Correction to: Coupling landscape graph modeling and biological data: a review

Landscape Ecology - In the original publication of the article, the sixth author name has been misspelt. The correct name is given in this Correction. The original article has been corrected.     

Die Zukunft: krankheitsresistente Apfelsorten

Zusammenfassung Integrierte und biologische Anbauverfahren gewinnen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die Anwendung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln gestaltet sich zunehmend schwieriger bezüglich ihrer Bereitstellung als auch im Hinblick auf zunehmende Umweltsensibilität der Bevölkerung. Im Obstbau ist eine der Alternativen der Anbau resistenter Sorten, die mit weit weniger Pflanzenschutzaufwand produziert werden können. Eines der Ziele der Pillnitzer Obstzüchtung war die Kombination von hoher Fruchtqualität mit guter Ertragsleistung und Resistenz gegenüber Krankheiten und Schädlingen. Resistente früh, mittel und spät reifende Sorten, die Re-Sorten^®, konnten ausgelesen werden. Sie garantieren einen hohen Resistenzgrad unter Feldbedingungen, sie sind aber nicht immun. Dreifachresistente Sorten mit Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber Schorf, Mehltau und Feuerbrand sind: Remo, Regia, Rewena und Rebella. Rebella besitzt weiterhin Resistenz gegenüber Rindenbrand, Rote Spinne und abiotische Stressfaktoren. Obwohl in Mitteleuropa seit 1984 verschiedentlich Resistenzdurchbrüche an schorfresistenten Sorten mit M.-floribunda-Resistenz (V_f) beobachtet wurden, blieben die Sorten mit anderer genetischer Basis befallsfrei, so u. a. Reglindis (V_A), Reka (V_r) oder Regia (V_r). Als künftiges Ausgangsmaterial für die Züchtung wurde in der Genbank Obst nach weiteren Resistenzträgern unter den Malusarten und alten Apfelsorten gesucht, das in Zukunft durch Pyramidisierung von Resistenzgenen bei der Züchtung neuer Sorten zu mehr Stabilität unter Feldbedingungen beitragen kann.     

Connectivity measures: a review

One of the central problems in contemporary ecology and conservation biology is the drastic change of landscapes induced by anthropogenic activities, resulting in habitat loss and fragmentation. For many wild living species, local extinctions of fragmented populations are common and recolonization is critical for regional survival. Successful recolonization depends on the availability of dispersing individuals and the degree of landscape connectivity. The obvious implications of landscape connectivity for conservation biology have led to a proliferation of connectivity measures. However, general relationships between landscape connectivity and landscape structure are lacking, and so are the relationships between different connectivity metrics. Consequently, there is a need to develop landscape metrics that more accurately characterize the landscape with an emphasis on the underlying processes. Here we review various definitions of landscape connectivity, explain their mathematical connotations, and make some unifying conclusions and suggestions for future research.     

Rubus Stunt: A Virus Disease

In 1958, at three sites in the Vale of Evesham, a progressive increase in the yield of spring cabbage was obtained from increasing rates of application of nitrogenous fertilizers up to 279 lb. N per acre, as Nitrochalk. At a fourth, with later application of fertilizers and a relatively early cutting date, 6 cwt. per acre gave a yield response rather greater than at the other three sites, but higher rates of application of Nitrochalk produced no further increases in yield.

No yield advantage was gained by applying the fertilizer dressing in three doses during the growth of the crop rather than in one dose in the very early spring.

The uptake of potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and calcium by the plants increased as the rate of nitrogenous fertilizer increased. The need to maintain an adequate level of available potassium in the soil when using heavy dressings of nitrogenous fertilizers is emphasized.

The effect of a ploughed-in ley on the recovery of added nitrogen is discussed.     

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid: the signal transduction

Cytochrome P450 monoxygenase converts arachionic acid to four epoxyeicosatrienoic acid regiosomes: 5, 6-EET (epoxyeicosatrienoic acid); 8, 9-EET; 11, 12-EET and 14, 15-EET. Recent studies show that EETs are involved in signal transduction. EETs open Ca²⁺-sensit ive K⁺ channel and inhibit Na⁺ channel, Ca²⁺-sensitive Cl^- channel and so on. What is more, EETs have been demonstrated to activate PP60^c-src and initiate a tyrosine kinase cascade that mediates mitogenic effects.     

Propagation of lychee: A review

Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) can be successfully propagated by several methods. The methods vary with respect to the uniformity and size of the new plants, the quality of the root system produced, time to bear, multiplication rate, destruction of parent tree, cost, labour requirements and the need for special techniques and equipment. Seedlings appear suitable for selection of new cultivars (and rootstocks), cuttings for rapid multiplication of new cultivars, marcottage and stooling for commercial multiplication of established cultivars and grafting for top-working new cultivars onto mature trees and/or onto improved rootstocks. Information is required on the comparative field performance of lychee propagated by these different techniques.     

柑桔种质的离体保存

研究了各种因素对柑桔种质材料的茎端、茎段外植体离体缓慢生长保存的影响。结果表明，培养物保存１２个月时，在温度１５℃或光照５００Ｌｘ的条件下成活６０－７０％，培养基成分中用２％甘露醇取代蔗糖的处理。成活率５０％；暗培养和培养基成分中用高浓度甘露醇取代蔗糖不利于蔗糖不利于柑杏种质离体保存。对不同材料的比较研究表明，棉塞加聚乙烯膜可防止培养基水分减少，成活率较高，封口膜略次于前者，通过本研究建立了在一个     

Visualizing the actin cytoskeleton in living plant cells using a photo-convertible mEos::FABD-mTn fluorescent fusion protein

Background  

The actin cytoskeleton responds quickly to diverse stimuli and plays numerous roles in cellular signalling, organelle motility and subcellular compartmentation during plant growth and development. Molecular and cell biological tools that can facilitate visualization of actin organization and dynamics in a minimally invasive manner are essential for understanding this fundamental component of the living cell.