小型柴油机降低排放性能的试验研究

以某小型非道路柴油机为研究对象,考察了柴油机的供油提前角分别为18、19、20、21°CA。喷油压力分别为19、20、21、22MPa时。发动机排放性能的变化情况,为确定供油提前角及喷油压力的调整范围提供依据。研究结果表明,发动机NOx排放值随供油提前角的减小而显著下降,烟度值随着供油提前角的减小而恶化;发动机排气的烟度值随着喷油压力的增大而明显改善。NOx排放值随喷油压力的增大而增加。证明减小喷油提前角与增大喷油压力是降低柴油机NOx与颗粒排放最直接有效的方法,为改善小型非道路柴油机排放性能提供参考。     

双燃料发动机燃烧噪声特性及影响因素分析

从时域和频域两方面综合评价双燃料发动机的燃烧噪声,分析转速、负荷、供油提前角以及生物质气替代率等因素对燃烧噪声的影响,并与柴油机的相关数据进行比较,结果表明:在21℃A供油提前角时,转速对整个频率范围内气缸压力级的影响较小,在相同转速下随负荷的增加,生物质气替代率下降,燃烧总声压级普遍增大;而当供油提前角增大至24℃A时,两种机型的气缸压力级频谱曲线变化强烈,转速的增大使其在高频范围内呈振荡式发展,负荷的增加使其在低、中频范围内增大.     

醇类燃料点火提前角对汽油机性能和排放的影响

通过旋转分电器外壳改变点火提前角来研究其对燃用M20甲醇-汽油和E20乙醇-汽油(甲醇、乙醇体积分数均为20%)混合燃料电喷汽油机的性能和排放的影响.试验结果表明:汽油机燃用M20和E20时最高压力点比纯汽油分别提前1℃A(曲轴转角)和0.5℃A,最佳点火提前角分别提前约2℃A和1℃A;随着点火提前角的增大,燃用2种燃料的汽油机性能和排放变化趋势相似,均表现为扭矩和功率增大,能量消耗率降低,CO、HC和NOx排放量增加.     

柴油机供油时间的另一种调整方法

柴油机喷油泵从开始供油至压缩上止点 ,相对曲轴所转过的角度称为供油提前角。喷油泵将燃油喷入气缸需有一个喷油持续时间 ,而且燃油与高温高压空气混合形成可燃混合气有一个过程 ,加之柴油燃烧存在自然延迟期 ,这是为了在压缩上止点时 (或略后 )能获得燃烧混合气的最大压力和最高温度 ,使发动机功率最大 ,燃油消耗最低。所以 ,喷油泵必须在压缩上止点前供油 ,有一个最佳供油提前角。每一种柴油机均有一个最佳供油提前角 ,正确地选择供油提前角是要通过试验的方法确定 ,但随着柴油机燃烧室型式的不同而不同 ,对于直喷式柴油机最佳供油提前角…     

柴油机燃烧特性及NO_x排放研究

实测柴油机的燃烧过程 ,分析供油提前角对燃烧始点、最高燃烧压力、缸内最大压力升高率及相位和NOx排放的影响。结果表明 ,供油提前角提前 ,柴油机燃烧始点提前 ,最高燃烧压力增大 ,其相位相应提前 ,最大压力升高率增大 ,NOx 排放增大 ;供油提前角迟后 ,柴油机燃烧始点滞后 ,最高燃烧压力减小 ,其相位相应滞后 ,最大压力升高率减小 ,NOx 排放降低。     

拖拉机常见故障实例(19)

<正>例73:多缸柴油机各缸喷油压力不一致引起的故障现象:发动机空负荷运转时,发出腾腾声,拌有敲缸,敲缸声随转速的变化而变化.发动机带负荷工作时,发动机响声和敲缸声增大,排气管冒黑烟,柴油消耗量增加,发动机转速不稳,功率下降,机体温度升高.原因之一:各缸最佳喷油时间不一致.分析:喷油压力不一致时,压力低的喷油器针阀提前打开,压力高的喷油器针阀滞后打开.此时,高压油泵对各缸的供油提前角虽保持标准角度,但各缸喷油器喷油提前角有差异,因而燃烧效果不相同,导致单缸功率不一致,使发动机总功率下降,转速不稳定,柴油消耗量增加.     

柴油/LPG双燃料发动机动力性能的试验研究

为了研究不同工况条件对柴油/LPG双燃料发动机动力性能的影响,在改装的ZH1115型柴油/LPG双燃料发动机试验台上进行二次回归正交组合试验,分析喷油提前角A、喷油压力B、柴油/LPG掺烧比C三个因素及因素交互作用对发动机功率的影响。试验结果表明:喷油提前角A、柴油/LPG掺烧比C以及喷油提前角与喷油压力交互作用AB对功率有显著影响,主次因素排序为ACAB;随着喷油提前角增大,发动机功率降低,选择合适的柴油/LPG掺烧比可提高发动机功率,当喷油提前角为18.8°、喷油压力为17.5 MPa、柴油/LPG掺烧比为234.67(1.76/0.007 5)时获得最大功率。     

喷油压力与供油提前角对乙醇柴油发动机的性能影响

通过实验方法研究喷油压力与供油提前角对燃用乙醇柴油混合燃料的发动机性能的影响规律。研究结果表明喷油压力增大,功率升高,油耗增加,烟度显著降低,NOx排放变化不大,HC,CO的排放会增加;转速升高,喷油压力对HC,CO排放的影响减弱;随着供油提前角增大,功率基本不变,油耗先增加后降低,NOx排放升高,烟度降低,HC与CO的排放呈先增大再降低的趋势。     

正时齿轮磨损时供油提前角的调整

供油提前角对发动机的性能影响很大。供油提前角过小，燃料燃烧拖后，热量损失大，排气温度高，油耗增多，功率下降；供油提前角过大，发动机工作粗暴，增加压缩负功，也会使油耗增多，功率下降。所以，对各类型发动机都有一个最佳的供油角，以使发动机获得最佳经济指标——耗油最小并功率最大。     

柴油机供油提前角的调整

各种型号的柴油机都有自己适宜的供油提前角,如195型柴油机的供油提前角为17°～21°,6135G型柴油机的供油提前角为26°～29℃等.柴油机供油提前角对柴油机工作性能有很大的影响,供油提前角过大,柴油机工作会变得粗暴,供油提前角过小,会造成柴油机启动困难,功率下降,冒浓烟,油耗增加等故障.在使用中,是什么原因引起供油提前角发生变化的呢?主要是有关机件的磨损和紧固螺栓的松动.因此柴油机工作一段时间就应对其供油提前角进行检查与调整.在维修中,从发动机上卸下的喷油泵安装时也应调整其供油提前角.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义，并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状，提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.