内蒙古大兴安岭林区森林资源可持续经营探讨

森林可持续经营是当今世界林业发展的主题。针对内蒙古大兴安岭林区的现实,在分析可持续经营理论、我国可持续发展战略、森林资源可持续经营目标的基础上,立足可持续经营理论,提出林区森林资源可持续经营的措施主要是走森林永续经营、分类经营、资产化经营和生态经营之路。     

湿地松纸浆材原料林经营模式的经营技术体系

以森林经营模式理论为指导,依据湿地松纸浆材原料林经营模式的经营模拟系统,建立了该经营模式的经营技术体系．研究结果表明：按照该经营模式提供的优化经营技术,经营湿地松纸浆材原料林,可获得最佳的经营效果,投入产出比高达４９４％     

以生态环境建设为主体的林业大经营的探讨*

林业大经营应是实现我国林业在生态环境建设中主体地位的必要模式。从理论上论述了林业大经营的内涵，提出了林业大经营的基本特征，即经营区域广泛性，经营内容复合性，经营主体多元性，经营目标的主导综合性和动态性，经营措施的科学性与集约性，经营运行的双重市场引导性，经营过程的可持续性等。同时从总体性目标和分类别目标体系2个方面提出了林业大经营的目标体系。     

构建经营单位级森林可持续经营指数体系的思考

分析了在森林经营单位级层次上的可持续经营表征和可持续经营要素,提出了构建经营单位级森林可持续经营状况评价的原则要求,建议采用资源丰度指数、经营能力指数、作业实况指数等3个指数从不同侧面来综合反映经营单位级的可持续经营状况。     

人工林经营流程式可视化模拟方法研究

针对目前森林经营可视化模拟现状,以面向林木生长过程的经营为基础,引入流程机制进行经营措施的模拟定制,设计了一种流程式经营过程可视化模拟方法。根据经营过程措施方式不同将林分经营过程进行流程组件式拆分,抽象经营措施为独立的流程模块,对应的经营措施指标抽象为具体的指标参数,采用拖拉构件方式进行经营流程定制,通过解析和执行经营流程过程,得出经营可视化模拟结果。最后以具体的林分经营过程实例分析此方法的可行性并取得了良好的可视化模拟效果,可为森林经营决策提供一定的依据。     

基于近自然经营理念的腾冲县新岐社区森林经营类型组织

分析了新岐社区森林资源现状和森林经营需求,探讨了基于近自然经营的理念和森林多功能经营的思想,以经营目标、经营周期、立地质量、主要技术特征为依据,把新岐社区林地组织成为了4个森林经营类型组11个森林经营类型,并制作了森林经营类型图,以期为新岐社区村级森林经营方案编制及社区今后的森林经营提供参考。     

作业设计在森林经营中的作用

森林经营中的作业设计是由一定资质的林业专业技术人员依据可靠的调查资料,按照森林经营单位的经营理念、经营思路和经营目标编制的,具有一定的科学性合理性。一经林业主管部门批复,具有一定的约束力,在森林经营当中起着重要的作用。按照作业设计实施森林经营作业,可以避免森林破坏性的采伐,健康持续地经营森林,按照经营单位的经营理念实现经营目标。提高作业设计质量,加强实施作业设计的管理、监督、检查是其保证。     

森林经营目标的确定

在森林经营过程中,要依据经营目的、林分现状、环境条件和立地条件,采取一定的方法确定经营目标。根据经营目标采取相应的经营措施,顺利地达到经营目标。     

新时期森林抚育经营技术与措施

笔者从生态林抚育经营技术、用材林抚育经营技术、人工林抚育经营技术3方面总结了新时期森林抚育经营技术要点。提出了科学制定森林抚育经营方案、提升生态保护意识、创新森林抚育经营技术及管理方式等新时期森林抚育经营措施,以期为今后山西省森林抚育经营提供理论参考。     

实行森林分类经营需要处理好的六个关系

林业分类经营改革是实行林业可持续发展的关键，为了推进林业分类经营改革，笔者以六个方面分析阐述了在分类经营改革中需处理好的六个关系。即：分类经营与综合经营的关系；分类经营与市场经济的关系；分类经营与传统林业的关系；商品林与公益林的关系；分类经营与林业企业转机建制的关系；分类经营与可持续发展的关系。     

坚持和完善森林资源管理制度 保障和促进林业持续快速发展

概要阐述了森林资源在维护生态平衡、促进可持续发展中的重要作用,简要分析了当今全球和我国森林资源状况,全面总结了建国以来我国森林资源管理取得的成绩和经验,深入揭示了当前我国森林资源及其保护管理存在的问题和原因,系统介绍了我国森林资源管理的基本政策和制度。按照《中共中央国务院关于加快林业发展的决定》要求,对今后一个时期我国森林资源管理的思路、目标、任务提出了一些设想和建议。     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

森林冠层结构与功能及其时空变化研究进展*

林冠是森林与外界环境相互作用最直接和最活跃的界面层 ,同时 ,它本身又承载了森林生物多样性的主体部分。森林冠层研究的方法和技术在近些年取得了长足发展 ,从而促进了有关林冠结构与功能的研究。这些研究深化了人们对于林冠结构与光能截获以及群落干物质积累之间关系的认识 ,同时 ,对于森林冠层的物质循环和能量传输以及冠层内各营养级之间相互关系动态也有了更为深入的理解。考察森林冠层的结构与功能及其时空变化是深入理解整个森林生态系统的格局、过程及其运作机制的重要基础。     

Short-term Effect of Thinning on Pinus sylvestris Damage and Sporulation Caused by Cronartium flaccidum

The short-term effect of thinning on cronartium rust on Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) was investigated in a stand of Scots pine (artificially seeded and in the pole-stage) severely infected by the stem-rust fungus Cronartium flaccidum (Alb. & Schwein) G. Winter. The disease rate (the number of old and fresh infections) was recorded before thinning, after which all trees with a resin-top as well as all individual branches with sporulating lesions were removed from the thinned plots, while the comparison plots remained non-thinned. The numbers of sporulating lesions were recorded on the plots annually for 2-5 yrs after thinning. Thinning had no significant short-term effect on the year-to-year relative number of sporulating lesions. The relative number of sporulating lesions, however, increased in both thinned and nonthinned trees, varying significantly from year to year. Thinning had no significant effect on the year of formation of the shoot bearing annual sporulating lesions, the duration of sporulation or the growth of the fungus along the infected shoot in perennial lesions during the first 5 yrs after the treatment.     

Concentrations of Cadmium,Lead and Mercury in Different Soils in Two Swedish Forest Catchments

Accumulation of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg), as affected by organic matter content, pH of different soil compartments and the physicochemical properties of each metal, was studied in different soil types within two forested catchments of the Norway spruce (Picea abies - Vaccinium myrtillus) type. Independent of soil type, the highest metal concentrations were found in the organic layers of the soil, usually in the surface soil. The concentrations in the upper part of the mineral subsoil were about one-fifth to one-tenth, or less, of those in the organic surface soil. Concentration maxima in the B-horizon were more pronounced for Cd and Hg than for Pb. When comparing soil types, the highest concentrations of Cd were found in the less acidified fens in the discharge area, while for Hg and Pb the highest concentrations usually occurred in the mor layer of the well-drained Podzols. For all metals, the soil types with the largest accumulation had concentrations up to 2-3-fold higher in the organic layers than those with the smallest accumulation.     

Photosynthetic Characteristics of Ash and Larch in Mixture and Pure stands

IntroductionDuringthepasttwodecades,studieshaverevealedthatgrowingash(Fnainusmandshurica)andlarch(LarlksPP.)togetherinaproperwaycanincreasetheproduc-tivityQfthestandsI"'}'-'].Theyieldimprovementmechanismsattributetotwoaspects,i.e.,theabovegroundandundergr…     

用碘结晶法测量针叶树材的微纤丝角

采用碘溶液和氢氧化钠两种溶液的混合液处理针叶树材管胞弦壁切片，并用干燥法脱除切片胞壁水，对碘结晶法测量木材微纤丝角的方法进行改良．结果表明，切片的木素脱除干净彻底，次生壁微纤丝之间易形成空隙，有利于碘离子进入其中形成碘结晶，可清晰地观察到微纤丝的走向，有利于有效而准确地测量微纤丝角，与改良前进行比较，具有省时省力，节约经费的优点．     

Improvement of dispersing property of sodium sulfite-formal-dehydeanthraquinone pulping effluent by treatment withCoriolus versicolor

A strain of the fungusCoriolus versicolor was inoculated periodically into potato dextrose agar (PDA) slants containing the effluent to enhance the natural ability to grow in the effluent. The acclimated strain grown in the 50% effluent-containing PDA slant and the original strain were employed to treat the effluent. The acclimated strain could grow in a higher concentration of the effluent than the original unacclimated one. Both the original and acclimated strains improved the dispersing ability of the effluent, especially the acclimated strain because of its higher laccase secretion. The dispersing ability of the SFP effluent was improved to a level comparable to a commercial lignosulfonate product because it was strongly polymerized by the fungus. During the fungal treatment, more than 50% of the sugars were removed from the effluent, thereby increasing the purity of the SFP lignin product.This work was presented at the 48th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, April 3–5, 1998, Shizuoka, Japa     

浅议野生动物所有权

野生动物所有权是所有权的一种,它与其他所有权的区别在于客体的不同。文章阐述了野生动物的内涵,分析了野生动物的分类和野生动物与野生动物资源的区别。在明确野生动物含义的基础上,提出了野生动物所有权的概念,深入论述了野生动物所有权与野生动物资源所有权的差异和联系,并对野生动物所有权的主体、客体、内容进行了分析。     

Persistence of herbicides in forest nursery soils

The persistence of the four herbicides atrazine, hexazinone, lenacil and linuron was studied in forest nursery soils. The adsorption capacities of the soils for the chemicals were described by the distribution coefficients kj and k_oc. Due to the low content of organic matter in the soils the k_a‐values were low, in several cases being <1 for hexazinone. Hexazinone also had the lowest k _oc‐value (30) while the other substances had k_oc ‐values within the range 200–400. In some cases hexazinone showed great mobility under field conditions. The formula c=c_o‐kt^1/2 was used to describe the disappearance of the herbicides from the various soils. The rate of degradation of the four herbicides correlated well with the rate of respiration in the same soils in laboratory experiments, and for linuron reasonably well also in field experiments. In the field experiments the herbicides penetrated the top soil layer. In the subsoil the risk of further transport downward to the drainage system or ground water increased, especially for hexazinone. Linuron as well as the fungicides maneb and tolylfluanid suppressed the decomposition rate of hexazinone in laboratory experiments.