成熟期硬度高于其他2个品种,WSP升高速率、纤维素降解速率低,PME、α-L-Af、Cx、β-Gal活性低。‘红灯’硬度降低速率较快,在果实发育后期硬度低于‘美早’,WSP升高速率与纤维素降解速率高,PME、α-L-Af活性高。‘佳红’在转白期硬度迅速降低且后期质地软,它的纤维素降解速率高,PME、α-L-Af、Cx、β-Gal在转白期之后活性较高。【结论】甜樱桃果实成熟过程中,原果胶的降解和纤维素的水解是果实软化的关键因素。果实细胞壁组分降解是多种酶协同作用的结果。PME和α-L-Af与‘红灯’和‘佳红’硬度显著负相关,并且活性在‘美早’中显著低于其他2个品种,这可能是果实硬度较高的主要原因。纤维素和原果胶降解速率低,PG活性高和β-Gal活性低可能是导致硬度高的次要原因。Cx酶活由于在‘红灯’中并没有显著影响到到果实硬度,而在‘佳红’和‘美早’中产生了不同的影响,可能是品种间的差别。     

不同番茄品种果实品质差异初步分析

以5个中大果型番茄和3个樱桃番茄品种为试材,测定了果实形态、硬度、可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白质、维生素C以及糖、酸、氨基酸等品质指标。通过对不同番茄品种果实品质指标进行分析,寻求影响番茄果实品质的关键指标。结果表明:中大果型品种果实为扁圆形,其中‘凯德冬冠’‘凯德雅丽’‘18709-2’‘莱喜’具有较高的果实硬度,但‘光辉201’果实硬度较低;樱桃番茄‘千禧’‘黄冠’‘甜美20’果实近圆形或长圆形,硬度均较低,可溶性固形物、维生素C、葡萄糖、苹果酸、组氨酸和脯氨酸含量较高。对品质指标综合分析认为,硬度、可溶性固形物、维生素C、葡萄糖、苹果酸、组氨酸、脯氨酸受品种影响较大。     

一品红盆花新品种‘红荷’

 ‘红荷’一品红是从以‘威望’为母本,‘金奖’为父本的杂交后代中选育而出的优系,其遗传性状稳定一致,属深绿叶系,苞叶颜色暗红,内卷,形似荷花。     

Cherry 2016 – Abschlusskonferenz des EU Projektes COST Cherry FA 1104 im Anbaugebiet der Tragana Rodochori-Kirsche in Nordgriechenland

The final COST Cherry FA 1104 conference was organized in Greece, Europe’s 4^th largest cherry producer after Poland, Italy and Spain. Altitudes of ca. 600 m asl provide sufficient chilling (1200 Chilling Units) for early flowering at 40°N at the beginning of April in Greece’s predominant cherry growing region Macedonia; honey bees provide pollination. Cherries are cultivated on fertile soil without frost protection or polytunnels and harvested from 25 May to 15 June. Old varieties and trees are eventually replaced by new varieties in intense plantings on micro-propagated GiSelA 6 or Piku rootstocks from local tissue culture labs; nurseries provide the grafted trees for the cherry industry. The pomology institute in Naoussa was founded at a site of a grapevine nursery 50 years ago in 1961 for research and to support the industry and extended to cherry from 1970 onwards. A small portion (13–17?%) of the 60,000 t harvest is exported mainly to Europe (8–10,000 t), while Russia imported 6000 t of Greek cherries until 2014, before the Russian embargo started. Export quality is achieved by hand thinning of the small fruitlets with scissors after flowering. These large-fruited cherries of EU protected origin ‘Tragana Rodochori’ obtain farm gate prices of 2–3 €/kg making the Greek cherry industry worth € 120 million a year.     

The role of Pre-harvest Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) Treatments on Total Phenolics,Antioxidant Capacity and Fruit Quality Attributes of Sweet Cherry Cultivars

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of pre-harvest aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) treatments on fruit quality parameters and bioactive compounds of sweet cherry fruits (Prunus avium L. cvs. ’0900 Ziraat’, ‘Regina’ and ’Sweetheart’). Whole trees were sprayed once with an aqueous solution containing AVG (0, 100 and 200?mg L^?1) three weeks before the anticipated commercial harvest. Measurements were performed a week before anticipated harvest date, at anticipated harvest date and a week after anticipated harvest date. AVG treatments significantly maintained flesh firmness of all three sweet cherry cultivars. Harvest was delayed at least for a week through the keeping of flesh firmness with AVG treatments. The treatments slowed down the red skin color development in all three cultivars. The measurements performed over fruits collected at different ripening stages revealed that AVG resulted in decreased total phenolics and total anthocyanin and ultimately decreased antioxidant capacity in sweet cherry fruits. AVG treatments also decreased soluble solids content and increased titratable acidity of the fruits. This study revealed that pre-harvest AVG treatments were more effective in delaying sweet cherry fruit softening. The main advantage is to maintain the firmness of late-harvested fruit by retaining fruit quality attributes of sweet cherry fruit.     

叶用萝卜植物学特性及营养价值研究

调查了叶用萝卜品种"叶美人"、"叶太郎"、"日本樱桃"以及"叶大根"的生物学特性及营养价值,以期为叶用萝卜生产提供科学依据。结果表明:4个参试品种"叶太郎"的叶色为深绿,而"叶美人"、"日本樱桃"和"叶大根"为绿色,"日本樱桃"的叶片略带毛刺;植株生长习性均为半直立;"日本樱桃"萝卜风味甘平,而"叶美人"、"叶太郎"、"叶大根"则略辛辣。"日本樱桃"萝卜肉质根外表皮为红色,肉质为白色,其余3个品种的外表皮和肉质部分均为白色。营养成分方面,"叶太郎"的可溶性糖含量略高,而"日本樱桃"萝卜的蛋白质含量最高。叶用萝卜生长速度快、易管理,可以作为绿叶类蔬菜进行栽培。     

Cultivars Resulting From Cherry Breeding in Germany

In Germany the sweet and sour cherry breeding is concentrated at the Julius Kühn-Institut in Dresden-Pillnitz. The main breeding goals are directed on sweet cherries for fresh market and sour cherries for processing. The selection of new cultivars is focused on fruit quality, high and stable fruit set and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. In result of the breeding activities in sweet cherry four new cultivars, ‘Narana’, ‘Areko’, ‘Swing’, ‘Habunt’, were selected. ‘Narana’ is an early ripening cultivar with good fruit characteristics. ‘Areko’ ripens in the middle of the cherry season some days before cultivar ‘Kordia’ and has large, firm fruits. The both cultivars ‘Swing’ and ‘Habunt’ are self-compatible and more recommended for the use in house gardening. In sour cherry breeding four new cultivars, ‘Coralin’, ‘Spinell’, ‘Jachim’, ‘Boas’, were selected. The cultivar ‘Coralin’ shows good characteristics for processing and mechanical harvest and is tolerant to fungus diseases on leaves. With the large and tasty fruits, the cultivar ‘Spinell’ is mainly suitable for fresh consumption. The both other cultivars ‘Jachim’ and ‘Boas’ have a pillar growth habit.     

Promalin和高效抽枝宝影响甜樱桃成枝力试验

以意大利早红、红灯、拉宾斯、乌克兰早大果、奇好、胜利六个樱桃品种为试材，刻芽后，分别对其进行涂抹Promalin和高效抽枝宝处理，研究这两种植物生长调节剂对甜樱桃成枝力的影响。结果表明，Promalin对红灯、意大利早红、乌克兰早大果、奇好樱桃成枝力的促进效果好于高效抽枝宝，说明植物生长调节剂的复配使用有增效作用。但在拉宾斯和胜利樱桃上，高效抽枝宝的效果要好于Promalin。     

甜樱桃花芽分化后期特征观察

通过品种比较、地区比较和人工环境模拟3个关联的试验设计,观察甜樱桃从落叶后至谢花后的花芽分化发育的特征,探求其南引试栽、结实困难的原因。结果表明,郑州的早红宝石、红灯和拉宾斯,烟台、郑州和金华的红灯,以及花芽分化期置于露地和日光温室中的早红宝石在多个物候期阶段的最终分化发育的基本特征一致。因此,造成甜樱桃南引试栽、结实困难的主要原因可能与生长季的花芽分化无关,不能仅限于与花前高温引发的胚珠、胚囊发育不良有关,低温累积量不足也是不可被忽视的因素。