Preliminary Study on the Sourcesink Relationship of Bt Transgenic Cotton

以转Ｂｔ基因抗虫棉中棉所３０（ＣＣＲＩ３０）及其对照品种中棉所１６（ＣＣＲＩ１６）为材料,在大田和温室盆栽条件下初步研究了Ｂｔ抗虫棉源库器官的发育特点和源库关系。试验结果表明,转Ｂｔ基因抗虫棉中棉所３０的光合叶面积及根系活力均低于对照品种中棉所１６,源器官的功能较为低下;但前者库器官的活性较强,对同化物的竞争能力高于后者。虽然中棉所３０在盛花期和结铃期提高了叶片中１４Ｃ同化物的输出率,但仍然不能从根本上解决源器官的制造能力和库器官需要之间的矛盾。文中提出了Ｂｔ抗虫棉生产中栽培措施的主攻方向。     

云南旱地小麦不同穗型品种减源缩库与穗部性状的关系

通过剪叶、剪穗处理探讨云南三种穗型的旱地小麦品种的源库关系，结果认为：平地小麦在齐穗后不同剪叶、剪穗处理，其穗部性状变化明显。大穗型品种云麦39不同的剪叶处理其每穗重量和单粒重下降幅度较大，而小穗型品种云麦42和中穗型品种97591与云麦39相比每穗重量和单粒重下降幅度较小；不同剪叶处理的每穗饱粒重也下降，下降的程度依次是云麦39＞97591＞云麦42。大穗型品种的每穗饱粒数下降明显，而小穗型和中穗型品种的下降较少。对于不同的剪穗处理，大穗型品种的单粒重增加幅度较大，而小穗型品种增加幅度较小，中穗型品种的甚至减少。对于不同穗型品种的穗部性状源库结构调整的反应不同表明：其灌浆过程或光合器官间的相互补偿能力不同，这种不同使不同穗型品种对各种环境的适应性有差异，栽培管理应该有所区别。     

源库对直立穗型水稻品种结实率的影响

通过减源减库处理对直立穗型水稻辽粳5号、辽粳454和弯曲穗型品种辽盐16的结实率与库源的关系进行了比较研究。研究表明：不同品种间结实率差异较大,直立穗型品种辽粳5号低于弯曲穗型辽盐16,而直立穗型品种辽粳454结实率最高;不同部位籽粒结实率不同,上部结实率高于中下部,一次枝梗结实率较高,主要是中下部二次枝梗结实率低;减源后结实率降低,剪去剑叶辽盐16、辽粳5号结实率下降明显,剪去一半倒二叶或倒三叶则有利于结实率提高;去库后结实率提高,剪去一定部位的一次枝梗则整穗及其相应部位的二次枝梗结实率有较大程度的提高;穗轴各部一二次枝梗结实率受源库处理的影响不同,中下部所受的影响大于上部,二次枝梗所受的影响大于一次枝梗,这种趋势在直立穗型辽粳5上表现较明显。     

源—库变化对小麦籽粒性状和干物质积累的影响

以不同历史时期的小麦品种为材料,研究了源—库变化对小麦籽粒性状和干物质积累的影响表明:穗粒重、千粒重、最大籽粒体积、皱缩指数、单茎生物量和草重有明显的品种间差异.剪叶减源,使穗粒重、最大籽粒体积、千粒重和生物量下降。剪除部分小穗减库,使剩余籽粒的最大体积和千粒重明显增加。新老品种的开花期单茎生物量相同,对减少库的反应基本一致。近期品种开花后单茎干物质积累较多,对源的减少较敏感.要在现有品种基础上提高产量潜力,不但要增加库,而且要增加源     

不同源库型小麦品种生理特点及其与穗粒重的关系

以大粒小麦新品种兰考８６（７９）（源限型）、豫麦１８号（库限型）和大穗小麦新品系黄８１２４（源库素作型）为材料,对其生理特点及其与穗粒重的关系进行了研究。结果表明,源限型和源库素作型品种“源”的形成和发展较库限型品种更为合理,其光合势大,叶面积技续时间长,光合生产率高,叶版光合性能强,粒重增长快,穗部性养优良;子粒灌浆速度前期增加快,后期下降平缓,粒重与灌浆速度吁显著的正相关,面库限型品种这种相关关系不明显。叶片对源限型品种,叶鞘对源库互作型品种、茎行对库限型品种子粒增重贡献较大。     

水稻灌浆结实期减源疏库对净光合速率的影响

以常规中籼滇屯502和中粳合系39两个水稻品种为试验材料,研究水稻灌浆结实期减源疏库对水稻剑叶净光合速率的影响。结果表明,在控制光照强度和CO2浓度下,减源处理使水稻剑叶的净光合速率、表观量子效率和羧化效率增加,表现为反馈促进效应;不同源库类型的水稻品种对疏库的反应不同,疏库源限制型品种剑叶的净光合速率的反馈作用较小,而源库协调型或库限制型品种则较大。     

甜菜源库关系的研究

为阐明源、库的关系对甜菜产量形成的影响。运用比较生理学的方法,研究了不同特性甜菜品种群体源、库的形成及其相互关系以及源、库发展在产量形成中的作用。结果表明,甜菜群体LAI和LAD可作为衡量源大小及能力的重要指标。光合源的同化能力直接影响着块根库容的大小,后期较大的光合源会抑制块根库的扩大,影响甜菜产量的形成。揭示了丰产、高糖甜菜品种的源库关系,LAI峰值出现在块根及糖分增长期,最大LAI应在4.3以上,达到峰值后要有20 d左右的相对稳定持续期,糖分积累后期LAI应保持在2.4左右。群体LAD应在块根及糖分增长期达到19.3 m2.d以上,后期呈缓慢下降变化。以上结果可为指导甜菜生产实践提高产量提供理论依据。     

北方主栽花生品种的源库特征及其分类

大田栽培条件下,以中国北方主栽的13个花生品种为试验材料,对单株叶面积、开花数、成果率等18个源库性状进行测定和计算,利用主成分分析、聚类分析等统计方法,筛选花生源库性状评价指标,对比不同品种的源库性状差异和产量差异,并进行源库类型划分。结果表明,结荚期和饱果期的叶面积、开花数量、成果率和荚果充实度可以作为评价花生源库关系的主要指标。根据源库特征及产量表现可以把花生品种分为源库协调型、源大库小型、源足库少型和源足库多型4类。源库协调型品种叶片净同化率高,花期持续时间和开花数量适中,有效果比例和荚果充实度高,易获得高产。源大库小型品种叶面积过大,叶片净同化率和单位叶面积荚果产量低,荚果充实度低,限制产量提高。源足库多型品种产量限制因素为花期长,花数多,成果率低,无效果针和荚果消耗营养,有效荚果饱满度不足。源足库少型品种产量限制因素为开花持续时间短,花量少。因此,在花生生产中,应该针对不同源库类型品种,采取相应措施控制叶源大小和开花量,防止叶源冗余、花多不实和果多不饱,提高有效果比例和荚果饱满度,增加荚果产量。     

灌浆期高温胁迫对冬小麦叶源、库器官生理活性的影响及调控

研究了灌浆期高温胁迫条件对冬小麦叶源、库器官某些生理指标的影响。结果表明 ,高温胁迫导致冬小麦叶源、库活性显著降低。高温胁迫能显著降低冬小麦子粒蔗糖酶的活性 ,降低子粒可溶性糖含量 ,胁迫发生初期子粒ATP酶的活性迅速降低 ;高温胁迫导致冬小麦的旗叶MDA含量、脯氨酸含量上升。适当的调节剂处理能显著改变高温胁迫条件下上述生理指标的变化动态 ,显著抑制高温胁迫条件下冬小麦旗叶光合性能的下降 ,延缓叶片衰老的进程 ,对保持叶源、库器官的生理活性有显著的作用 ,协调源库关系 ,降低高温胁迫对植株的伤害程度     

不同水稻品种的光合特性研究

１９９６，１９９７两年，我们在金沙县申家街村进行了水稻生理的研究，通过两年试验，总结了当地主栽的不同水稻品种（组合）的源库特征。根据当地的气候特点，初步提出了不同水稻品种（组合）的源库特性，源库类型为：增源增产类和增源增库互作增产类两个类型。并针对不同类型水稻品种（组合）提出了相应的栽培措施。在辐射能量较低的贵州地区，源和光合能力与干物质生产呈正相关。所以不同水稻品种（组合）的叶绿素含量及其光合速率的研究，对于高产栽培和选择适宜本地区栽培的高产品种就具有重要的参考意义。为此，我们又于１９９８年进…     

蔗糖载体调控作物“源、库”分配的研究进展

蔗糖是植物光合作用及物质转运的主要形式,植物体内重要的信号物质,并且为植物生长代谢提供碳源与能量。而在蔗糖转运过程中,蔗糖载体（SUT）发挥着不可替代的作用。首先介绍了植物中“源、库、流”理论和蔗糖载体基因分离,阐述了蔗糖载体在蔗糖由“源”到“库”转运过程中发挥的作用,及与农艺性状的关系,并阐明蔗糖在植物体生长发育过程中的作用。归纳总结了蔗糖载体介导的蔗糖跨膜转运过程,进而探讨了蔗糖跨膜转运存在的问题。     

水分胁迫对花生不同器官非结构性碳水化合物含量的影响

为探讨不同生育时期水分胁迫对花生不同器官非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)“库—源—流”间的变化动态,以‘花育20号’和‘花育27号’花生品种为试材,采用控制条件下的防雨棚池栽方法,研究了花生生长发育过程中不同生育时期水分胁迫下,非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)在花生叶片、茎、根和荚果等器官中的动态变化。结果表明,全生育期干旱胁迫使花生叶片、茎和根中可溶性总糖含量和淀粉均明显升高,但荚果中可溶性糖含量却明显降低。无论何生育时期受到干旱胁迫均使得叶片中可溶性糖含量峰值提前15天左右出现,“源”物质输出提前但输出量降低,叶片提前衰老。生育前期干旱胁迫使滞留在荚果中的NSC含量增加,结荚期后干旱胁迫反而利于荚果中NSC的转化。全生育期水分适宜处理叶片中NSC含量相对较低且变化较小。由此表明,干旱胁迫降低了NSC由源至库的运输和转化,使荚果“库”容量降低。     

Contribution of Different Organs to Grain Filling in Durum Wheat under Mediterranean Conditions I. Contribution of Post‐Anthesis Photosynthesis and Remobilization

Under Mediterranean conditions, drought affects cereals production principally through a limitation of grain filling. In this study, the respective role of post‐anthesis photosynthesis and carbon remobilization and the contribution of flag leaf, stem, chaff and awns to grain filling were evaluated under Mediterranean conditions in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) cultivars. For the purpose, we examined the effects of shading and excision of different parts of the plant and compared carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in dry matter of flag leaf, stem, chaff, awns and grain at maturity and in sap of stem, flag leaf, chaff and awns, this last measurement providing information on photosynthesis during a short period preceding sampling. Source–sink manipulations and isotopic imprints of different organs on final isotope composition of the grain confirmed the high contribution of both carbons assimilated by ears and remobilized from stems to grain filling, and the relatively low contribution of leaves to grain filling. Grain Δ was highly and significantly associated with grain yield across treatments, suggesting the utilization of this trait as an indicator of source–sink manipulations effects on grain yield. Chaff and awns Δ were better correlated with grain Δ than stem and leaf Δ, indicating that chaff were more involved in grain filling than other organs. Moreover, in chaff, sap Δ was highly significantly correlated with dry matter Δ. These results suggest the use of Δ for a rapid and non‐destructive estimation of the variation in the contribution of different organs to grain filling.     

Monocarpk Senescence in Relation to Yield of Sesamum indicum During Source-Sink Alteration

Defoliation hastens senescence of the capsule wall, increased seed weight/capsule and harvest index, promotes seed filling and decreased the post-flowering contribution and yield/plant. Defruiting delayed senescence of the subtending leaf. Treatment of kinetin on the capsule wall increased its chlorophyll, sugar and dry weight and also increased yield by increasing harvest index, seed weight/capsule compared to seed treatment as well as control, although post-flowering contribution reduced significantly. When treated on the capsule wall ABA defers senescence of both leaf and capsule wall and also increased the yield parameters but seed treatment although defers senescence of both the source organs, decreased the yield parameters. Treatment of urea defers senescence of the source organs and also increased yield and capsule number though harvest index was reduced.
It is concluded that contribution from the capsule wall and deferment of senescence of this organ at the post capsule development period determines yield and in normal condition contribution of source is limited by the sink size.     

高产冬小麦的冠层光合能力及不同器官的贡献

通过两年对四个高产冬小麦品种冠层光合速率的测定,探讨了小麦灌浆期不同光合器官对群体光合能力的贡献。结果表明：灌浆期群体光合能力与干物质积累及籽粒产量呈显著的正相关ｒ＝０．９１９０和ｒ＝０．９２７９）。光合器官中,旗叶和倒二叶光合能力强,贡献最大;茎鞘具有与旗叶相仿或稍高的光合潜力;穗部不仅是光合产物贮藏的生物库,而且是重要的光合源,其对冠层光合的贡献一般在１０－１２％左右。但若群体过大,穗部光合贡     

水稻花后物质流转研究进展

作物物质流转是指作物光合产物或贮藏在茎、鞘等器官中的同化物向穗部等库器官的转运,其能力高低称之为作物物质流转力。作物物质流转是作物源、库理论的丰富和发展,物质再流转顺利进行既要有足够的储存库又要有丰富的供给源。水稻产量与稻米品质形成实质上是光合同化物生产及花后物质流转的过程。因此,水稻花后物质积累、再流转过程中生理差异及能力大小,是影响水稻子粒生长、产量和稻米品质的重要因素。本文从作物物质流转理论的发展、水稻花后干物质流转特性、花后碳氮物质流转特性、花后物质流转与品质形成等方面详细综述了前人的研究进展,并展望了水稻物质流转理论研究的发展。     

影响常规籼稻品种氮素籽粒生产效率的主要源库指标

在群体水培条件下，以国内外不同年代育成的籼稻代表品种（2001年为88个、2002年为122个）为材料，测定叶面积系数、库容量、干物重以及氮素含量等，采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种的氮素籽粒生产效率从低到高依次分为A、B、C、D、E、F等6种类型，研究各类型籼稻品种有关源库指标的差异以及影响氮素籽粒生产效率的主要源库指标。结果表明，A、B、C、D、E、F类籼稻品种的平均氮素籽粒生产效率2001年分别为20.51、31.04、35.64、39.46、43.55和50.92 g g^-1，2002年分别为24.33、31.61、35.83、39.06、43.51和50.00 g g^-1；高氮素籽粒生产效率类型籼稻品种源、库的基本特点为抽穗期的叶面积系数较小、灌浆结实期叶面积下降速度慢、净同化率高、库容量大，抽穗期的单位叶面积、单位干物重和单位氮素所承担（形成）的库容量大。多元逐步回归分析表明，单位氮素库容量、单位干物质库容量、单位库容量形成的产量、抽穗期叶面积系数以及抽穗期至成熟期叶面积系数减少量对氮素籽粒生产效率有显著影响（R²=0.749～0.805）。通径分析表明，抽穗期的单位氮素库容量和单位干物质库容量以及单位库容量形成的产量对籼稻品种氮素籽粒生产效率的影响力明显大于抽穗期叶面积系数和抽穗期至成熟期叶面积系数减少量。     

源库调节对灌溉与旱地小麦开花后光合产物生产和分配的影响

灌溉条件下,减源可使小麦叶片光合速率增加,减库光合速率降低。增降幅度因品种而异。鲁215953、山农48-2,鲁麦14和莱州953等品种减源后光合速率增加较少,但减库后光合速率明显降低;鲁麦15、核生2 , D041和太780等品种则相反。旱地无灌溉条件下,无论源或者库的调节对小麦叶片光合速率的影响都比较小。说明源库与光合速率之     

Enhancement of Tuberous Root Production and Adenosine 5'-Diphosphate Pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) Activity in Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) by Exogenous Injection of Sucrose Solution

Adenosine 5'-diphosphate pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a key enzyme governing starch synthesis and is regarded as an important determinant of the sink activity of the sweet potato root. In this study, assuming that the expression of AGPase is under the direct or indirect control of sucrose, we investigated the effect of exogenous injection of sucrose solution into a plant on the activity of AGPase and tuberous root production. Sucrose solutions of 6 and 12 %, and distilled water as the control, were injected into the top of the shoot. The application of sucrose solution was effective in increasing tuberous root production and increasing the ratio of tuberous root weight to total root weight in a plant. AGPase activity in roots was enhanced by about 25 % by injecting sucrose solution. These results suggest that AGPase and sink activities are controlled by sucrose transported from the leaves. To increase sweet potato production effectively, AGPase activity and sink function must be enhanced, and so a genetic and physiological improvement in photosynthetic function or sucrose productivity in the leaves is necessary to increase AGPase activity in sink organs.     

Modification of the Sink/Source Relationships in Bread Wheat and its Influence on Grain Yield and Grain Protein Content*

Artificial manipulation of sink and source was carried out in several bread wheat varieties in order to study the variations in the pattern of storage products accumulation in the grain. In a first experiment, partial ablation of the laminae did not cause any significant variation in the yield components, while total elimination of the laminae resulted in a decreased fertility of the spikelets and in a lower kernel weight. The protein content of grain turned out to be a function of the amount of vegetative organs left in the different treatments, and ranged from 11.1 % in leafless plants to 16.5% in the control. The halving of the spikes led to a 14% increase in the size of the kernels, while the protein content per spike showed a 20 % drop in comparison to the control. Reduction of sink affected nitrogen accumulation to a lesser extent than carbohydrates storage in the grain. Reduction of sink induced remarkable increases in the protein fractions: gliadins +59%, glutelins +44%, insoluble residue +30%, non-proteic nitrogen +28%, albumins and globulins + 16%. The increase of GPC or of specific solubility classes did not influence significantly the quality of the flour evaluated by the Zeleny and Pelshenke indices. The presented data suggest some caution in adopting kernel size and GPC as main selection criteria in early generations. It seems more convenient to select for a prolonged grain filling period and for a higher biomass without increasing plant height.