Remembrances of Jacques Jenny, DrMedVet 1917–1971

Editor's note : The holding of the 19th Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons in Philadelphia in conjunction with the Centennial Celebration of the School of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania provides an opportunity for reflection. Dr. Jacques Jenny, Professor of Orthopedic Surgery at the School, was Chairman of the Organizing Committee that gave rise to the American College of Veterinary Surgeons on December 16,1965, and was elected as first President of the College. The solid foundation and high ideals that the Organizing Committee established are in large part responsible for the success of the College. Dr. Jenny died on November 20, 1971. Those of us fortunate to have known him personally realize the immense gap that his premature death left. For those that did not know him, I hope that this article permits some appreciation of the contributions of Dr. Jenny the comparative orthopedic surgeon, as well as of the very special human qualities of Jacques Jenny the man. The first author, Dr. Mark Allam, was Professor of Surgery and Dean of the School of Veterinary Medicine during most of Dr. Jenny's career at the University of Pennsylvania, and was the first Chairman of the Board of Regents of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons. The second author, Dr. David Nunamaker, is the first holder of the Jacques Jenny Professorship in Veterinary Orthopedics at the University of Pennsylvania.     

Population genetic analysis of the new dog breed Elo

The breeding of the dog breed Elo was started in 1987. This dog breed was established by using 16 dogs of nine different breeds. All pedigree information of the dogs from 1987 to 2002 was included for the analysis of the proportion of genes of the different founder breeds, of the inbreeding coefficient, and relationship coefficients. Additionally, the number of died puppies per litter were investigated. The Eurasian dog breed contributed about 48% of the genes in the whole Elo dog population. Old English sheepdog and Chow Chow contributed about 23% and 10% of the genes. The other dog breeds were of minor importance. The mean inbreeding and relationship coefficients of the whole Elo dog population were 12.04% and 19.22%, respectively. With the exception of 3.5% of animals, all Elo dogs were related to each other. The mean litter size was 6.39 puppies. The percentage of stillborn puppies per litter averaged at 9.47%. The inbreeding coefficients of the puppies and of their dams, the age of the sire and the dam at the time of birth of the puppies, the litter size, the puppies' year of birth and the proportion of genes of the Chow Chow showed a significant effect on the number of stillborn puppies per litter. The heritability for the frequency of stillborn puppies was estimated using a linear animal model. After transformation of the linear estimates to the underlying liability scale, the heritability amounted to h2 = 0.15.     

Criteria for the appointment for a full professorship in the course of history at the School of Veterinary Medicine of Dresden/Leipzig

First the history of the appointment for a full professorship is described in the various stages of development of the School of Veterinary Medicine Dresden. Then the significance of the habilitation degree introduced in 1903 is discussed in terms of the development of the School of Veterinary Medicine Dresden and the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Leipzig, respectively. Commentary follows on the current discussion about the discontinuation of further development of the habilitation and possible alternatives to it, the Ph.D. and the assistant professorship.     

猪附红细胞体小鼠感染模型建立条件的优化

为探究猪附红细胞体感染特性,进而优化猪附红细胞体小鼠感染模型建立的条件,本试验设计了不同小鼠处理方式感染试验（A试验）、不同病原形式感染试验（B试验）、冻存病原感染试验（C试验）和小鼠模型血液再感染小鼠试验（D试验）。通过对每个试验中各组小鼠血液感染情况、感染首现时间、临床症状和平均感染时间的综合评估,分析不同小鼠处理方式、不同病原形式、冻存病原及小鼠模型血液再感染是否对小鼠模型的建立有影响。通过PCR检测、电镜观察和特异基因片段序列测定,进一步鉴定小鼠模型感染的病原与猪附红细胞体是否一致。结果显示,A试验中,昆明小鼠切除脾脏组感染效果最优;B试验中,猪附红细胞体阳性血液样本组感染效果最优;C试验中,阳性血液未冻存组感染效果优于冻存组;D试验中,猪阳性血液样本组、小鼠模型阳性血液样本组无明显差异。PCR检测、电镜观察和特异基因片段序列测定结果显示,小鼠模型感染的病原与猪附红细胞体一致。结果表明,不同小鼠处理方式、不同病原形式和病原的冻存等条件对猪附红细胞体小鼠感染模型的感染效果均有影响,通过对比,以猪阳性血液感染切除脾脏的昆明小鼠的方式建立小鼠感染模型效果最优。     

Histochemistry of selected peptidases in small intestine mucosa in piglets experimentally infected with Isospora suis

In the small intestine mucosa of 24 gnotobiotical piglets experimentally infected the first day post partum with oocysts of the coccidium Isospora suis, the activities of dipeptidylpeptidase IV (EC.3.4.14.5.; DAP IV) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (EC.2.3.2.2.; GGT) in the microvillous zone of enterocytes were evaluated by scanning densitometry. The tissue of the small intestine in piglets infected with a dose of 100,000 oocysts of the coccidia of I. suis was examined in the period from the first till the eleventh day post infection (DPI). In the control piglets at the age of 2-5 days it was found that most of the DAP IV activity was located in the microvillous zone of the enterocytes of the middle jejunum, rear jejunum and ileum. The DAP IV activity of duodenum mucosa was lower; as compared with the activity in the mucosa of the jejunum and ileum it reached 53-57%. In the case of GGT activity, the highest density values of the reaction product were recorded in the microvillous zone of enterocytes of the duodenum and the whole jejunum, the lowest in the ileum mucosa (86-89%) of the activity found in the duodenum and jejunum). During the experimental infection the infected piglets had a significant deficit of both peptidases, especially DAP IV (the whole studied period). The development of GGT activity was slightly different with the onset of the marked decline of the enzyme activity only on the fifth DPI. The lower GGT activity persisted till the eighth DPI. The density of the GGT reaction product began to return to the normal on the ninth to eleventh DPI. No predisposition in the location of the deficit was observed in the peptidases studied during the infection. The decline of the activity of both enzymes influenced also the mucosa of all studied parts of the small intenstine. The difference lay in the relevance of lowering of the density of reaction product of DAP IV and GGT on other DPI and in the different intensities of the return of the activity to the physiological normal.     

Analysis of the current population of the Hanoveranian Scenthound bred in the kennel club Hirschmann e. V

The Hanoveranian Scenthound is a purebred hound with a long breeding history and an exceptional high hunting performance. The kennel club Hirschmann e. V. has the goal to conserve the very high level of performance in the small population of the Hanoveranian Scenthound. Therefore, the structure of the current population was analyzed by estimating the gene contributions of the founder breeds of other European kennel clubs, coefficients of relationships, rates of inbreeding and coefficients of inbreeding. All current dogs (n = 334) were included in this study. The pedigrees had a degree completeness of 73.3% for 10 generations. The large influence of the Hanoveranian Scenthound bred in the Austrian kennel club was obvious. The gene contribution of these dog population was with 46.5% much more higher than the gene contribution from the German population with 29.8%. The gene contribution of Czech, Swiss and Hungarian dogs was between 4.3% and 7.6%. The mean coefficient of inbreeding of the current German population was 9.2% with the maximum at 15.6%. For the last 10 generations the increase of the coefficient of inbreeding per generation was 0.71%, regarding the degree of completeness of the pedigrees the coefficient of inbreeding per generation increased by 0.96%. For the last generation the rate of inbreeding amounted to 0.09%. The rate of inbreeding expected for the next generation is 0.02%. Also the effective population size (N(e)) in the current population of the Hanoveranian Scenthound being 70.9 exceeds the critical value of N(e) = 50. The mean coefficient of relationship in the current population was 11.2% with the maximum at 73.6%. The present incrossing of Hanoveranian Scenthounds from other European countries reduced the coefficient of inbreeding.     

Phylogenetic and host-parasite relationship analysis of Henneguya multiplasmodialis n. sp. infecting Pseudoplatystoma spp. in Brazilian Pantanal wetland

A new species of the genus Henneguya (Henneguya multiplasmodialis n. sp.) was found infecting the gills of three of 89 specimens (3.3%) of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and two of 79 specimens (2.6%) of Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum from rivers in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. Partial sequencing of the 18S rDNA gene of the spores obtained from one plasmodium from the gills of P. corruscans and other one from the gills of P. reticulatum, respectively, resulted in a total of 1560 and 1147 base pairs. As the spores of H. multiplasmodialis n. sp. resemble those of Henneguya corruscans, which is also a parasite of P. corruscans, sequencing of the 18S rDNA gene of the spores of H. corruscans found on P. corruscans caught in the Brazilian Pantanal wetland was also provided to avoid any taxonomic pendency between these two species, resulting in 1913 base pairs. The sequences of H. multiplasmodialis n. sp. parasite of P. corruscans and P. reticulatum and H. corruscans did not match any of the Myxozoa available in the GenBank. The similarity of H. multiplasmodialis n. sp. obtained from P. corruscans to that from P. reticulatum was of 99.7%. Phylogeny revealed a strong tendency among Henneguya species to form clades based on the order and/or family of the host fish. H. multiplasmodialis n. sp. clustered in a clade with Henneguya eirasi and H. corruscans, which are also parasites of siluriforms of the family Pimelodidae and, together with the clade composed of Henneguya spp. parasites of siluriforms of the family Ictaluridae, formed a monophyletic clade of parasites of siluriform hosts. The histological study revealed that the wall of the plasmodia of H. multiplasmodialis n. sp. were covered with a stratified epithelium rich in club cells and supported by a layer of connective tissue. The interior of the plasmodia had a network of septa that divided the plasmodia into numerous compartments. The septa were composed of connective tissue also covered on both sides with a stratified epithelium rich in club cells. Inflammatory infiltrate was found in the tissue surrounding the plasmodia as well as in the septa.     

Paracooperia horaki n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from the nyala Tragelaphus angasi Gray, 1849

A new species of Paracooperia Travassos, 1935 was found in small numbers in the small intestines of 36 out of 68 nyala Tragelaphus angasi Gray 1849 in the Mkuzi, Ndumu and Umfolozi Game Reserves, Natal. The worms, for which the name Paracooperia horaki is proposed, can be differentiated from the closely related Paracooperia devossi Boomker & Kingsley, 1984 by the absence of ridges on 1 of the branches of the spicules, the slightly longer branches of the tips of the dorsal ray and the large hemispheric knobs on the ends of the spicules. Furthermore, the branch of the spicules that bears the hook-like process is about two thirds the length of the spicule in P. devossi and almost the entire length of the spicule in P. horaki. The ovigerous females of P. horaki have 2 or 3 expanded ridges in front of the vulva that form vulvar flaps. The females without eggs resemble those of P. devossi and have only a single vulvar flap.     

The course of the nasolacrimal duct in brachycephalic cats

Casts of the nasolacrimal duct system were obtained from 50 euthanised cats including brachy-, meso- and dolichocephalic breeds. The course of the nasolacrimal duct, which was assessed radiographically and gross-anatomically, was strongly related to the shape of the skull. In meso- and dolichocephalic cats the nasolacrimal duct formed a dorsally opened arch with the descending part being directed rostroventrally. The main part of the duct passed the nasal cavity in a rather horizontal course parallel to the hard palate and was located ventrally to the lacrimal foramen. However, foreshortening of the face was associated with a right-angled or even acute-angled alignment of the duct. In higher degrees of brachycephaly the main part of the duct ascended beyond the level of the lacrimal foramen and passed the nasal cavity dorsal to the level of the lacrimal foramen. This specific course of the nasolacrimal duct in brachycephalic cats was consistent with a steeper alignment and attachment of the maxilloturbinate. Accessory orifices of the nasolacrimal duct opening into the nasal cavity had never been observed. The present results strongly suggest that the specific course of the nasolacrimal duct in brachycephalic cats might hinder the drainage of the lacrimal fluid irrespective of the diameter of the lumen of the nasolacrimal duct system.     

A federal technical college for blacksmiths

In 1890 the former Veterinary School of Zurich received the order to build a "Eidgen?ssische Lehrschmiede" (Federal School for Black Smiths) on its campus. It was the intention not only to get more space but simultaneously to build a representative edifice. To make the most of the site the building was to be placed immediately at the wall of the channel of the river Sihl. But this was against the urban regulations of the city of Zurich. During the negotiations with the Council of Zurich the Veterinary School was elevated to a faculty of the university in 1901. All the emphasis now was laid on the changeover to the university and additionally the matter "smithy" was delayed because of the need of a larger building of the institute for anatomy. Finally the huge changes in the private and public transport by trains and motor car reduced the importance of a school for black smiths. However the importance of other projects gained like the enlargement of the stables. The beginning of the First World War buried all plans of a school for black smiths.     

The microvascularization of the penis of the steer (Bos taurus)]

The blood supply and the microvascularization of the bovine penis (Bos taurus) were demonstrated using the scanning electron microscope. The Corpus cavernosum penis of the bull consists of a surprisingly well-developed mesh of small to intermediate vessels. The architecture of the cavernous body is largely determined by trabeculae of connective tissue, the extent of which varies between penis segments. The Corpus cavernosum is arranged primarily as a ring around the trabeculae of connective tissue. Chambers of large bore are found in the central portions of the Corpus cavernosum penis, whereas a relatively fine vascular network predominates in the periphery. Vessels in the cavernous body of the urethra, on the other hand, show strictly parallel orientation to the urethra, which they surround like a sleeve. They also stand in close association with vessels in the outer layer of the Tunica albuginea. The vascular systems of the Corpus cavernosum penis and the Corpus spongiosum penis are not connected with one another. The vascular architecture of the Glans penis is characterized by the inclusion of well-developed vascular arcades at regular intervals. These course through a connective tissue matrix rich in glycoproteins and stretch to just under the skin of the penis, where they are intimately associated with a subpapillary network of arteries and veins. The venous legs of the vascular arcades are supplied by this network of veins. The Glans penis of the bull is considered to represent a specialization of the penile integument.     

假苍耳不同部位水浸提液对5种土著植物化感作用的研究

为探究外来植物假苍耳对土著植物种子萌发和幼苗生长是否存在化感作用,分别利用其水浸提液处理5种土著植物种子。结果显示,假苍耳不同部位浸提液存在不同程度化感作用,且其不同部位化感作用强度不同,叶浸提液抑制作用最强。从叶中分离出的3种组分中中性组分化感效应强于酸性和碱性组分。不同的土著植物对假苍耳同一部位浸提液敏感程度也不同,狗尾草和苋种子萌发对假苍耳不同部位浸提液均表现敏感,大籽蒿、藜、稗对假苍耳不同部位浸提液则表现出低促高抑的趋势。     

沿民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带分布的4种优势植物光合生理响应

绿洲荒漠过渡带植被在防止荒漠化过程中起到重要作用,因而对其优势植物的光合生理特征和健康状况评价尤为重要。本试验研究了过渡带不同分布区(从绿洲到荒漠方向依次为:绿洲边缘区、过渡带2区、过渡带3区和荒漠边缘区)4种优势植物的光合生理生态特性。结果表明,在民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带沿荒漠方向梯度下,4种植物叶片(同化枝)含水量和总叶绿素含量逐渐降低,而类胡萝卜素含量逐渐增加,从而减轻过渡带植物的氧化胁迫,说明4种植物受到不同程度的干旱胁迫;4种植物的光合能力随着绿洲向沙漠的延伸逐渐降低,但下降幅度不一致,白刺下降最小,梭梭和芦苇下降较大,沙拐枣在绿洲边缘和过渡带3区较高,而在过渡带2区和荒漠边缘较低;它们的气孔导度与光合能力变化趋势一致,与植物叶片(同化枝)水分利用效率和蒸腾速率变化趋势不同。芦苇和白刺在过渡带2区水分利用效率最高,沙拐枣在过渡带3区最高,梭梭则为逐渐降低。4种植物叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m和F₀变化趋势表明梭梭在过渡带梯度下,发生了伴随着光系统破坏的长期光抑制,从而降低其光合活性,而白刺叶片光系统却没有明显受到环境因子的胁迫;芦苇和沙拐枣只有在荒漠边缘才受到严重的胁迫,这些结果表明白刺比芦苇和沙拐枣更适应于过渡带旱化生境,梭梭的适应能力最差。总之,上述研究结果为认识荒漠绿洲过渡带优势植被退化的生理生态学机制和植被恢复过程中物种的选择提供了有力的科学依据。     

盐胁迫对赖草种子萌发及其胚生长的影响

在NaCl、Na2CO2和二者混合盐溶液6个不同浓度胁迫下,对赖草种子的发芽率、初始萌发时间、发芽速度以及胚根、胚芽的生长情况等进行了测定和分析。结果表明,赖草种子的发芽率、发芽速度随NaCl溶液浓度的增大先升高后降低,随Na2CO3溶液浓度的增大而降低。其中,50 mmol/L NaCl、5 mmol/L Na2CO3溶液处理下, 赖草种子的初始萌发时间最早,发芽率最高,发芽速度最快。混合盐溶液显著抑制种子萌发,随其浓度的增大,初始萌发时间延后,发芽率、发芽速度显著低于对照。NaCl、Na2CO3和二者混合盐溶液对种子发芽率和萌发进程的影响为混合盐>Na2CO3>NaCl。随着溶液浓度的增大,对胚根生长的抑制作用均不断加大,其影响为Na2CO3>混合盐>NaCl。NaCl、Na2CO3和二者混合盐溶液对胚根生长的抑制作用明显大于对胚芽的抑制作用。     

Forssman's heterogenetic antigen and its demonstration in sheep muscle tissue]

Preparation of Forssman's antiserum by means of hyperimmunization of rabbits with multiple injection of guinea-pig kidney emulsion i.v. in the course of 36 days is presented in the paper. The titre of the antiserum of rabbits utilized varied in the range between 1:1600 and 1:3200, using the antiserum to prove Forssman's antigen. On the basis of the Sachs-Georgi reaction, the presence of the Forssman's heterogenous antigen was recorded in all samples of meat collected from different parts of the slaughtered ewes. The experiments resulted, unlike the statement of Tanaka, in proving the incidence of the Forssman's antigen in many parts of the muscle tissue, not only in the connective tissue.     

Quantitative analysis of computer-averaged electromyographic profiles of intrinsic limb muscles in ponies at the walk.

The function of several intrinsic muscles of the fore-and hind limbs of 5 ponies walking normally was evaluated via surface electromyography. Electromyographic signals were band-pass filtered, rectified, linear enveloped, and standardized to the stride duration. Mean data from the muscles of the left and right limbs that were obtained from at least 30 strides in 2 recording sessions were recorded as electromyographic signals-time curves. The timing of muscle activity was determined from these graphs. On the basis of the major peaks in the electromyographic signal, muscle functions were identified. In the forelimb, the extensor carpi radialis muscle was involved in extension of the carpus at the end of the swing phase of the stride, and it provided support to flexion of the cubital joint at the beginning of the swing phase. The common digital extensor muscle extended the distal joints of the forelimb at the end of the swing phase. The ulnaris lateralis muscle provided support to extension of the cubital joint at the beginning of the stance phase, and the flexor carpi radialis muscle flexed the carpus at the beginning of the swing phase. The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle extended the cubital joint at the end of the swing phase. In the hind limb, the long digital extensor muscle flexed the tarsus at the beginning of the swing phase and extended the digital joints preceding the stance phase. The deep digital flexor muscle prevented overextension of the distal interphalangeal joint during the stance phase and flexion of the digital joints during the swing phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Comparison of the large muscle group widths of the pelvic limb in seven breeds of dogs

Orthopaedic diseases are common in the pelvic limbs of dogs, and reference values for large muscle groups of the pelvic limb may aid in diagnosis such diseases. As such, the objective of this study was to compare the large muscle groups of the pelvic limb in seven breeds of dogs. A total of 126 dogs from different breeds were included, and the widths of the quadriceps, hamstring and gastrocnemius muscles were measured from images of the lateral radiographies. The width of the quadriceps was not different between the breeds, but the widths of the hamstring and gastrocnemius muscles were significantly different between the breeds. The widest hamstring and gastrocnemius muscles were seen in the Rottweilers and the Boxers, respectively. The narrowest hamstring and gastrocnemius muscles were seen in the Belgian Malinois and the Golden retrievers, respectively. All ratios between the measured muscles differed significantly between the breeds. Doberman pinschers and Belgian Malinois had the highest ratio of gastrocnemius width:hamstring width. Doberman pinschers had also the highest ratio of quadriceps width:hamstring width. German shepherds had the highest ratio of gastrocnemius width:quadriceps width. The lowest ratios of quadriceps width:hamstring width were determined in the German shepherds. The ratios of the muscle widths may be used as reference values to assess muscular atrophy or hypertrophy in cases of bilateral or unilateral orthopaedic diseases of the pelvic limbs. Further studies are required to determine the widths and ratios of the large muscle groups of the pelvic limbs in other dog breeds.     

A study of the growth of the alimentary tract of the young cockerel.

1. The growth of the alimentary tract of male domestic fowl has been described from measurements of the dry weight of the whole and component parts of the tract from hatching to 10 weeks of age. 2. Quadratic regression equations were derived to express the growth of the birds and the growth of their alimentary tracts. 3. From hatching to 2 weeks there were marked alterations in the proportions which the different parts represented of the size of the whole tract.     

Muscular architecture in the omasal laminae of cattle and sheep

The muscular architecture of the bovine omasal laminae was examined. The omasal laminae had three thin smooth muscle layers which consisted of an intermediate layer and two lateral layers. The muscle bundles of the intermediate layers ran radially in the laminae and those of the two lateral layers ran parallel to the free border of the laminae. At the free border, three types of the muscular architecture were observed. In a histological study, the muscle bundles of the intermediate layer penetrated into the connective tissue around the smooth muscle fasciculi of the inner layer of the tunica muscularis of the omasal wall and attached to the bundles of both the inner layer and of the outer layer of the tunica muscularis. These results indicate that a re-evaluation of the muscular architecture in the omasal laminae is required to facilitate better understanding of the omasal morphology and physiology.