粳型光敏核不育水稻7001s的光温反应特性与花粉育性转换及其过程…

粳型光敏核不育水稻７００１ｓ在控制光长和温度条件下试验结果说明它对光周期反应强，光周期反应日数为１０７天；在长光照（１４．５小时）雄性不育基因表达稳定，植物在稻穗雌雄蕊原基分化前长光照对穗发育有不利作用，但分化后对长光照反应不敏感。温度对７００１ｓ稻穗发育和小穗育性亦有一定的影响，在２０℃低温抽穗延迟，但每穗总小穗数增加，结实率降低；３０℃高温下每穗总小穗数及结实率均降低。翻种在上海地区自然条件下     

粳型光敏核不育水稻7001s的光温反应特性与花粉育性转换及其过程中花药蛋白质的变化

粳型光敏核不育水稻7001s在控制光长和温度条件下试验结果说明它对光周期反应强,光周期反应日数为107天;在长光照（14.5小时）雄性不育基因表达稳定,植物在稻穗雌雄蕊原基分化前长光照对穗发育有不利作用,但分化后对长光照反应不敏感。温度对7001s稻穗发育和小穗育性亦有一定的影响,在20℃低温抽穗延迟,但每穗总小穗数     

周年播种条件下小麦的穗发育

在周年分期播种条件下对小麦冬性春性不同的各类型品种的穗分化研究表明,小麦对低温的反应属数量性的,低温诱导的是小穗原基而不是茎生长锥的伸长;生长锥下部单棱双向发展区是营养器官与生殖器官原基“过渡区”;主茎叶片数的决定时期因品种的冬性、春性类型及播种后的温度条件而异.     

“谷上谷”生育性状的观察——Ⅰ.穗分化进程与刚毛小穗的发育

“谷上谷”的植株外部形态和生育过程与普通谷没有明显的区别,但由于在穗分化中“谷上谷”的刚毛小穗原基较普通谷的刚毛原基伸长后顶端保持继续分化小穗的能力,从而形成了具有刚毛顶端可结实的刚毛小穗这一特征。正在发育的刚毛小穗在其迅速伸长时分化较慢,当伸长到一定程度时即加快分化,缩短了与相邻的普通小穗分化所形成的     

糜子幼穗分化的形态、进程及与植株外部形态的关系

糜子幼穗分化经历六个时期:0、茎叶原基分化期,Ⅰ、第一苞原期,Ⅱ、枝梗系统分化期,Ⅲ、小穗、小花原基分化期,Ⅳ、雌雄蕊原基分化期,Ⅴ、花粉粒分化形成期。其中,我们重点对Ⅴ期作了观察。糜子幼穗分化的进程因品种熟性与播期差别很大。多元相关分析表明:分化进程在0～Ⅳ各期受日平均温度与品种熟性影响,在Ⅴ期受日平均温度与出现≥30℃高温日数影响。花序顶部小穗比基部小穗提早分化一个时期,分化速度也要快一些。内部穗分化与植株外部形态的关系表现为:Ⅰ～Ⅴ期的叶龄、出现叶及Ⅰ～Ⅳ期的叶龄余数与植株主茎总叶数成线性关系。伸长节在各期也因主茎总叶数而异。不论植株总叶数多少,Ⅴ期,最后一叶出现,叶龄余数相近(1.5);开花期叶片全部展开,穗颈节伸长。叶龄指数贯彻穗分化始终,不受植株总叶数影响,是推断穗分化进程较准确的指标。     

水稻顶小穗双粒突变体TS的颖花发育和簇生穗发生特征

水稻顶小穗双粒突变体TS是花发育研究中重要的突变类型.该突变体在枝梗分化期的苞原基分化期和第1次枝梗原基分化期,TS幼穗和野生型幼穗的分化没有差异;而从第2次枝梗原基分化期开始,两者枝梗顶端幼穗分化差异越来越明显,抽穗时可见二次枝梗顶端穗轴上着生小穗为双粒.对TS进行遗传分析,该突变体性状受一对隐性基因控制.经过簇生测定发现:TS突变体多数表现为Ⅱ级簇生,簇生穗大多集中发生在二次枝梗上.     

小麦茎顶端原基发育模拟模型的研究

本文系统地模拟了小麦植株茎顶端不同类型原基的发育过程，建立了叶原基分化、小穗原基分化和小花原基分化、退化、败育、受精结实及籽粒生长的子模型。模型引入每小穗分化的最大小花原基数、退化的最大小花原基数和籽粒潜在重量3个遗传参数，分别反映了不同小麦品种小花分化、退化和籽粒生长等方面的遗传差异。利用南京地区     

小麦顶小穗的形成特点及其与大穗的关系

小麦植株开始拔节时,幼穗的分化发育出现转折——停育小穗出现,侧小穗数不再增加,顶小穗开始分化,全穗的总小穗数定型。顶小穗的形成过程、形态结构与侧小穗不同。顶小穗出现的早晚,与温、光、营养等条件密切相关。了解小麦顶小穗的形成特点,注意适期早播,正确施肥,科学管理,可以延长小穗分化时间,推迟顶小穗出现,增加小穗数,     

小麦茎顶端原基分化的动态模式与特征研究

小麦各类茎顶端原基分化与播种后累积生长度日(GDD)之间均呈S曲线关系, 符合Logistic数学模型, 表明小麦茎顶端各类原基的分化一旦启动, 其分化速率均随着GDD的增加呈现“慢-快-慢”的动态变化规律。 虽然不同播期对苞叶原基和小穗原基的分化模式具有调节作用, 但冬性与春性品种以及主茎与分蘖顶端原基分化的模式基本一致     

不同密度条件对冬小麦小花发育的影响

不同密度条件对冬小麦小花原基分化的总数有所影响,并制约着小花原基分化数量的增长动态。随着密度的降低,药隔初期之前,小花原基分化的数量增长趋于缓稳,已分化的小花发育进程较为均衡。研究还表明,氮代谢利于小花原基分化,碳代谢促进小花发育。适当降低基本苗数,不但能够改善群体内的光照条件,提高光合能力,增加碳水化合物     

小麦穗分化过程中的光温组合效应研究

在Ｃｏｎｖｉｒｏｎ生长箱控制条件下,利用６个来自不同生态区的春小麦品种,研究了４种光温组合下（高温长日,高温短日,低温长日,低温短日）穗人化期持续天数与积温的反应,结果表明,日照对缩短各穗分化期起主要作用。（２）温度对光周期反应有强烈的调节作用,主要表现,长日照下。高温加快生育进程,短日照下,高温使短日抑制穗分化效应更为显著,常导致幼穗中途死亡,低温虽然延缓了小麦的生育进程,但却可以减轻短日对穗分     

小麦的穗分化与温光反应

1982—1985年在北京地区的小麦多期播种试验中,强春性小麦在三叶期开始了穗分化的伸长期.随着冬性的增强,伸长期的主茎叶数逐渐增多,天数也逐渐增加.强春性品种的穗分化对温度和日长都无严格要求,高温可促进分化.冬性品种的穗分化可在温度较低、日长较短逐渐转入温度较高、日长较长的条件下顺利进行.过渡类型小麦穗分化的温光条件居中.伸长期或二棱末期是过渡类型和冬性小麦完成春化反应的标志.     

Variation in developmental patterns of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum L.) and cultivated barley (H. vulgare L.)

Summary Six wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) accessions, from a diverse range of habitats, and two spring-cultivated barleys, were examined for variation in durations of development phases. The durations of the leaf initiation and spikelet initiation phases were longer and spikelet growth phases shorter, in wild than in cultivated barley. Across all wild and cultivated barleys the rate and duration of spikelet initiation were negatively correlated, but neither was related to the number of spikelets per spike. The number of spikelets was positively correlated with the number of leaves and the ratio of the number of spikelets to the number of leaves declined with increasing time to anthesis, indicating that each successive leaf was associated with a diminishing increase in the number of spikelets. The duration of culm elongation and final culm length were shorter in accessions of cultivated barley compared with wild barley. This paper also discusses the feasibility for increasing the number of spikelets per spike through breeding for genetic changes in lengths of pre-anthesis phases of development.Abbreviations ANOVA Analysis of variance - HV Hordeum vulgare - CE Culm elongation - DR Double ridge - HS Hordeum spontaneu - ° Cd Degree days     

Wheat Development as Affected by Radiation at Two Temperatures

A wheat cultivar (Condor) was grown in two experiments (thermal regimes 18/13 and 21/16°C) under low (298 μE m^-2: s^-1) radiation regimes during either an early phase from seedling emergence to terminal spikelet initiation (S₂), a late phase from terminal spikelet initiation to anthesis (S₂), or for the full period from seedling emergence to anthesis (S₁₂), or high (560 μE m^-2s^-1) radiation throughout the growing period (S₁₂) to determine whether developmental events are affected by radiation. The main developmental events considered in this study were the timing of terminal spikelet initiation and anthesis, the final number of leaf and spikelet primordia initiated in the apex and the rate of leaf appearance. Number of grains per spike and culm height were also measured. The duration of each phenophase was not affected by radiation intensity. Temperature affected the rate of wheat development, but the acceleration of development due to temperature during the seedling emergence - terminal spikelet initiation phase only slightly reduced (from 24.8 to 23.2 days). Differences in time from terminal spikelet initiation to anthesis were greater than in the earlier phases, having been the duration reduced from 24.6 to 20.0 days due to high temperature. Associated with the lack of effect of radiation on phasic development and the negligible effect of temperature on the duration of the early phases of development, final Leaf number was practically unchanged in this study by either the radiation level or the growing temperature. Thus, radiation did not affect the rate of leaf initiation. The number of spikelets was affected by neither the treatments nor the thermal environment. The rates of leaf appearance were accelerated by temperature. Radiation, on the other hand, did not significantly alter the rates of leaf appearance in any of the treatments. As expected from many sources in the literature, the number of grains per spike was significantly affected by radiation during the phase from terminal spikelet initiation to anthesis. Due to the lack of significant effects of radiation on the developmental patterns of wheat, the changes in number of grains per spike were due to changes in the number of grains born in each spikelet. The results of the present study were compared with others available in the literature on the effects (or lack of them) of radiation and CO₂ concentration on phasic development, plastochron and phyllochron in wheat to reach the general conclusion that the rate of developmental events in wheat, in contrast to other plants, is almost completely independent of the availability of assimilates, with a possible exception for the Equatorial latitudes.     

不同光温条件谷子光温互作模式研究及SiCCT基因表达分析

光周期和温度是影响作物生长发育、生态适应性和产量的2个重要环境因素,揭示光温互作对作物生长发育的效应及其分子机制对育种实践和理论研究具有重要意义。本研究设置长日照高温、长日照低温、短日照高温、短日照低温4个光温处理,调查‘黄毛谷’抽穗期、株高、叶片数和穗长。结果表明,光周期对谷子的发育起关键作用,温度的改变不影响长日照比短日照延迟谷子生殖生长的效应,温度的作用随光周期的不同而异,短日照条件下,高温缩短谷子营养生长期而低温延长营养生长期,长日照条件下则相反;对谷子生殖生长的促迚作用是短日照高温短日照低温长日照低温长日照高温。利用RT-PCR技术从‘黄毛谷’叶片兊隆了一个CCT结构域基因(SiCCT),该基因编码286个氨基酸,属于CMF亚家族成员,基于CCT域基因氨基酸序列的系统迚化分析,谷子与高粱、玉米亲缘关系较近。实时荧光定量PCR分析发现, SiCCT基因在‘黄毛谷’叶片中高表达,其次为幼穗和叶鞘;长日照、短日照处理SiCCT基因均表现24h昼夜节律性特点,短日照七叶期表达水平最高,八叶期(抽穗)及穗后表达迅速降低,长日照七叶至十叶期‘黄毛谷’处于营养生长期,SiCCT基因维持较高表达水平;无论高温低温,长日照条件下SiCCT基因在各叶期表达量整体高于短日照处理,长日照条件下低温处理SiCCT基因的相对表达量明显低于高温处理, SiCCT基因的总体表达量与‘黄毛谷’营养生长期存在正相关。总之SiCCT基因受光周期调控,同时也受温度调控,因而推测SiCCT基因参与了光周期途径和感温性途径,并通过二者互作调控谷子营养生长和生殖生长的全过程。     

Developmental responses to vernalization in wheat deletion lines for chromosomes 5A and 5D

The aim of this investigation was to test the developmental patterns of deletion lines, generated for chromosome arms 5AL and 5DL in the variety ‘Chinese Spring’ (CS) under vernalized and non‐vernalized treatments. Plants were grown in controlled conditions under saturating daylength. Time to heading and the duration of particular phases before flowering were recorded, and leaf and spikelet production rates and numbers were analysed. The lines lacking Vrn‐A1 and Vrn‐D1 were delayed in time to heading under non‐vernalized conditions, because of the lengthening of the emergence to floral initiation phase (EM‐FI) and the terminal spikelet to heading phase (TS‐H). Differences in final leaf numbers corresponded to longer durations of the EM‐FI phase. The absence of Vrn‐A1 and Vrn‐D1 apparently decreased the number of spikelets by a lower primordium production rate, even though the duration of the FI‐TS phase was longer or equal to CS. The sensitivity to vernalization in lines where the Vrn genes were deleted was much higher.     

Effects of climate on different potato genotypes 2. Dry matter allocation and duration of the growth cycle

The total growth and tuber dry matter production of a potato crop are determined mainly by the duration of its growth cycle. This in turn depends on climate, cultivar and crop management. The influence of climate factors defining crop growth and its timing were analysed by dividing the growth cycle into three phases and relating the duration of these phases to temperature, daylength and radiation. The variation in the length of all three phases contributed to the variation in the duration of the growth cycle and thus to the variation in tuber dry matter production. The variation in the length of the first phase (between emergence and tuber initiation) was best explained by the meteorological variables observed. Both higher temperatures and shorter daylengths hastened development in this phase. The magnitude of their effects depended on cultivar. In the second phase, from tuber initiation to end of leaf growth, temperature and daylength had similar effects but they were less clear and the variation in duration of phase 2 could not be explained as well as variation in the duration of phase 1. The last phase, from the end of leaf growth to the end of crop growth, was shortened by high temperatures and high radiation. A small part of the variation in the duration of this phase was explained by these variables. At this level of crop analysis, the effect of climate on crop development was explained best for the first phase, which is the most important one in explaining the variation in ground cover duration and tuber dry matter production. Quantitative understanding of the processes involved is required to be able to explain the effect of climate during the various phases of the growth cycle.     

基于顶端发育的小麦产量结构形成模型

小麦产量由单位面积穗数、每穗粒数与粒重构成。本研究以试验资料为基础,通过定量分析小麦茎顶端发育过程及其与环境因子和品种特性的动态关系,构建了小麦穗粒发育与结实的模拟模型,包括对叶原基数、叶片数、小穗原基数、小穗数、籽粒数及籽粒重的预测;进一步结合茎蘖发生与穗数决定模型,最终建立了小麦产量结构形成的模     

Some effects of temperature on the shoot growth of cherry seedlings

Summary In the phytotron of our Institute the effect was studied of different day and night temperatures on the shoot growth of first- and second-year seedlings of Limburgse Boskriek (Prunus avium L.) grown under natural daylength conditions.It was found that, after termination of growth, significant differences occurring simultaneously in shoot length and leaf number between the temperature treatments were mainly due to the effect of the day or night temperature on the duration of growth. In some cases these differences were also influenced by the effect of temperature on the rate of growth. Within the range of temperatures studied, no effect of the night temperature on the rate of growth was observed.     

春季低温对小麦花粉育性及粒数形成的影响

Grain yield and the number of grains per ear of wheat decreased under the low temperature after jointing stage. In order to explore the physiological reasons of the decrease of grains number per ear by low temperature in spring, the spring wheat variety Yangmai 16 and the semi-winter wheat variety Xumai 30 were used as tested varieties to analyze the effects of low temperature in spring on the fertility of pollen and the formation of grain numbers at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage (5℃/-3℃, day/night), booting stage (8℃/-1℃, day/night), and anthesis stage (12℃/4℃, day/night). The results showed that low temperature at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage and booting stage resulted in abnormal metabolism of starch and protein in the anther both at the binuclear and tri-nuclear pollen stages and delayed degradation of the tapetum. The low temperature at the booting stage caused abnormal meiosis of pollen mother cells, abnormalities in chromosome pairing, which affected the formation of male gametophyte. The abortion rate of pollen was more significantly increased under low temperature at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage than that at the booting stage, and it was the minimum at anthesis stage. The abortion rate of pollen in Xumai 30 was higher than that in Yangmai 16. The low temperature at three stages had significant effects on the number of spikelets, the number of fertile spikelets and the number of grains per spikelet. The effect of low temperature at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage on grains number per spikelet was the most significant. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of grains per spike and pollen fertility, which was affected by abnormal meiosis, delayed degradation of the tapetum, and undersupply of nutriment for anther development. Therefore, the decline of pollen fertility caused by low temperature in spring is the main reason for the decrease of grains number per spike.