母鼠妊娠期铅镉联合暴露对新生鼠大脑bcl-2,Bax和c-fos mRNA表达的影响及NAC保护效应

 【目的】研究母鼠妊娠期铅镉联合暴露对新生鼠大脑bcl-2、Bax、c-fos mRNA表达的影响及N-乙酰半胱氨酸（N-Acetylcysteine, NAC）的保护作用。【方法】35只怀孕SD母鼠被随机分为7组,即A组为对照组（饮用蒸馏水）、B组为铅组（300 mg?L-1）、C组为铅+NAC组（300 mg?L-1 +20 mmol?L-1）、D组为镉组（10 mg?L-1）、E组为镉+NAC组（10 mg?L-1+20 mmol?L-1）、F组为铅+镉组（300 mg?L-1+10 mg?L-1）、G组为铅+镉+NAC组（300 mg+10 mg?L-1+20 mmol?L-1）。采用饮水染毒,染毒时间为21d,分娩后应用实时荧光定量PCR检测新生鼠大脑bcl-2、Bax、c-fos mRNA的相对表达。【结果】与对照组比较,各染毒组bcl-2 mRNA表达降低,除B组外,D组、F组均差异显著（P＜0.05）,Bax、c-fos mRNA表达显著升高（P＜0.05）,其中以F组作用最为明显;NAC拮抗组与相应染毒组比较,除C组bcl-2 mRNA表达与B组无显著性差异外（P﹥0.05）,其余各组差异显著（P＜0.05）;Bax、c-fos mRNA表达均显著降低（P＜0.05）。【结论】铅镉联合表现协同毒性效应,NAC对铅、镉致新生鼠大脑凋亡基因表达异常引起的脑细胞凋亡具有明显的保护作用。     

Greatwall phosphorylates an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A that is essential for mitosis

Entry into mitosis in eukaryotes requires the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1). Cdk1 is opposed by protein phosphatases in two ways: They inhibit activation of Cdk1 by dephosphorylating the protein kinases Wee1 and Myt1 and the protein phosphatase Cdc25 (key regulators of Cdk1), and they also antagonize Cdk1's own phosphorylation of downstream targets. A particular form of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) containing a B55δ subunit (PP2A- B55δ) is the major protein phosphatase that acts on model CDK substrates in Xenopus egg extracts and has antimitotic activity. The activity of PP2A-B55δ is high in interphase and low in mitosis, exactly opposite that of Cdk1. We report that inhibition of PP2A-B55δ results from a small protein, known as α-endosulfine (Ensa), that is phosphorylated in mitosis by the protein kinase Greatwall (Gwl). This converts Ensa into a potent and specific inhibitor of PP2A-B55δ. This pathway represents a previously unknown element in the control of mitosis.     

靶向猪内质网应激通路的microRNAs预测与验证

【目的】预测并验证靶向猪内质网应激通路中关键基因的microRNAs（miRNAs）,为进一步研究miRNAs对猪内质网应激信号通路调控提供理论基础。【方法】首先利用伪狂犬病毒（PRV）感染猪肾上皮（PK15）细胞,高通量测序检测差异表达的miRNAs。然后通过TargetScan预测靶向内质网应激通路关键基因ATF6、IRE1、PERK、GRP78、XBP1的miRNAs。构建含有候选miRNAs作用位点的双荧光素酶报告基因重组载体,并分别与miRNA-mimics共转染幼仓鼠肾（BHK-21）细胞,通过测定荧光素酶活性来验证内质网应激通路关键基因与候选miRNAs的靶标关系。然后在PK15细胞中分别过表达候选miRNAs,利用qRT-PCR和Western blot检测候选miRNAs对内质网应激通路关键基因mRNA和蛋白表达的影响。【结果】miRNA测序结果显示,PRV感染后共引起35条miRNAs差异表达。TargetScan预测显示,靶向ATF6、IRE1、PERK、GRP78、XBP1的交集miRNAs为miR-142-5p、miR-145-5p、miR-150和miR-199a-5p,并将这些交集miRNAs作为候选miRNAs。随后成功构建psiCHECK-2-ATF6-m142-3′UTR、psiCHECK-2-ATF6-m145-3′UTR、psiCHECK-2-ATF6-m150-3′UTR、psiCHECK-2-ATF6-m199-3′UTR、psiCHECK-2-IRE1- m150-3′UTR、psiCHECK-2-IRE1-m142/145/199-3′UTR、psiCHECK-2-PERK-m145/150-3′UTR、psiCHECK- 2-XBP1-m142/ 145/150/199-3′UTR、psiCHECK-2-GRP78-m145/199-3′UTR双荧光素酶报告基因载体。双荧光素酶检测结果显示,miR-142-5p显著抑制psiCHECK-2-ATF6-m142-3′UTR荧光素酶活性。psiCHECK-2-IRE1-m142/145/199-3′UTR分别与miR-142-5p mimics、miR-145-5p mimics、miR-199a-5p mimics共转染,以及psiCHECK-2-XBP1-m142/145/ 150/199-3′UTR分别与miR-142-5p mimics、miR-199a-5p mimics共转染,过表达组的荧光素酶活性均极显著低于阴性对照组。同时miR-145-5p能够显著抑制psiCHECK-2-PERK-m145/ 150-3′UTR荧光素酶活性。这些结果表明miR-142-5p、miR-145-5p和miR-199a-5p均有可能分别靶向ATF6、IRE1、XBP1,而其中miR-142-5p可能同时靶向这三个关键基因调控内质网信号通路。通过qRT- PCR和Western blot分析发现,过表达miR-142-5p后显著抑制ATF6的mRNA和蛋白表达,表明miR- 142-5p靶向ATF6参与调控内质网应激信号通路。【结论】验证了靶向内质网应激通路关键基因ATF6的miRNA- miR-142-5p,为进一步研究miR-142-5p通过调控ATF6的表达而影响内质网应激信号通路奠定了基础。     

电压门控钠离子通道scn1Laa参与斑马鱼脑神经发育和运动行为调节的研究

电压门控钠离子通道对于脊椎动物脑神经起始、传播动作电位具有重要作用。为了解斑马鱼电压门控钠离子通道基因scn1Laa在脑神经中的作用,通过CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术,首次构建了可稳定遗传的生长没有受明显影响的scn1Laa缺陷型（scn1Laa-/-）斑马鱼家系。相比野生型,5 dpf（days post-fertilization,受精后5天）scn1Laa缺陷型斑马鱼兴奋抑制性神经元（氨基丁酸类神经元）表达相对增加,兴奋类神经元（谷氨酸能类神经元）和成熟神经元显著减少,脑部细胞增殖也显著减少。受精后5天和90 天的 scn1Laa缺陷型斑马鱼的运动较同时期野生型斑马鱼更为活跃,受精后90天的 scn1Laa缺陷型斑马鱼的运动具有明显的爆发性。以上结果表明,scn1laa缺失导致兴奋类神经元（谷氨酸能类神经元）以及神经细胞增殖减少,影响脑周围神经放电,导致运动神经调节障碍,出现运动行为异常活跃。即电压门控钠离子通道基因scn1Laa参与斑马鱼脑神经发育和生长,间接参与运动行为调节。同时本文也为进一步探究电压门控钠离子通道在脑神经中的作用奠定基础。     

An anti-apoptotic role for the p53 family member, p73, during developmental neuron death

p53 plays an essential pro-apoptotic role, a function thought to be shared with its family members p73 and p63. Here, we show that p73 is primarily present in developing neurons as a truncated isoform whose levels are dramatically decreased when sympathetic neurons apoptose after nerve growth factor (NGF) withdrawal. Increased expression of truncated p73 rescues these neurons from apoptosis induced by NGF withdrawal or p53 overexpression. In p73-/- mice, all isoforms of p73 are deleted and the apoptosis of developing sympathetic neurons is greatly enhanced. Thus, truncated p73 is an essential anti-apoptotic protein in neurons, serving to counteract the pro-apoptotic function of p53.     

miR-31-5p对山羊毛囊干细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

【目的】长江三角洲白山羊是我国及世界上唯一能生产优质笔料毛的山羊品种,课题组前期转录组测序结果表明：在优质笔料毛与非优质笔料毛个体皮肤组织中,MAP3K1的表达水平存在显著差异。探究优质笔料毛性状形成过程中与MAP3K1相互作用的关键miRNAs及其对山羊毛囊干细胞增殖和凋亡的影响,为长江三角洲白山羊的分子选育提供理论依据。【方法】通过生物信息学网站（StrBase、miRDB、TargetScan、miRWalk、DAVID、KEGG、RNAhybrid）预测、筛选与MAP3K1具有靶向关系的miRNAs,利用在线网站Venny 2.1绘制韦恩图。通过构建miR-31-5p过表达载体,MAP3K1、RASA1野生型和突变型双荧光素酶报告基因载体,验证miR-31-5p与MAP3K1、RASA1之间的靶向关系,并结合qPCR和Western Blot技术检测过表达后miR-31-5p对MAP3K1、RASA1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平的影响。为探究过表达miR-31-5p后对细胞增殖、凋亡的影响,分析了转染miR-31-5p后毛囊干细胞内增殖相关基因（PCNA, CDK1, CCND2）、抗凋亡基因（Bcl-2）和促凋亡基因（Bax）的mRNA和蛋白表达水平;同时结合CCK-8,EdU,流式细胞术等方法验证过表达miR-31-5p对毛囊干细胞活力、细胞周期以及凋亡的影响。【结果】通过数据库共同预测到3个可能与MAP3K1相作用的miRNAs,结合现有miRNAs在皮肤和毛囊细胞上研究,最终选用评分相对较高的miR-31-5p作为研究对象。转染miR-31-5p后检测细胞内的miR-31-5p的相对表达量,发现miR-31-5p表达含量极显著高于对照组及空白载体组（P<0.01）;双荧光素酶报告基因结果显示过表达miR-31-5p可促使MAP3K1活性升高（P<0.01）,结合TargetScan、KEGG数据库预测发现miR-31-5p可靶向MAPK信号通路中位于MAP3K1的上游抑制因子RASA1。过表达miR-31-5p抑制了RASA1的活性（P<0.01）;同时,qPCR及Western Blot表明：过表达miR-31-5p后显著抑制RASA1的mRNA和蛋白表达,促进了MAP3K1的表达（P<0.01）。CCK-8结果显示过表达miR-31-5p后提高了细胞增殖能力（P<0.01）,通过EdU染色发现过表达miR-31-5p后,EdU阳性细胞率显著高于空白组（P<0.01）,促进细胞增殖;细胞周期数据说明过表达miR-31-5p后, G1/G0期细胞所占比例为52.23%,显著低于Control组（56.81%,P<0.01）,减缓了G1/G0期细胞阻滞,而S期和G2/M期差异不显著,但仍有上升趋势。通过细胞凋亡试验发现过表达miR-31-5p组活细胞率为93.8%,总凋亡率为4.9%,而空白组活细胞率仅为90.1%,总凋亡率为8.41%,说明在过表达miR-31-5p后细胞凋亡率明显下降（P<0.05）;最后检测miR-31-5p对增殖和凋亡相关基因的影响,发现过表达miR-31-5p后显著提高了增殖相关基因、抗凋亡基因（Bcl-2）的mRNA和蛋白表达水平（P<0.05）,降低了促凋亡基因（Bax）的mRNA和蛋白表达水平。最终根据所研究出的结果绘制miR-31-5p在毛囊干细胞中的分子作用机制图。【结论】 miR-31-5p通过靶向抑制MAPK信号通路中的RASA1,上调MAP3K1表达水平,进而促进毛囊干细胞增殖并抑制其凋亡,为进一步阐明调控长江三角洲白山羊优质笔料毛性状的分子形成机制提供理论依据。     

2 种原代培养方法对新生大鼠大脑皮质神经元生物学特性的影响

为明确不同培养方法对新生大鼠大脑皮质神经元成熟时间、形态特征、纯度及活力等生物学特性的影响,采用DMEM培养基加Neurobasal无血清培养基法或Neurobasal无血清培养基法原代培养新生24h内SD大鼠大脑皮质神经元,倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态,MTT法检测细胞活力,免疫荧光细胞化学染色法检测神经元纯度及活性.结果显示,2种方法培养的神经元形态差异无统计学意义;但与DMEM培养基加Neurobasal无血清培养基法相比,Neurobasal无血清培养基法培养的神经元成熟更早,数目更多,纯度更高,活力更强(p0.05).结果提示,原代培养的大脑皮质神经元部分生物学特性受培养方法直接影响;Neurobasal无血清培养基法所得神经元纯度与活性较高,这为实验目的导向的神经元原代培养方法选择提供了借鉴.     

Dynamic organization of developing Purkinje cells revealed by transgene expression

The cerebellum has many properties that make it a useful model for investigating neural development. Purkinje cells, the major output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, have drawn special attention because of the availability of biochemical markers and mutants that affect their development. The spatial expression of L7, a protein specific for Purkinje cells, and L7 beta Gal, a gene expressed in transgenic mice that was constructed from the L7 promoter and the marker beta-galactosidase, delineated bands of Purkinje cells that increased in number during early postnatal development. Expression of the transgene in adult reeler mutant mice, which show inverted cortical lamination, and in primary culture showed that the initial expression of L7 is intrinsic to Purkinje cells and does not depend on extracellular signals. This may reflect an underlying developmental map in cerebellum.     

G protein-coupled receptor-dependent development of human frontal cortex

The mammalian cerebral cortex is characterized by complex patterns of anatomical and functional areas that differ markedly between species, but the molecular basis for this functional subdivision is largely unknown. Here, we show that mutations in GPR56, which encodes an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) with a large extracellular domain, cause a human brain cortical malformation called bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP). BFPP is characterized by disorganized cortical lamination that is most severe in frontal cortex. Our data suggest that GPCR signaling plays an essential role in regional development of human cerebral cortex.     

Clusters of hyperactive neurons near amyloid plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

The neurodegeneration observed in Alzheimer's disease has been associated with synaptic dismantling and progressive decrease in neuronal activity. We tested this hypothesis in vivo by using two-photon Ca2+ imaging in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Although a decrease in neuronal activity was seen in 29% of layer 2/3 cortical neurons, 21% of neurons displayed an unexpected increase in the frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ transients. These "hyperactive" neurons were found exclusively near the plaques of amyloid beta-depositing mice. The hyperactivity appeared to be due to a relative decrease in synaptic inhibition. Thus, we suggest that a redistribution of synaptic drive between silent and hyperactive neurons, rather than an overall decrease in synaptic activity, provides a mechanism for the disturbed cortical function in Alzheimer's disease.     

Innate immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans is regulated by neurons expressing NPR-1/GPCR

A large body of evidence indicates that metazoan innate immunity is regulated by the nervous system, but the mechanisms involved in the process and the biological importance of such control remain unclear. We show that a neural circuit involving npr-1, which encodes a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) related to mammalian neuropeptide Y receptors, functions to suppress innate immune responses. The immune inhibitory function requires a guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate-gated ion channel encoded by tax-2 and tax-4 as well as the soluble guanylate cyclase GCY-35. Furthermore, we show that npr-1- and gcy-35-expressing sensory neurons actively suppress immune responses of nonneuronal tissues. A full-genome microarray analysis on animals with altered neural function due to mutation in npr-1 shows an enrichment in genes that are markers of innate immune responses, including those regulated by a conserved PMK-1/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. These results present evidence that neurons directly control innate immunity in C. elegans, suggesting that GPCRs may participate in neural circuits that receive inputs from either pathogens or infected sites and integrate them to coordinate appropriate immune responses.     

醋酸铅对体外培养大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞形态的影响

为了观察醋酸铅对神经细胞的形态学影响,通过建立体外培养大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞模型,应用不同浓度醋酸铅(0,50,100,200,400μmol/L)与神经细胞分别培养3、6、12、24 h,倒置相差显微镜观察细胞形态变化.结果显示,醋酸铅与神经细胞共同培养12~24 h,细胞密度降低,胞体变小,突起缩短;随醋酸铅浓度递增,细胞形态较对照组差异愈加显著(P<0.05).表明染铅浓度与神经细胞形态变化存在剂量效应与时间效应关系.     

Requirement of Cks2 for the first metaphase/anaphase transition of mammalian meiosis

We generated mice lacking Cks2, one of two mammalian homologs of the yeast Cdk1-binding proteins, Suc1 and Cks1, and found them to be viable but sterile in both sexes. Sterility is due to failure of both male and female germ cells to progress past the first meiotic metaphase. The chromosomal events up through the end of prophase I are normal in both CKS2-/- males and females, suggesting that the phenotype is due directly to failure to enter anaphase and not a consequence of a checkpoint-mediated metaphase I arrest.     

NMDA receptor-mediated K+ efflux and neuronal apoptosis

Neuronal death induced by activating N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors has been linked to Ca2+ and Na+ influx through associated channels. Whole-cell recording from cultured mouse cortical neurons revealed a NMDA-evoked outward current, INMDA-K, carried by K+ efflux at membrane potentials positive to -86 millivolts. Cortical neurons exposed to NMDA in medium containing reduced Na+ and Ca2+ (as found in ischemic brain tissue) lost substantial intracellular K+ and underwent apoptosis. Both K+ loss and apoptosis were attenuated by increasing extracellular K+, even when voltage-gated Ca2+ channels were blocked. Thus NMDA receptor-mediated K+ efflux may contribute to neuronal apoptosis after brain ischemia.     

灰质异位的临床病理学特征研究

目的 探讨灰质异位病理学诊断的客观依据。方法 分析17例灰质异位手术切除标本病理及临床资料,辅以免疫组化方法,计数灰质异位灶中神经元的数量和类型。结果 本组病例中灰质异位术前MRI确诊为3例,其余14例（82.4%,14/17）均依靠镜下诊断。大体改变有三型：（1）白质中孤立的皮质样结节;（2）位于皮质下、呈结节状或舌状与皮质相连;（3）大脑皮层增厚,皮白质分界不清。镜下部分灰质异位结节边界清,结节中神经元排列紊乱,无极向,无正常皮质分层结构;神经元可表现退变、坏死、形态不成熟;免疫组化GFAP可显示部分灰质异位结节的轮廓,神经元核抗原（neuronal nuclei,NeuN）、微管相关蛋白2,（microtubule associated protein-2,MAP-2）染色显示神经元数量减少且其中不成熟神经元比例增高,差异有显著统计学意义（t=-3.66,P<0.01）。结论 灰质异位病变范围广泛时可于影像学检测中发现,但多数的灰质异位诊断仍需依靠病理组织学确诊,免疫组化GFAP有利于观察灰质异位灶形态,NeuN和Map-2强阳性细胞计数能为灰质异位诊断提供客观依据。     

全脑缺血模型大鼠再灌后对皮层神经元L型Ca2+通道的动态观察

目的:对全脑缺血模型大鼠再灌后不同时间点L型C a2 通道的开放和关闭状态进行动态研究,以进一步揭示缺血性神经元损伤的机制。方法:参照改良的Pu lsinelli四血管闭塞法制备全脑缺血大鼠模型,缺血后的大鼠分别在再灌注2、12、24、48、72h后进行皮层神经细胞急性分离,单通道电流经EPC-9膜片钳放大器放大,用Pu lsefit Pu lse采集入计算机,用分析软件TAC进行测量。结果:再灌后2、12、24、48、72 h5个不同时间点,大鼠大脑皮层神经元L型C a2 通道平均开放时间出现两个高峰期,第1次出现在再灌2、12、24h,第2次出现在48、72 h,较第1次更高;大鼠大脑皮层神经元L型C a2 通道开放概率出现两个峰值:第1次出现在再灌后2 h(显著高于正常组),至12 h又回落至接近正常水平;第2次出现在再灌24 h。结论:在脑缺血再灌注的不同时点,缺血性损伤对L型C a2 通道的影响机制即可利用性和开放特性的影响不同。在缺血再灌后的2 h至72 h的各时段,缺血性损伤通过增加L型C a2 通道的可利用性引起神经元胞内C a2 超载;在再灌后期(48 h),缺血性损伤则通过增加L型C a2 通道的开放特性而引起神经元胞内C a2 超载。     

神经干细胞定向诱导分化条件研究

通过模拟体内分化诱导条件,在体外对神经干细胞(NSCs)进行定向诱导.结果表明,由添加2% B27 100 pg·mL-1 IL-1 0.05 g·L-1 Vc 5 u·mL-1 EPO的DMEM/F12的诱导液A和1份含2% B27的DMEM/F12 1份纹状体提取液混合组成的诱导液B均可以将中脑和大脑皮质的NSCs诱导分化为多巴胺能神经元,TH阳性细胞表达率随诱导时间的增加而提高,中脑来源的NSCs的TH阳性细胞诱导率极显著地高于大脑皮质来源的NSCs,诱导液A的诱导效果优于诱导液B.     

PirB restricts ocular-dominance plasticity in visual cortex

Experience can alter synaptic connectivity throughout life, but the degree of plasticity present at each age is regulated by mechanisms that remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Paired-immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB), a major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) receptor, is expressed in subsets of neurons throughout the brain. Neuronal PirB protein is associated with synapses and forms complexes with the phosphatases Shp-1 and Shp-2. Soluble PirB fusion protein binds to cortical neurons in an MHCI-dependent manner. In mutant mice lacking functional PirB, cortical ocular-dominance plasticity is more robust at all ages. Thus, an MHCI receptor is expressed in central nervous system neurons and functions to limit the extent of experience-dependent plasticity in the visual cortex throughout life. PirB is also expressed in many other regions of the central nervous system, suggesting that it may function broadly to stabilize neural circuits.