脲酶抑制剂对反刍动物瘤胃氮代谢的调控及应用

脲酶抑制剂通过抑制脲酶活性有效控制反刍动物瘤胃内氨的爆发式释放,使氨较长时间稳定在一定的浓度范围,有利于微生物的利用,由此提高氨的利用效率、降低氨中毒的危险,提高尿素等非蛋白氮饲料的利用效率和安全性,提高瘤胃中内源尿素的利用效率,降低成本,提高动物生产性能。本文综述了反刍动物脲酶抑制剂对瘤胃氮代谢的调控机理及几种脲酶抑制剂在实际生产中的应用。     

植物精油调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵的研究进展

饲料在反刍动物瘤胃内发酵过程中,造成能量和蛋白质的流失,降低饲料利用效率。植物精油因其低毒副作用及其所具有的天然性、营养性和生物活性,对反刍动物瘤胃发酵具有积极的调控作用,成为抗生素的理想替代品之一。文章主要综述了植物精油对反刍动物瘤胃微生物及瘤胃发酵的影响及调控作用。     

瘤胃能氮同步释放对瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成的影响

瘤胃微生物蛋白质（microbial protein,MCP）是反刍动物小肠可吸收蛋白质（Pro）的主要来源,而优化瘤胃发酵调控,促进瘤胃微生物蛋白质的合成一直是反刍动物营养研究的热点问题。近年来,关于瘤胃能氮同步释放优化瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成方面的研究引起了关注,因此,作者主要从瘤胃能氮同步释放的概念、瘤胃能氮同步释放的评价方法和瘤胃能氮同步释放对瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成影响方面的研究作一简要评述。     

饲料蛋白质在反刍动物瘤胃的降解及其影响因素

由于瘤胃细菌和原虫的作用,反刍动物利用蛋白质明显不同于单胃动物。饲料蛋白质进入瘤胃后,一部分被微生物降解为非蛋白氮,与饲料中原有的以及唾液中的非蛋白氮最终一起转变为氨。瘤胃微生物利用发酵生成的挥发性脂肪酸等作为碳架,并利用瘤胃发酵释放的能量(ATP)将氨合成微生物蛋白。微生物蛋白连同饲料蛋白质中的未降解部分(过瘤胃蛋白质),随着食糜流动进入真胃和小肠,被动物分泌的消化液(酶)分解为氨基酸,为动物体吸收和利用。大量研究表明,优质饲料蛋白质经过保护后,就能够满足高产反刍动物对过瘤胃蛋白质的需要,提高优质植物性蛋白质利用效率,动物的氮沉积及生产性能得到明显改善,同时根据瘤胃能氮平衡理论为在日粮中利用更多的非蛋白氮提供了可能。了解饲料蛋白质在反刍动物瘤胃的降解及其影响因素,可为制定过瘤胃蛋白质、氨基酸的技术措施提供依据。     

皂甙调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵和生产性能的研究进展

皂甙作为一种植物提取物,能够通过影响瘤胃微生物种群数量和活性,调控瘤胃发酵模式,降低甲烷排放、提高反刍动物生产性能。本文结合最新的研究报道,将皂甙对原虫、产甲烷菌、真菌和细菌的影响作为出发点,论述了皂甙对瘤胃内氮代谢和碳水化合物代谢的影响机理,以及皂甙对反刍动物生产性能的影响,以期为皂甙产品作为反刍动物瘤胃调控剂的研究和开发提供参考。     

过瘤胃营养及在奶牛饲养中的应用

传统的反刍动物营养研究主要集中在瘤胃中的微生物对饲料中养分的消化代谢机制和对各种营养的适宜需要量及需要形态上，其目标是最大程度地发挥瘤胃微生物对饲料纤维的消化利用能力及对饲料蛋白质尤其是非蛋白氮的利用效率，以向体组织提供足量且比例适宜的挥发性脂肪酸及增加流入小肠的微生物物质，特别是含可消化氨基酸丰富而平衡的微生物蛋白质。随着人类对家畜生产性能的追求，在人类的选育下，家畜的生产性能有了极大的提高。高产动物的营养需要和供给之间出现了不协调的现象，反刍动物的瘤胃微生物营养已不能完全满足其在能量、蛋白质、必需氨基酸和维生素等方面的需要。因此，近年来，反刍动物的营养研究逐渐向肠道营养代谢扩展，如研究小肠可消化蛋白营养需要量、不同条件下过瘤胃氨基酸、淀粉和脂肪对高产反刍动物生产性能的影响。国内外已进行了大量有关奶牛过瘤胃营养的研究，并已开发了许多过瘤胃产品在生产中开始使用。     

植物精油对瘤胃发酵的调控作用

瘤胃微生物可降解饲料中营养成分来生成挥发性脂肪酸并合成微生物蛋白来为反刍动物提供能量和蛋白。但瘤胃发酵过程中会有能量损失和蛋白利用效率低下现象发生,进而降低了反刍动物生产性能。植物精油可以与微生物细胞膜作用,可抑制一些革兰阴性菌和阳性菌,进而调控瘤胃微生物发酵作用。论文主要介绍近年来植物精油对瘤胃发酵调控作用研究近况,讨论其作为瘤胃发酵调控剂的可行性。     

Ⅱ.瘤胃发酵调控

 瘤胃调控是反刍动物营养调控的重要手段,人们期望通过瘤胃调控达到提高反刍动物饲料利用效率和生产性能的目的。改变日粮精粗比例、蛋白质组成和日粮物理形态对瘤胃发酵具有不同的影响作用。添加离子载体和有机酸是控制瘤胃甲烷产气和改善瘤胃发酵的有效方法。另外,添加外源酶制剂、饲用微生物和植物提取物都能达到改善瘤胃发酵的作用。作者综述了近年来通过改变日粮、添加离子载体、酶制剂、有机酸、饲用微生物、植物提取物等手段对瘤胃进行调控的研究进展,探讨瘤胃调控目前面临的问题和对未来的展望。     

反刍动物瘤胃微生物限制性氨基酸代谢研究进展

随着反刍动物新蛋白质体系的提出,氨基酸营养研究随之进入崭新的局面。尤其是针对蛋白质、限制性氨基酸和肽的代谢,合理搭配日粮氨基酸,以及提高饲料蛋白质消化率和氮利用率成为反刍动物营养研究领域的新热点。本文综述了反刍动物瘤胃微生物在不同日粮条件下的氨基酸限制性顺序,限制性氨基酸的研究方法,理想的氨基酸模式,蛋氨酸与赖氨酸的代谢机理,以及限制性氨基酸代谢的影响因素,旨在为揭示反刍家畜瘤胃微生物限制性氨基酸代谢机理,建立调控反刍家畜氨基酸高效利用的营养技术方案提供理论依据和技术支持。     

反刍动物瘤胃内氨氮产生的微生物机制与调控手段

瘤胃氮代谢是反刍动物蛋白质整体代谢的重要组成部分,瘤胃内原虫、真菌和细菌三大微生物均参与了饲料蛋白质的降解过程,但其作用机制和重要程度各有不同。本文从瘤胃微生物对饲料蛋白质降解成氨氮的全过程,综述了几种重要瘤胃微生物在饲料蛋白质降解中的作用和地位,为研究蛋白质降解的微生物机制提供参考。     

The ruminal nitrogen metabolism in calves and sheep. 2. Studies in wethers

Energetically differing rations which received ca. 45% of their crude protein from a supplement of soybean oil meal or urea were tested in a model experiment with adult wethers fitted with duodenal re-entrant cannulae or rumen cannulae resp. The N-equivalent exchange of soybean oil meal by urea in wethers resulted in a distinct increase of the NH3-N content of the rumen fluid, an increase of irreversible N losses and thus a worsening of the utilization of the available N for bacterial N-efficiency. A significant influence on duodenal NAN passage, on the apparent fermentation of the organic matter, on postruminal NAN digestibility and on the content of amino acid nitrogen as well as the amino acid composition of the duodenal NAN could not be detected. The increase of the energy level of the rations did not have a significant influence on the parameters of the ruminal N metabolism in the wethers. The studies with calves and adult wethers showed that a transposition of the parameters of ruminal N metabolism obtained to calves is not possible under the conditions given.     

Metabolism of microbial nitrogen in ruminants with special reference to nucleic acids

Characteristically the metabolism of microbial nitrogen (N) compounds in ruminants involves the degradation of dietary N and synthesis of microbial protein (MP), compounds including a small amount of peptides and free amino acids, which may account for 75–85% of total N and the remainder are nucleic acids (NA: DNA and RNA). Generally rumen microbes contain 10–25% NA‐N of the total N while 70–80% is in the form of RNA. This paper describes the degradation and synthesis of NA in the rumen and their fate in the lower digestive tracts. Their physiological and nutritional significance in different types of ruminant animals is also discussed. The research works on NA metabolism in ruminants has been mainly on metabolism of purines after rumen microbial digestion and absorption in the lower gut. Subsequently, the fate of absorbed purines has been intensively investigated to assess the extent of MP synthesis in the rumen. The method for predicting ruminal synthesized MP and subsequently digested MP has been proposed using urinary purine derivative (PD) excretion in sheep and cattle fed on ordinary feed. The latter approach has now been adopted for calculation of protein supply in some feeding standards, although there are still difficulties in predicting representative samples of rumen microbes, and also uncertainties in variations of non‐renal and endogenous purine losses.     

反刍动物日粮中非纤维性碳水化合物营养代谢的研究进展

非纤维性碳水化合物(NFC)是反刍动物日粮中重要的能量组成部分,其在日粮中的含量对反刍动物采食、生产性能、瘤胃发酵、营养物质消化和生理代谢等具有重要影响。本文就NFC对反刍动物采食量和生产性能、瘤胃代谢和营养素利用、机体健康和代谢等方面的影响进行综述,为进一步研究NFC及其科学应用提供参考依据。     

埃氏巨型球菌及其乙酸生成关键酶基因缺失工程菌体外代谢特性的初步研究

埃氏巨型球菌是奶牛瘤胃中的一种优势菌。本研究运用瘤胃微生态理论,结合埃氏巨型球菌能利用乳酸发酵产生丙酸的特点,初步研究埃氏巨型球菌(H6)及其乙酸生成关键酶基因缺失工程菌(TnH6)体外发酵特性。经健康羊瘤胃液体外连续培养结果表明,埃氏巨型球菌及其乙酸生成关键酶基因缺失工程菌均能利用乳酸生成VFA,发酵生成的VFA以丙酸为主,发酵类型倾向于丙酸型,但工程菌生成乙酸的能力明显降低,尽管丙酸生成能力有所下降,但显著降低了乙酸与丙酸的比例,从而为调控瘤胃乳酸发酵和利用H6、TnH6防治奶牛亚临床性瘤胃乳酸酸中毒提供了理论和试验基础。     

The role of ciliate protozoa in nutrition of the ruminant

The effects of ciliate protozoa on the ruminal ecosystem, digestion in different parts of the gut, the nature of nutrients available for absorption and their effects upon the nutrition and productivity of their host are reviewed. Compared with fauna-free ruminants, the presence of ciliate protozoa results in a more stable ruminal fermentation, higher levels of ammonia, reduced numbers of bacteria, as well as changes in dry matter (%), liquid volume and turnover rate of ruminal contents. Associated with these differences in the rumen are higher ruminal and total tract digestion of organic matter and fiber in faunated animals. A reduction in net microbial synthesis and an increase in dietary protein degradation in the rumen results in the flow of protein to the small intestine being lower in faunated ruminants. The major nutritional effect of the ciliate protozoa is to change the ratio of protein to energy in the nutrients absorbed, with faunated animals having lower protein and higher energy availabilities compared with ciliate-free ruminants. Of the nutrients available for absorption, the ciliates have no consistent effect on the proportions of volatile fatty acids or amino acids. However, there is evidence that hydrogenation of lipids is increased, as is the supply of choline, and that the bioavailability of copper is reduced by the presence of ciliates. Defaunation of young growing ruminants that are fed high energy diets, containing low levels of ruminal nondegradable protein, results in increased growth rate and feed efficiency. It is unlikely, with the possible exception of wool growth, that there are other situations in which defaunation will be beneficial; and it is more likely to be detrimental to animal productivity. It remains to be determined whether manipulation of the types of ciliate protozoa in the rumen could improve animal performance. Information for this review was largely derived from comparisons of faunated and fauna-free animals. However, it is indicated that there are large differences in protozoa numbers and types between naturally faunated individuals in the same flock or herd, and that the effects of such variations on their host's nutrition are unknown.     

Urea transport and hydrolysis in the rumen: A review

Inefficient dietary nitrogen (N) conversion to microbial proteins, and the subsequent use by ruminants, is a major research focus across different fields. Excess bacterial ammonia (NH₃) produced due to degradation or hydrolyses of N containing compounds, such as urea, leads to an inefficiency in a host's ability to utilize nitrogen. Urea is a non-protein N containing compound used by ruminants as an ammonia source, obtained from feed and endogenous sources. It is hydrolyzed by ureases from rumen bacteria to produce NH₃ which is used for microbial protein synthesis. However, lack of information exists regarding urea hydrolysis in ruminal bacteria, and how urea gets to hydrolysis sites. Therefore, this review describes research on sites of urea hydrolysis, urea transport routes towards these sites, the role and structure of urea transporters in rumen epithelium and bacteria, the composition of ruminal ureolytic bacteria, mechanisms behind urea hydrolysis by bacterial ureases, and factors influencing urea hydrolysis. This review explores the current knowledge on the structure and physiological role of urea transport and ureolytic bacteria, for the regulation of urea hydrolysis and recycling in ruminants. Lastly, underlying mechanisms of urea transportation in rumen bacteria and their physiological importance are currently unknown, and therefore future research should be directed to this subject.     

新型脲酶抑制剂对绵羊瘤胃酶活性和细菌总数的影响

为了研究新型脲酶抑制剂对绵羊瘤胃酶活性和细菌总数的影响 ,进行了两个实验。实验一 ,采用反转设计 ,用4头装有瘤胃瘘管的绵羊 ,分别测定了瘤胃液中脲酶、纤维素酶、蛋白水解酶、总脱氢酶的活性和瘤胃细菌总数。结果表明 ,在瘤胃内灌注50mg脲酶抑制剂 (氢醌 ,HQ )可以使脲酶的活性降低65 % (P<0.01) ,使纤维素酶的活性提高28 % (P<0.05) ,对蛋白水解酶、总脱氢酶的活性和瘤胃细菌总数没有影响(P>0.05)。实验二 ,采用滤纸片法观察了氢醌在10、20、40和80mg/L浓度范围内对瘤胃微生物的抑制作用。测定结果表明 ,除了80mg/L氢醌对瘤胃微生物有微弱的抑制作用外 ,其它浓度的氢醌对瘤胃微生物的生长没有影响。上述结果表明 ,HQ是瘤胃微生物脲酶的专一性抑制剂 ,对瘤胃微生物的繁殖和代谢活性无不良影响。HQ在较低浓度范围内使用 ,就可以非常有效地减缓瘤胃中尿素的释放速度 ,对瘤胃微生物和宿主动物安全 ,无毒副作用 ,在反刍动物尿素利用方面具有非常大的开发潜力。     

Potential protective effects of thiamine supplementation on the ruminal epithelium damage during subacute ruminal acidosis

In ruminants, the ruminal epithelium not only has the function of absorbing nutrients but also is an important tissue to prevent harmful substances in the rumen from entering the blood circulation. Thus, the normal function of ruminal epithelium is critical for ruminants. However, subacute ruminal acidosis induced by high-concentrate diets often damages the barrier function of ruminal epithelium in ruminants. Recently, many studies have shown that dietary supplementation with thiamine is an effective method to alleviate subacute ruminal acidosis. In order to provide theoretical reference for the in-depth study of subacute ruminal acidosis and the application of thiamine in the future, this review introduces the effects of subacute ruminal acidosis on morphological structure, inflammatory response, and tight junction of ruminal epithelium. In addition, this paper summarizes the role of thiamine in maintaining ruminal epithelial function of ruminants during subacute ruminal acidosis challenge.     

反刍动物体内尿素循环及其转运蛋白的分子调控机制研究进展

虽然在哺乳动物体内都存在尿素循环利用机制,但是反刍动物由于瘤胃的存在而使得尿素循环在维系机体氮平衡和提高氮素利用效率等方面发挥着更加重要的生物学意义。通过瘤胃壁扩散或转运,血液中的尿素可进入胃肠道,在脲酶的作用下转化为氨态氮,从而为瘤胃微生物蛋白合成提供氮源。研究表明,尿素在瘤胃上皮的自由扩散速度较慢,而尿素转运蛋白可以介导尿素分子高效地进行跨膜转运,其也被认为是反刍动物尿素循环最重要的调控因子。然而,相关报道已经证实,尿素转运蛋白的表达和功能发挥受到日粮营养水平与结构组成、瘤胃内环境、动物年龄等因素的影响。本文以尿素循环为出发点,重点阐述了反刍动物体内尿素循环的特点、影响因素以及尿素转运蛋白的表达特征及其分子调控过程,以期从分子生物学角度解析反刍动物尿素循环的作用机制,从而为生产实践中动物氮素的精准营养提供理论依据和技术支撑。