有机肥与施氮量对烤烟生长发育的影响

为摸清有机肥对烤烟生长发育及烟叶品质的影响,2002年在玉溪开展了不同施氮量及施用有机肥对烟叶产质量影响的试验.结果表明:(1)不同施氮量对产量和产值有影响,表现为随施氮量的增加而增加的趋势,但90～135 kg/hm2的施氮量之间差别不显著,为生产上控氮提供了依据.(2)施用有机肥对烤烟产量和产值有影响,产量提高26.76%,产值提高29.33%;不同施氮量有明显的影响,表现为施氮量＜67.5 kg/hm2时,叶小、色淡、成熟差;＞67.5 kg/hm2时,叶大、色深、成熟好.(3)方差分析表明,施氮量与有机肥没有交互作用,但在一定施氮量的基础上,增施7 500 kg/hm2厩肥和225 kg/hm2饼肥有利于促进烟株生长,提高烟叶产质量.     

FG-1烤烟新品系配套栽培技术研究

[目的]研究烤烟新品系FG-1的栽培特点,形成其配套栽培技术。[方法]在贵州省设置不同施氮量与不同密度试验,探讨烤烟新品系FG-1的最佳种植密度与最佳施氮量。[结果]不同密度、施氮量对该品种大田生育期影响不明显;施氮量在112.5kg/hm2田间长势最好、产量最高;密度13 000株/hm2,施纯氮量105.0 kg/hm2的处理下,产量适中,上等烟率、上中等烟率、产值明显高于其他处理;综合表现最好的是密度13 000株/hm2,施氮量105.0 kg/hm2的处理。[结论]FG-1烤烟新品系最佳种植密度为13 000株/hm2,最佳施氮量为105.0 kg/hm2。     

打顶方式和栽培密度及施氮量对湘西烟叶可用性的影响

以提高湘西烟叶产量和工业可用性为目的,研究打顶方式、栽培密度及施氮量对烟叶农艺性状、经济性状及烟叶品质的影响.结果表明,施氮量对烟叶产量的影响差异显著,打顶方式、栽培密度及二者的交互作用对烟叶化学成分的影响差异极显著.采用现蕾打顶、栽培密度为1.1m×0.5m、施氮量为97.5 kg/hm2或112.5 kg/hm2的栽培方式时,能提高烟叶产量和工业可用性.     

施氮量与密度对浏阳烤烟产质量的耦合效应

为探讨施氮量与密度对浏阳烤烟经济性状与烟叶品质的耦合效应,在3个施氮量(A1:150 kg/hm~2、A2:180 kg/hm~2、A3:210 kg/hm~2)和3个密度(B1:15 000株/hm~2、B2:16 500株/hm~2、B3:18 000株/hm~2)下开展了大田试验。结果表明:(1)本试验条件下,烟叶产量与产值均随施氮量和密度增大表现先增后降趋势,以A2B2、A2B3处理对产量与产值的耦合效应最佳;(2)施氮量与密度明显影响烤后烟叶物理性状,A3B1处理单叶重最大,A2B1和A2B2处理烟叶含梗率最低;(3)烤后烟叶外观质量受密度影响小,受施氮量影响较大,A2处理烤后烟叶外观质量最好;(4)施氮量与密度耦合对烤后烟叶化学成分及其协调性影响显著,综合烟碱、钾含量以及化学成分协调性指标,中部烟叶以A2B3处理化学品质最好,上部烟叶以A2B2处理化学品质最好。综合来看,施氮量180 kg/hm~2和密度16 500~18 000株/hm~2对浏阳烟区烤烟产量、产值和烟叶品质的耦合效应最佳。     

种植密度和氮肥及其互作对邵阳烟区稻茬烤烟经济性状的影响

为明确邵阳烟区稻茬烤烟的种植密度和施氮量,采用偏Eta2值分析了种植密度和施氮量及其互作对烤烟经济性状的效应。结果表明:1种植密度和施氮量及其互作对不同烤烟经济性状指标的效应不一样,种植密度对烤烟上中等烟比例、均价和产值具有显著的高度影响;施氮量对烤烟均价、产量和产值具有显著的高度影响;种植密度和施氮量互作对烤烟上中等烟比例、均价、产量和产值具有显著的高度影响。2种植密度和施氮量及其互作主要影响烤烟均价。3对烤烟经济性状的影响以互作最大,占37%左右;其次是施氮量,占35%左右;种植密度最小,占28%左右。4邵阳稻茬烟区烤烟生产以种植密度16 667~18 182株/hm2、施氮量120~135 kg/hm2为好。     

施氮量与种植密度对烤烟生长发育及经济性状的影响

为探索施氮量和种植密度对烤烟生长发育及经济性状的影响,2013年在常宁市进行了氮肥与密度试验。结果表明:相同密度下的烤烟产量与产值随着施氮量的增加而增加,其中施氮157.5、180 kg/hm2的处理其烤烟产量分别比施氮135 kg/hm2处理高6.59%和18.07%,其产值分别高126.0和5488.8元/hm2,单位养分产量分别高79.8和109.5 kg/hm2,单位面积净收益分别高747.6和3639.6元/hm2;且最大施氮量处理产量显著高于其余处理;均价随着施氮量增加而递减。在施氮量157.5 kg/hm2水平下,采用1.2 m×0.4 m和1.2 m×0.5 m种植密度,烟叶产量和效益最佳。     

施氮施钾量和栽插密度对烟后稻泰丰优656产量的影响

采用"311-A"拟饱和最优回归试验设计,针对影响泰丰优656产量的施氮量、施钾量和栽插密度进行研究,通过计算机模拟了施氮量、施钾量、栽插密度与产量的关系,建立数学模型,拟寻出最佳栽培方案。结果表明,泰丰优656作烟后稻栽培,其适宜栽插密度为21.0万丛/hm2、施氮量(N)为142.0 kg/hm2、施钾量(K2O)为137.6 kg/hm2,可获得较高产量8 846.06 kg/hm2。     

翻压绿肥后减施氮肥对烤烟产质量的影响

为明确湘西烟地翻压豆科绿肥后的适宜减施氮量,以箭舌豌豆为材料,研究了不同减施氮量对烤烟农艺性状、经济性状、物理特性和化学成分的影响。结果表明:翻压绿肥箭舌豌豆后适量减施氮肥,可提高烤烟产量和产值,提高烟叶物理性状,烟叶化学成分更加协调。翻压绿肥箭舌豌豆还田可减施氮量9~18 kg/hm2,以减施氮量9 kg/hm2较为适宜。     

种植密度和施氮量对粮饲兼用玉米雅玉8号产量的影响

研究了不同种植密度和施氮量对粮饲兼用玉米品种雅玉8号产量的影响。结果表明,雅玉8号的最佳种植密度为9.75万株/hm2,最佳施氮量为337.5kg/hm2,鲜物质产量达71032.10kg/hm2,干物质产量达22820.10kg/hm2,果穗干物质产量达11547.64kg/hm2。通过对种植密度和施氮量与生物产量之间的关系建立的回归模型预测可知,当种植密度为10.68万株/hm2、施氮量为273.48kg/hm2时能获得最高的鲜物质理论产量70798.72kg/hm2;当种植密度为11.13万株/hm2、施氮量为280.52kg/hm2时能获得最高的干物质理论产量22936.30kg/hm2。种植密度和施氮量对雅玉8号生物产量及果穗产量的影响均达极显著水平。     

移栽密度和施氮量对宁粳3号产量及其构成因素的影响

以宁粳3号为材料,设置移栽密度和施氮量试验,分析不同移栽密度和施氮量对宁粳3号单产及产量构成因素的影响。研究结果表明:(1)移栽密度和施氮量对单产有显著影响;330 kg/hm2施氮水平单产最高,300 kg/hm2施氮水平其次,360 kg/hm2的再次,270 kg/hm2的最低;移栽密度以基本苗45×104/hm2的单产最高,其次为22.5×104/hm2的。(2)增加移栽密度和氮肥用量能显著提高单位面积穗数和高峰苗数;施氮量和移栽密度过多或过少均不利于每穗颖花数、结实率、千粒重和成穗率的提高。(3)总颖花量的增加是提高超级稻产量的决定性因素;在足穗的基础上,培育大穗是提高总颖花量的主要技术手段;在适宜总颖花量的基础上提高千粒重和每穗颖花数是获得高产的保证。(4)本试验条件下,宁粳3号最适宜基本苗移栽密度是45×104/hm2,施氮量是330 kg/hm2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

云南省"双高"甘蔗生产与发展

从自然生产条件、龙头企业状况和产业经济效益3方面论述了云南省“双高”甘蔗发展的优势条件.分析了现阶段“双高”甘蔗发展中存在的主要问题,即甘蔗产业科技落后、蔗园建设投入不足、加工企业规模较小,产品单一.从“双高”甘蔗优势产业带建设,甘蔗种子工程体系,“双高”甘蔗科技、甘蔗产业化经营发展与科技培训等方面提出了“双高”甘蔗发展的建议和措施.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。