土壤水与地下水溶质运移联合模型

土壤水溶质运移模型着重解决入渗与蒸发条件下盐份在非饱和含水层中的垂向运移问题 ,地下水溶质运移模型着重解决盐份在饱和含水层中的横向运移问题 ,它们都不能全面描述区域盐份迁移的规律。分别建立地下水、土壤水的溶质运移模型子系统 ,耦合集成并进行联合运行是理想的解决方案。     

土壤—水环境中溶质动力学的动态模拟

本文针对农业环境中重要的土壤—水环境问题,以我国干旱气候河套灌区土壤盐渍化问题为背景,采用适合于盐渍化土壤特征考虑土壤吸附与不动水体影响的溶质运移模型,对土壤盐溶质动态规律进行系统研究。对求解溶质运移模型的数值方法进行对比评价和对土壤吸附作用与不动水体对盐分动态规律影响进行模拟研究。可用于指导土壤—水环境中盐溶质的预测管理与农业环境保护。     

土壤水动力学模型在SPAC系统中应用研究进展

从土壤水动力学典型的裸地蒸发模型、蒸发蒸腾量模型、土壤水分入渗模型出发,综述了SPAC系统下国内外现行的植物根系吸水模型、溶质运移模型、农业生态系统模型等研究进展,归纳和讨论了目前土壤水动力学模型在SPAC系统建模中存在的问题与不足。并对该领域的研究方向和应用前景进行了展望：建立准确的数值模型来解决实际问题是蒸发蒸腾量模型未来研究的趋势;入渗模型从点至区域的动态扩展,并结合土壤侵蚀、污染物运移等因素的农业倾向性研究为潜在的重要分支方向;根系吸水模型应更多被用于监测土壤水分动态、设计合理的灌溉制度及干旱预警等体系;利用计算机、遥感等技术手段建立农业生态系统物能循环的机理性模型将为模型的实用性和精度提供有力支撑。     

疏勒河流域水土资源开发及其环境效应分析

疏勒河项目是世行贷款的集农业开发和移民安置为一体的开发工程,计划从甘肃省南部山区移民7.5×104人,新开灌区29520hm2,工程的实施有可能对脆弱的生态环境造成影响。通过探讨工程实施对流域地下水系统和依赖于地下水的绿洲的影响。在GIS技术的支撑下,利用MODFLOW和HYDRUS建立流域土壤水、地下水耦合水流与溶质运移数值模型,预测水土资源开发利用条件下地下水水位、水质的变化趋势,并分析对生态环境的潜在影响。结果表明,规划的项目开发规模是合理的,基于GIS的耦合数值模型是流域评价研究非常有效的工具。     

土壤水分下渗机制及其在半干旱区产流模拟中的应用

尽管目前提出了许多流域水文模型,但多数模型更适用于湿润地区,将这些模型移植到半干旱半湿润地区,往往模拟结果并不理想。为了研究半干旱半湿润地区流域的产流机制,本文通过描述土壤水分的垂直运动过程,建立了湿润峰和饱和带上界面的移动方程,给出了土壤水的动态下渗过程,并据此将径流分为地表径流和壤中流,建立了流域产流模型。还以滦河水系的柳河流域作为研究对象,尝试性地进行了降雨径流的模拟。结果表明:模型的确定性系数达到77.2%以上,用于该流域的产流计算是可行的。     

地面灌溉水流运动数值模拟研究述评

对近10多年来地面灌溉水流运动数值模拟方面的国内外研究进展进行了归类整理,并就目前研究中存在的不足和未来急待深入研究的问题进行了探讨,认为在今后的研究中应把地面灌溉入渗参数和糙率的确定问题,不同地区和作物条件下合理的田块尺寸与灌水要素的优化组合研究及经济合理的田间土地平整度及平地模式的研究,长畦分段灌、阶式水平畦灌、覆膜灌溉条件下的水流运动和合理灌水技术指标的研究,浑水灌溉和土壤气阻对地面灌溉水流运动的影响机理研究等作为重点内容。     

一种溶质运移数学模型的应用研究

土壤中溶质运移的过程、规律和机理是土壤溶质运移研究的主要内容。本文的目的是对模拟非饱和介质中水分和溶质迁移的二维数值模型SWMS－2D进行研究和验证。以硝酸盐形式存在的溶解氮是地下水中最常见的污染物，将硝态氮视为土壤溶质，考虑其根系吸收、生物固持、吸附、解吸、硝化和反硝化等作用，土壤表面即上边界条件用大气边界条件描述，下边界条件定为第一类边界条件，在田间条件下对模型作了检验。     

基于HYDRUS模型的盐碱地土壤水盐运移模拟

为了解陕西卤泊滩盐碱地的水盐运移情况,基于当地2009—2013年田间水盐监测资料,应用饱和-非饱和土壤水分及溶质运移理论,利用HYDRUS-1D数值模型对当地土壤水分、盐分运移规律进行数值模拟,分析了盐碱地的水盐变化状况,确定合理的田间灌水定额。结果表明:在玉米整个生育期内,不同灌溉处理的土壤含水量变化趋势基本一致,从节水控盐的综合标准衡量,农田灌水定额为500 m3·hm-2时有利于控制土壤盐分的累积。采用HYDRUS-1D模型对盐碱地农田土壤水盐运移的模拟结果与田间试验实测结果基本吻合,该研究结果可为类似盐碱化地区农田水盐管理提供科学依据。     

覆膜侧渗沟灌二维入渗数值模拟研究

根据覆膜侧渗沟灌的入渗特性,利用修正Richards方程对其水分入渗过程进行数值模拟研究,结合初始条件、边界条件和相关参数采用Galerkin有限元法进行了数值求解。经验证,所建模型具有较好的稳定性和合理性,与实际结果具有较好的一致性,且模型数值计算原理简单。为进一步研究覆膜侧渗沟灌入渗特性和地表水流运移特性及灌水技术要素优化、系统管理设计奠定了基础。     

灌水量对包气带水分运移与滞留影响过程研究

包气带水是支持植被生长的关键因子,也是联系地表水与地下水、以及补给地下水的重要水源,为了解地表灌溉量和历时对包气带水分运移和滞留过程的影响,在陕西省泾惠渠试验站开展了夏玉米和冬小麦畦灌试验,应用实测数据和Hydrus-1D模型模拟包气带0~6 m土壤水分运移滞留过程,并对其水分平衡进行定量分析计算,结果表明:不同的灌水量、进水流量和灌溉历时会引起明显土壤水分运移滞留变化。夏玉米模拟期采用大流量、快速灌溉,剖面底部的渗漏量大,占地表总入水量的24.88%;冬小麦模拟期灌溉流量小、历时长,底部渗漏量小,占地表灌溉量的2.29%;夏玉米试验期内蒸发蒸腾量大于冬小麦,分别占地表总入水量的32.32%和27.33%,棵间蒸发量占蒸发蒸腾量的比例分别为18.15%和16.92%;夏玉米与冬小麦试验期内包气带土壤水分滞留比例分别为42.8%和70.38%,灌溉进水流量和历时是控制包气带水分滞留和进入地下水的关键因素。     

Solute transport characteristics of a deep soil profile in the Loess Plateau,China

Understanding solute transport behaviors of deep soil profile in the Loess Plateau is helpful for ecological construction and agricultural production improvement. In this study, solute transport processes of a deep soil profile were measured by a conservative tracer experiment using 25 undisturbed soil cores(20 cm long and 7 cm diameter for each) continuously sampled from the surface downward to the depth of 500 cm in the Loess Plateau of China. The solute transport breakthrough curves(BTCs) were analyzed in terms of the convection-dispersion equation(CDE) and the mobile-immobile model(MIM). Average pore-water velocity and dispersion coefficient(or effective dispersion coefficient) were calculated using the CDE and MIM. Basic soil properties and water infiltration parameters were also determined to explore their influence on the solute transport parameters. Both pore-water velocity and dispersion coefficient(or effective dispersion coefficient) generally decreased with increasing depth, and the dispersivity fluctuated along the soil profile. There was a good linear correlation between log-transformed pore-water velocity and dispersion coefficient, with a slope of about 1.0 and an average dispersivity of 0.25 for the entire soil profile. Generally speaking, the soil was more homogeneous along the soil profile. Our results also show that hydrodynamic dispersion is the dominant mechanism of solute transport of loess soils in the study area.     

Nutrient uptake and yield of tomato under various methods of fertilizer application and levels of fertigation in arid lands

With rising concern about current irrigation and fertilizer NPK management, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sources and methods of fertilizer application on nutrient distribution, uptake, recovery and fruit yield of tomato grown in a sandy soil. Equal amounts of NPK were applied in solid form or through fertigation at levels of 0%, 50%, 75% and 100% with the remainder 100%, 50% and 25% applied as solid fertilizers to the soil. Available NO₃ ^?-N and K were confined to the root zone of tomato in 75% and 100% NPK fertigation levels, while they moved beyond the root zone when they applied in two equal splits as solid fertilizers with drip (0% fertigation) and furrow irrigation. The mobility of P was greater in the root zone following its application through fertigation compared to a solid application as super phosphate. Drip irrigation showed significantly higher absolute growth rate (AGR), total dry weight (TDW) and leaf area index (LAI) of tomato over furrow irrigation. Moreover, tomato plants were able to utilize applied nutrients more efficiently in fertigation system than with conventional solid fertilizer application. Highest AGR, TDW and LAI were recorded when nutrients were applied to 100% by drip fertigation. The fruit yield of tomato was higher with drip irrigation (58.62 t ha^?1) than with furrow irrigation, (47.37 t ha^?1). Maximum fruit yield was recorded with 100% NPK fertigation (74.87 t ha^?1) and was associated with a higher number of fruits per plant and a bigger fruit size than the solid applied fertilizers under both drip and furrow irrigation. On average, tomato accumulated more NPK across the fertigation levels than with drip and furrow irrigation. Similarly, the more controlled application of nutrients in fertigation treatments improved NPK recovery and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) and resulted in lesser leaching of NO₃ ^?-N and K to deeper soil layers.     

Comparisons of simulated with measured transport and transformation of methyl bromide gas in soils

A simulation model is described for the transport of the fumigant, methyl bromide gas, away from injection chisels within the field. The injected methyl bromide is assumed to form cylindrical, parallel sources at the depth of injection. Transport of the methyl bromide is described by radial diffusion from the injection cylinders. The dissolution-distillation of methyl bromide gas in the soil water and on soil particles is accounted for by a first-order reversible kinetic equation or by an equilibrium relationship. The hydrolysis of methyl bromide gas to bromide anion is considered to occur according to a first-order irreversible equation. The model considers cases where the soil surface is and is not covered with an impermeable barrier to the diffusion of the gas. Simulated methyl bromide concentrations in the soil air, and bromide concentrations in the soil, compared reasonably well with measured values from several field sites. Comparison of the results of calculations, with and without plastic barriers at the soil surface, with experimental data, indicate that plastic barriers are ineffective in preventing diffusion of gas from the soil to the atmosphere. Calculations of mass balances show that as much as 70% of the applied methyl bromide had escaped to the atmosphere by 14 days after fumigation.     

干旱区稳定蒸发条件下土壤盐溶质迁移的动态预测

<正> 1.导言土壤盐碱化是世界干旱区共同性的问题,也是人类遇到的最古老的环境问题。近30年来,迫于人口压力和食物需求,许多容易开发的土地均已得到利用,人们正在将注意力转向干旱区。由于干旱区自身的特征,土地开发和盐渍化防治,在强烈蒸发条件下土壤盐溶质浓度目标C(Z,t)及迁移预测已成为近代土壤—水环境研究热点之一,成为中国北