大孔隙和优先水流及其对污染物在土壤中迁移行为的影响

本文研究了冻融和干湿交替过程对土壤大孔隙及由其导致的优先水流形成的作用,以及表面活性剂直链烷基苯磺酸盐在水稻和大豆土壤中的优选迁移。     

大孔隙对土壤水分入渗特性影响的物理模拟试验

利用不同粒径砂石和大孔隙域模具模拟同一深度、不同有效面孔隙度,在特制试验装置中研究积水条件下大孔隙流的三维运移行为。结果表明：湿润峰平齐且稳定的转折时间和有效面孔隙度相关性较高;不同有效面孔隙度条件下累积入渗量符合Kostiakov模型但其参数是有效面孔隙度的函数;大孔隙的连通性在一定条件下对土壤水分的优先入渗起主导作用;大孔隙的存在导致大孔隙中心特征剖面湿润面积发生典型变化,给出了大孔隙中心特征剖面湿润面积增量的定量概念及其与有效面孔隙度之间的数学模型,并进行了验证,精度满足要求。     

Aspects of transport processes in aggregated soils

The way in which water and solutes move in aggregated soils depends on the mode of saturation of the pore space that is made up of the micropore region within the aggregates and the macropores surrounding them. When both regions are saturated, a hydraulic-head gradient causes water to flow preferentially in the macropores with little flow within the aggregates, so that movement of solutes into or out of the aggregates is mainly by diffusion caused by the difference between the solute concentrations of the water in the two regions. When macropores full of water surround unsaturated aggregates, water is imbibed by the aggregates giving rise to convective movement of solutes with the moving water. When the macropores are empty, the aggregates become almost isolated so that redistribution of water and solutes occurs only within the aggregates with very little transport of water and solutes between them. The movement of water and solutes in the micropore region within the aggregates can be considered to behave as if in a continuum, and can be described by Darcy's law and the dispersion equation, with boundary conditions imposed by conditions in the macropores. These physical considerations of transport behaviour in aggregated soils can be used to give guidance on soil management practices concerning drainage and leaching.     

WATER FLOW IN SOIL MACROPORES I. AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

A method is proposed by which the volume of the macropore system and its effect on the infiltration capacity can be estimated using a soil water potential concept. The macropore systems of two large and undisturbed soil samples were investigated. The volumes of macropores were 0.01 and 0.045 of the sample volumes, respectively. When the samples were drained from full saturation to the point where it may be assumed that there was no more water in the macropore system, the hydraulic conductivity decreased by factors of 18 and 4.3 respectively.     

Mikromorphologische untersuchungen an einer nordwestdeutschen parabraunerde-psuedogley-sequenz aus löss

Four loess-derived soil profiles (southwest of Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany) with increasing influence of impeded water (Hapludalf to Humaquept) have been investigated micromorphologically. The nature of the different micromorphological features, as well as their distribution within the horizons of the profiles are described and quantitatively represented. Observations on the soil fabric in B-horizons show that tubular macropores have been filled either by clay skins, pure silt grains and/or clay-rich silty material. The breakdown of macropores and/or iron/manganese-enrichment may cause the occurrence of involved systems of “generations” of macropores, whose development cannot be reconstructed exactly. Semi-quantitative investigations indicate that numbers of these latter features decrease in going from well-drained soils to wetter soils.     

An amended functional leaching model applicable to structured soils. I. Model description

A functional model designed to simulate the transport of non-interactive solutes through macroporous soil is described. The concept of mobile and immobile water is used but the pore volume available for mobile water is partitioned to allow for flow through smaller water-filled pores and rapid preferential flow through larger macropores and fissures. The general performance of the model under steady infiltration following an injection of solute is presented. The sensitivity of the output to variations in the model parameters is also discussed. A second paper compares the model with bromide and chloride leaching data on two texturally contrasting soils.     

WATER FLOW IN SOIL MACROPORES III. A STATISTICAL APPROACH

Two regression equations describing water movement in saturated macropores in the field are compared with a theoretical expresion of the form Q_maα e²_ma where Q_ma is the saturated volume flux density through a macropore system of porosity e_ma. The theoretical exponent of 2 agrees fairly well with the analyses of two very different sets of field experiments by Burger (1922–1940) and Ehlers (1975). It is suggested that the relationship Q_ma= Q*e²_ma may be a useful first approximation to predict macropore flow, where Q* is an empirical coefficient that is expected to depend on the hydraulic connectivity, geometrical structure, tortuosity, roughness and other properties of the macropore system.     

Application of a two-dimensional model to simulate flow and transport in a macroporous agricultural soil with tile drains

It is essential that important field processes are taken into account to model water flow and chemical transport accurately in agricultural fields. Recent field studies indicate that transport through macropores can play a major role in the export of solutes and particulates from drained agricultural land into surface water. Non‐ideal drain behaviour may further modify the flow and transport. We extended an existing two‐dimensional flow and transport model for variably saturated soils (SWMS_2D) by adding a macropore domain and an additional Hooghoudt drain boundary condition. The Hooghoudt boundary condition accounts for an entrance head needed to initiate flow into the drains. This paper presents the application of the new model (M‐2D) to an agricultural field in Switzerland. To understand interactions between macropore flow and drains better we simulated water flow and bromide transport for four different field scenarios. We considered both collector drains only with an ideal drain boundary condition (with and without macropores) and collectors and laterals with a Hooghoudt boundary condition (also with and without macropores). For each scenario, inverse modelling was used to identify model parameters using 150 days of data on observed cumulative discharge, water table depth, and tracer concentration. The models were subsequently tested against a 390‐day validation data set. We found that the two additional components (macropore flow, drain entrance head) of the M‐2D model were essential to describe adequately the flow regime and the tracer transport data in the field.     

Der Einfluß künstlicher vertikaler Grobporen in einer verdichteten Bodenmatrix auf das Wachstum von Winterweizen II. Wachstum von Winterweizen auf einem primären Pseudogley

The influence of artificial vertical macropores in a compacted soil on the growth of winterwheat. II. Growth of winterwheat on a pseudogley In a pseudogley the effect of artificial vertical macropores in a compacted structure was compared to a compacted structure without artificial vertical macropores and to a loosened structure. Only in a very wet year (830 mm precipitation), water extraction and yield were positively influenced by the artificial vertical macropores in the compacted structure. Compared to the compacted structure without artificial macropores, where most of the water was extracted from the upper 25 cm of the soil, with vertical macropores most water was extracted from the depth 25–50 cm. In a dry year (700 mm precipitation), the difference in water extraction between the compacted structures with and without vertical macropores was only small. Most water was extracted from the loosened structure, but yield was reduced compared to both compacted structures. However, in the dry year, water extraction from the compacted structure without artificial macropores was uniform for the depth 0–50 cm, whereas for the structure with artificial macropores and for the loosened structure most water was extracted from the depth 0-25 cm. Neither in the wet nor in the dry year, vertical root extension was increased by the vertical macropores, but in the wet year root mass was positively influenced by the vertical macropores.     

Modelling water and solute transport in macroporous soil. I. Model description and sensitivity analysis

A detailed mechanistic model of water movement and transport of non-reactive solute in a macroporous soil is described. One important feature of the model is that it may be run in either one or two flow domains using the same values for the hydraulic properties characterizing the soil. Water and solute movement in the micropores is calculated with the Richards and convection-dispersion equations and, in two domains, this is coupled to fluxes of water and solute in the macropores by empirical interaction terms. These interaction terms are redundant in the one-domain model, which simply reduces to the non-steady state convection-dispersion equation. A sensitivity analysis is presented showing how it is possible to identify conditions under which a macropore flow domain may need to be considered. In part II (Jarvis et al., 1991), the model is evaluated under field conditions in chloride breakthrough experiments in soil monolith lysimeters.     

华北土石山区森林土壤中石砾分布特征对土壤大孔隙及导水性质的影响

为了探究土壤中石砾对大孔隙形成的作用及对饱和导水率的影响,研究京郊密云水库水源涵养林内土壤石砾分布特征、大孔隙分布特征以及与饱和导水率之间的关系。结果表明:(1)林区0—30cm土壤层内石砾体积含量范围为7.10%~22.05%,质量含量范围为10.76%~38.20%,且石砾多集中分布于5~10mm粒径范围内;石砾含量随坡向呈现阳坡阴坡半阴半阳坡的规律;(2)石砾含量与当量孔径1.5mm的孔隙密度呈现极显著相关关系(p0.01),粒径5mm的石砾体积含量与大孔隙密度具有显著相关性(p0.05),说明砾石主要影响较大孔隙,特别是粒径5mm的石砾对大孔隙的形成影响较大;(3)当量孔径1.5mm的孔隙数量仅占总孔隙数量的1.41%,但对导水速率的贡献率为54.44%;饱和导水率与其呈线性关系。     

土壤大孔隙发育特征对水和溶质输移的影响

在原状土条件下采用单离子示踪和多离子示踪技术各开展了两个入渗试验,通过对比分析试验观测结果研究了各试验区域土壤中大孔隙的存在状况、发育特征及其对入渗示踪剂溶液输移的影响。研究结果表明,试验1(单离子示踪)所在区域土壤中存在贯穿型土壤大孔隙(大孔隙贯穿整个入渗深度范围土层),试验3(多离子示踪)所在区域土壤中存在非贯穿型土壤大孔隙(大孔隙仅发生在上层部分土壤中),而试验2(单离子示踪)和试验4(多离子示踪)所在区域土壤中不存在土壤大孔隙。示踪剂溶液在含有贯穿型土壤大孔隙的试验1中运移速度更快、入渗深度更大、输移到深层土壤时的浓度更高;贯穿型土壤大孔隙对不同阶段注入的示踪剂溶液的输移能力无显著差异。与贯穿型土壤大孔隙不同,试验3中出现的非贯穿型土壤大孔隙对中间阶段(第二阶段)注入的示踪剂溶液的输移能力最大,而对第一、三阶段注入的示踪剂溶液的输移能力相对较小。     

Der Einfluß künstlicher vertikaler Grobporen in einer verdichteten Bodenmatrix auf das Wachstum von Winterweizen I. Wachstum von Winterweizen auf einer Parabraunerde aus Löß

The influence of artificial vertical macropores in a compacted soil on the growth of winterwheat. I. Growth of winterwheat on an alfisol derived from loess In field experiments on a compacted alfisol it was investigated, how artificially made vertical macropores in the compacted structure influence water extraction and growth of winterwheat compared to the compacted structure without vertical macropores and to the loosened structure. The experiments were carried out in two subsequent years with different precipitation (308, 0 and 440, 1 mm in the period of November until August of both growth periods). The influence of the different soil structure was most pronounced during periods of increasing water tension. Compared to the compacted structure, water extraction as well as yield was improved by the vertical artificial macropores to a similar extend as by the loosened structure. Both structures increased water extraction from deeper parts of the soil (25-50 cm). The beneficial effects of the vertical macropores were more pronounced in the dry compared to the wet year. Despite of the unequal distribution of roots in the compacted structure with vertical macropores, water extraction from the soil between the macropores was not negatively affected.     

X射线CT确定土壤大孔隙结构

Undisturbed soil core with many macropores and disturbed soil core with only one macropore (diameter is 10 mm) were probed by x-ray computed tomography (CT). The size, number, shape and continuity of macropores in the transverse and vertical sections of soil were characterized using CT scanning images. The probability densities of macropores in the transverse section of soil core exhibited a logarithmic F distribution. Results indicated that CT scanning was a promising nondestructive method for characterizing macropores in soils.     

青海湖流域土壤大孔隙特征与理化性质的相关性研究

土壤大孔隙是土壤水分、空气和化学物质运移优先流的主要途径。本文以青海湖流域土壤为研究对象,在青海湖沙柳河流域取原状土柱,利用CT扫描与Fiji软件相结合的方法,实现了土壤大孔隙结构的三维可视化,以及断层横截面土壤大孔隙度、大孔隙数量和大孔隙等效直径等的量化;并探讨了样地土壤大孔隙特征与理化性质的相关性。结果表明:青海湖流域土壤大孔隙主要分布在土壤表层0~100 mm,100 mm以下大孔隙较少;土壤全磷含量分别与土壤大孔隙数量、大孔隙等效直径有显著相关性;土壤全氮、有机质含量分别与土壤大孔隙平均等效直径有显著相关性;土壤体积质量与大孔隙度、大孔隙平均等效直径等有显著相关性;土壤中0.002≤Ф0.02 mm的颗粒含量与大孔隙的分布特征相关性较大。     

黄土高原旱地苹果园油菜间作对土壤大孔隙结构的影响

采用X-ray computed tomography(CT)技术研究了果树行间不同油菜间作密度(CK:清耕;L:低密度间作;M:中密度间作;H:高密度间作)对土壤大孔隙特征参数的影响。结果表明:油菜间作改善了果树行间(0—60 cm)土壤大孔隙特征,各土层的土壤大孔隙数量、大孔隙面积、大孔隙度等参数分别较清耕显著提高(P<0.05);不同间作密度对土壤大孔隙的作用不同,除10—20 cm外,中密度间作对土壤大孔隙度的改善效果均显著好于其他处理;中密度处理下大孔隙(d>1 mm)在各土层间的数目多、差异小,并且在0—30 cm土壤剖面上的成圆率最高。中、高密度油菜间作的土壤大孔隙特征参数均优于清耕及低密度间作,而中密度间作的土壤大孔隙分布更均匀、形状更规则,是黄土高原旱地苹果园改善土壤结构的适宜间作密度。     

Some physical features of soil after opencast mining

Abstract. The soil of a restored opencast site in Northumberland is described and compared with the surrounding undisturbed soil. The most serious change in the soil was increased bulk density at the surface of the subsoil (0.3 m depth). Only a small overall reduction in pore space occurred, at the expense of continuous macropores. More of the pore space in the restored soil occurred as fine fissures as opposed to biotic channels, and the restored soil was weaker because of subsoiling and a loss of stability in microstructures. These changes are discussed in relation to root exploration, water movement and land management.