翻白叶树田间接种VA菌根菌效果

在田间自然条件下(非灭菌条件下)应用VA菌根菌对翻白叶树幼苗进行人工接种,接种苗木3个月后,接种苗生长速度明显大于对照苗,3个月时高于对照40.1%,至6个月时接种苗高生长高于对照苗的59.1%,9个月时高于对照53.7%;对苗木根系进行镜检,发现接种苗与对照苗均有VA菌根菌感染,接种苗感染率为100%,对照苗感染率为10%,接种苗的VA菌根菌感染程度远大于对照苗。试验证明,在田间自然条件下对翻白叶树幼苗接种VA菌根菌,能显著促进其高生长。     

毛白杨苗期VA菌根菌与外生菌根菌接种的研究

1998～1999年在田间条件下布置了毛白杨VA菌根(包括根内球囊霉菌和单孢球囊霉菌)与外生菌根硬皮马勃混合接种试验.结果表明接种菌根菌对毛白杨苗高生长量有促进作用,且以根内球囊霉菌作用最明显,单孢球囊霉菌处理次之,硬皮马勃处理最差.水涝大大降低人工接种菌根菌的效果,严重影响VA菌根和外生菌根菌单独接种及混合接种的效应,根内球囊霉菌甚至会抑制毛白杨苗木的高生长,VA菌根和外生菌根间的负交互作用也不对苗高生长产生影响.菌根真菌的感染率随时间变化出现较大的波动和变化.     

桃棕苗期接种丛枝菌根菌效应研究

以桃棕哥斯达黎加San Carlos种源及14152号家系幼苗为宿主,开展接种丛枝菌根真菌(地表球囊霉、苏格兰球囊霉和木薯球囊霉)的试验研究.结果表明:参试的3个丛枝菌根真菌均可在桃棕San Carlos种源和14152号家系上形成感染,感染率26.7%～50.0%,感染指数13.3～37.5.尽管形成了菌根感染,但接种后7个月时,对桃棕San Carlos种源和14152号家系的地上部分的生长均未产生显著的影响;菌根接种对14152号家系根系的生长产生显著的促进作用(P＜0.05).木薯球囊霉G3008菌株接种处理下,14152号家系幼苗根系生物量和主根长分别比不接种(对照)提高了80.0%和51.4%.3个丛枝菌根菌中,木薯球囊霉G3008菌株对桃棕家系苗期根系发育有较好的效果.     

板栗接种食用菌根真菌的菌根化效果及对幼苗促生效应的研究

[目的]通过板栗幼苗人工接种食用菌根菌固体菌剂,分析其对板栗幼苗生长指标和根系菌根化的效果,以验证大红菇(菌株编号2014-10)、红绒盖牛肝菌(菌株编号2014-14)和美味牛肝菌(菌株编号50559)这3种食用菌根菌固体菌剂作为板栗接种体的有效性及其促生效应,为进一步探索"板栗食用菌根菌新型经济林栽培模式"提供基础。[方法]在板栗播种时分别接种上述3种食用菌根菌固体菌剂,并设空白作对照。对当年生幼苗苗高、地径、根系干质量、侧根数、侧根总长、幼苗侵染率、吸收根侵染率等指标进行调查和分析,并制作菌根石蜡切片进行微观结构观察。[结果]表明:(1)上述3种食用菌根菌在人工接种下均能侵染板栗幼苗根系,平均幼苗菌根化率分别达95.8%、87.0%和96.7%,平均吸收根菌根化率分别达57%、53%和50%,达较高的侵染强度;经微观观察,板栗幼苗根系均形成典型的菌根结构——菌丝套和哈蒂氏网。(2)与对照幼苗相比,3个菌种处理幼苗的平均苗高分别提高32.5%、24.0%和22.7%,平均地径分别提高19.4%、14.1%和5.0%,差异显著(P0.05);平均根系干质量分别提高18.9%、25.3%和14.1%,平均侧根数分别提高16.0%、14.1%和12.1%,平均侧根总长分别提高26.8%、28.9%和44.8%,差异极显著(P0.01)。[结论](1)上述供试食用菌根菌均与板栗根系建立了共生关系,幼苗菌根化效果良好,吸收根菌根化强度高,形成了菌根的典型结构,即菌丝套和哈蒂氏网,验证了上述菌种固体菌剂的有效性,认为其可以作为板栗食用菌根菌栽培的接种体而用于生产实践,为探索"板栗食用菌根菌新型经济林栽培模式"提供了基础。(2)上述供试菌种接种后,对板栗幼苗各项主要生长指标均有不同程度的促进作用,说明上述食用菌根菌对板栗幼苗具有显著的促生效应。     

根瘤菌、菌根菌对厚荚相思苗期生长的影响

对厚荚相思苗期进行接种根瘤菌、菌根菌、根瘤菌＋菌根菌的比较试验,结果表明：接种菌根菌的促生效果显著。幼苗高生长、地上部分干重、地下部分干重、根瘤个数、根瘤重量平均数比对照分别提高了53．36％。73．30％,89．69％,224．01％和186．96％。接种各菌种对幼苗的促生效果排序为：菌根菌＋根瘤菌〉根瘤菌〉菌根菌〉对照。苗木根部菌根菌感染强度排序为：菌根菌〉菌根菌＋根瘤菌〉对照。     

江南油杉幼苗接种AMF的菌根浸染及依赖性分析

为探索接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对江南油杉(Keteleeriai fortunei var. cyclolepis)苗木生长的影响,选择4个菌剂(HUN03B、XJ08A、HEB04、XJ04B)进行接种,检测接种AMF后幼苗的菌根浸染情况,测定苗高、地径和生物量等生长指标,并进行菌根依赖性分析。结果表明,4个菌剂均能对根系进行浸染,形成丛枝菌根结构,但浸染所需时间较长,接种360天后才检测到菌根结构;接种XJ08A菌剂处理的浸染率最高(41.57%),接种其他菌剂处理的浸染率较低(16.87%～35.96%)。接种AMF一定程度上促进了苗木的生长。接种4个菌剂后,苗木表现出的菌根依赖性不同,对HEB04表现为弱依赖,对HUN03B表现为中等依赖,对XJ08A和XJ04B表现为强依赖。综合比较,接种XJ08A菌剂处理表现较优,对江南油杉幼苗生长的促进效果最佳。     

丛枝菌根对喜树幼苗的生长效应

2005年2月精选喜树种子培养无菌根幼苗,生长90天以后分别接种3种丛枝菌根真菌,即蜜色无梗囊霉(Acaulospora mellea)、透光球囊霉(Glomus diaphanum)和弯丝硬囊霉(Sclerocystis sinuosa),探讨了菌根真菌对喜树幼苗株高、生物量以及氮、磷吸收的影响。结果表明,丛枝菌根的形成显著促进了菌根幼苗的高生长和生物量的积累,对喜树幼苗氮素营养的吸收影响不大,但却有利于喜树幼苗对磷素营养的吸收。从植株高度和生物量来看,菌根幼苗优于无菌根幼苗,蜜色无梗囊霉菌根幼苗尤为突出,分别达到无菌根幼苗(CK)的1.2和1.6倍,差异显著。丛枝菌根的形成对喜树幼苗氮素营养的吸收影响不大。从全株的氮含量来看,菌根幼苗与无菌根幼苗相近,只有在根、茎和叶片中Am菌根幼苗的氮含量才有明显变化,而透光球囊霉和弯丝硬囊霉菌根幼苗与无菌根幼苗之间则没有显著差异。丛枝菌根的形成总体上促进了喜树幼苗对磷素营养的吸收,并且主要体现在根的磷含量上。与无菌根幼苗比,所有菌根幼苗根的氮、磷分配比例增加,而茎和叶片的氮、磷分配比例减少。图2表2参13。     

火力楠和刨花润楠接种AM菌应用研究

利用5个AM菌根真菌接种乡土阔叶树种火力楠和刨花润楠苗木,种植4个月后观测AM菌根菌对两种树种生长和保存率的影响。结果表明:两种树种接种AM菌对其树高生长和保存率都有不同程度的提高,火力楠的菌根效应较刨花润楠显著,苏格兰球囊霉90036菌株、地表球囊霉9004菌株和木薯球囊霉3008菌株适用于火力楠小苗接种,而刨花润楠有待筛选更适合该树种的优良菌种或菌株。     

水曲柳丛枝菌根真菌接菌苗对干旱胁迫的生长和生理响应

【目的】研究水曲柳接种丛枝菌根真菌后对干旱环境的生长和生理响应，为丛枝菌根真菌在干旱环境中的应用提供理论依据，也为水曲柳在干旱环境下的苗木培育及生产提供技术支撑。【方法】以水曲柳幼苗为供试植物，选取幼套球囊霉菌和摩西球囊霉菌为供试菌种，设置单接幼套球囊霉菌（Ge）、单接摩西球囊霉菌（Gm）和混合接种（Mix:Ge+Gm）3种接菌方式，以不接菌苗（CK）为对照组；在温室内采用盆栽控水的方式模拟自然干旱，设置轻度干旱LD（控水5天）、中度干旱MD（控水10天）和重度干旱SD（控水15天）3个处理，与全程正常供水NW进行比较；研究水曲柳接菌苗对不同水分条件的菌根侵染率、生长、渗透调节和抗氧化系统响应。【结果】1）干旱胁迫下，接菌能够促进苗木生长，提高苗木质量；混合接菌比单一接菌更有助于提高苗木生长。混合接种处理具有更高的菌根侵染率，相关分析发现，菌根侵染率与苗高增量、地径增量、生物量增量、根长、根表面积、根系平均直径、可溶性蛋白（Sp）和脯氨酸（Pro）含量、过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性显著正相关（P<0.05），与丙二醛（MDA）含量显著负相关（P<0.0...     

外生菌根菌对油松苗木生物产量的影响

本试验验证了菌根化能促进油松苗木早期生长,对其生物产量有明显提高。优良菌种可使苗木干物重提高40％。试验筛选出Boletus sp.(林)、Suillusgrevillei(林)、Pisolithus tinctorius及“火炬松”、“欧洲赤松”等五个菌种在促进苗木生长方面有良好效果。经温室生物测定,不论是从菌根组织还是直接从子实体上分离到的菌种,接种后均能与油松根很好地形成菌根。用生长优良的固体纯培养物接种后,油松苗形成菌根的能力很强,多数产生茂盛的珊瑚状菌根组织,苗木的菌根化程度与其对生长的促进作用(包括干物重、高及粗生长)基本上呈正相关。在碱性及接近重碱性土壤中苗木均形成了菌根,并较好地起到促进生长作用,扩大了菌根菌抗逆性的筛选内容。试验筛选出适合菌根菌生长的培养基以及用于接种的纯培养物的载体。     

马褂木菌根真菌筛选和菌根化育苗效果研究

通过对马褂木菌根真菌种类调查,发现其为典型的内生菌根树种,分离和鉴定出地表球囊霉菌、苏格兰球囊霉菌和摩西球囊霉菌3种优势的共生菌根.利用马褂木福建武夷山种源苗木,通过接种效果比较,摩西球囊霉菌的促生效果最好,为马褂木的优良菌根菌种.利用摩西球囊霉菌进一步的菌根化育苗试验表明,马褂木菌根化育苗的促生效应明显,显著促进了苗木对N、P素的吸收利用,其苗高、地径、根长、侧根数和干物质积累量分别较未接种试验对照提高了42.41%、38.30%、12.90%、21.13%和137.78%.此外,菌根化育苗还能有效地改善基质的理化性质,其速效N和有效P含量分别较育苗前原始基质提高了158.48%和48.09%.     

山地木麻黄菌根菌的筛选和接种效应的研究

利用3个内生菌根菌(AMF)和6个外生菌根菌(ECMF)接种山地木麻黄苗,测定小苗的树高、根长、地径、地上干质量、地下干质量和总生物量,并在干旱胁迫下测定小苗的保存率.结果表明:接种内、外生菌根菌后都能极显著地促进山地木麻黄苗期的生长;山地木麻黄对供试的AMF和ECMF菌根都属于中等强度或较弱的依赖性;山地木麻黄接种菌根菌后对地上部分(苗高、地径和地上干质量)生长的促进作用比地下部分(根长和地下干质量)要大;在供试的9个菌根菌种和菌株中,AMF比ECMF更能提高山地木麻黄的抗旱力;筛选出菌根效应较好的菌根菌有:苏格兰球囊霉90068、苏格兰球囊霉90036、地表球囊霉9004、黄硬皮马勃0207、蜡蘑E439,可在山地木麻黄苗期接种应用.     

Cytokinins in the root pressure exudate of Citrus jambhiri Lush. colonized by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae

The influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) symbiosis on the transport of cytokinins from the root to the shoot of Citrus jambhiri Lush. seedlings inoculated with cultures of Glomus etunicatum (Becker and Gerd.), G. fusciculatum (Thaxt.) Gerd. and Trappe, or G. mosseae (Nichol. and Gerd.) was investigated. Cytokinins collected from root exudates over a 90-day period were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and a bioassay. The flux of cytokinins was independent of root exudate flux. Seedlings inoculated with G. fasciculatum or G. mosseae yielded a greater flux of zeatin, dihydrozeatin and zeatin riboside than non-inoculated seedlings. The flux of zeatin riboside was significantly greater than the flux of zeatin in seedlings inoculated with VAM symbionts. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal relationships apparently contributed to, or influenced, the export of cytokinins from the root. The elevated cytokinin flux of inoculated seedlings was associated with improved tissue phosphorus nutrition and a significant increase in seedling biomass.     

丛枝菌根真菌对牡丹根系构型的影响

本试验以分别接种AM真菌Glomus mosseae和G.versiforme的两年生盆栽‘凤丹’幼苗为材料,以不接种为对照,研究不同AM真菌对牡丹幼苗根系构型和生长的影响。结果表明:不同AM真菌的侵染率不同,G.mosseae的侵染率高于G.versiforme;接种G.mosseae的植株干重、根冠比和根系活力显著高于对照。接种不同AM真菌的牡丹幼苗的根系参数均比对照有不同程度的增加,其中对水平延伸根系所占比例和根系总体积的影响最为显著。相关性分析表明,水分饱和亏缺与植株干重、根冠比、根系活力等呈显著负相关;根系参数与牡丹生长呈显著正相关。不同AM真菌可通过影响牡丹幼苗的根系构型而影响其生长。G.mosseae是促进牡丹生长的高效菌种。     

Effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizae <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glomus fasciculatum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">G. macrocarpum</Emphasis> on the growth and nutrient content of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cassia siamea</Emphasis> in a semi-arid Indian wasteland soil

The effect of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus fasciculatum and G. macrocarpum on shoot and root dry weights and nutrient content of Cassia siamea in a semi-arid wasteland soil was evaluated. Under nursery conditions, mycorrhizal inoculation improved growth of seedlings. Root and shoot dry weights were higher in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal plants. The concentration of P, K, Cu, Zn and Na was significantly higher in AM inoculated seedlings than in non-inoculated seedlings. Mycorrhization led to decrease in alkalinity of the rhizosphere soil from pH 8.5 to 7.4. Under nursery conditions, the degree of mycorrhizal dependency increased with age of C. siamea seedling. On transplantation to the field, the survival rate of mycorrhizal seedlings (75%–90%) was higher than that of non-mycorrhizal seedlings (40%). Besides better survival rate, AM inoculation improved the growth performance of seedlings in terms of height and stem diameter. Among the two AM fungi used, the efficiency of Glomus macrocarpum was higher than that of G. fasciculatum under both nursery and field conditions.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrected page numbers.     

Solar irradiance and the development of endomycorrhizal green ash seedlings

We investigated the effects and interaction of four irradiances, 37, 53, 70 and 100% full sunlight, and the endomycorrhizae Glomus macrocarpum and Glomus fasciculatum on the development of seedlings of Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. At all irradiances, mycorrhizal seedlings were taller and larger in diameter than nonmycorrhizal seedlings. Seedlings inoculated with G. macrocarpum showed the best height growth at 70% or less of full sunlight, whereas seedlings inoculated with G. fasciculatum grew best at 37 and 53% full sunlight. Leaf area was greatest in shaded seedlings and was enhanced by mycorrhizal inoculation. Shoot/root ratios were greater for mycorrhizal than for nonmycorrhizal seedlings. At intermediate light intensities, percent root length colonized was greatest, whereas the concentrations of soluble sugar and starch in roots were at intermediate levels.     

Screenhouse performance of VAM-inoculated seedlings of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De wit. in a phosphorus-deficient and aluminum sulfate-treated medium

The effect of 3 species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi on the growth of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit. in a phosphorus-deficient and aluminumsulfate (AIS)-treated medium was investigated in a screenhouse experiment. Plant height, root length, nodulation, phosphorus uptake and nitrogen fixation were used as indices of plant performance.While there were significant differences among mycorrhizal plants with respect to these indices, they outperformed their non-mycorrhizal counterparts in all respects except in nitrogen content. Of the 3 mycorrhizal species studied, Glomus etunicatum (Becker and Gerd) was the most efficient, followed by Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter) Gerd and Trappe, and finally, Gigaspora margarita (Becker and Hall). Both aluminumsulfate and mycorrhizal treatments increased shoot dry weight.     

Response of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolates in sterilized and unsterilized soils in Senegal

The benefits of inoculation with six arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) isolates (Glomus aggregatum, G. fasciculatum, G. intraradices, G. manihotis, G. mosseae, and G. verriculosum) were investigated on seedlings of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd., a multipurpose tree legume highly valued for arabic gum production. Mycorrhizal root colonization, plant growth and relative mycorrhizal dependency (RMD) were measured in A. senegal seedlings growing in soils from three geographical sites in Senegal (Dahra, Bambey and Goudiry) and two soil conditions (sterilized vs unsterilized) in the glasshouse. The impact of inoculation on mycorrhizal root colonization and plant growth depended on AMF isolates, soil origins and soil conditions. Mycorrhizal root colonization and plant growth were increased in sterilized soils regardless of soil origin and AMF isolates. The degree of RMD of A. senegal seedlings varied with soil origin, soil condition and AMF isolates. A. senegal showed the highest RMD values, reaching a maximum of 45 %, when inoculated with G. manihotis. However, in unsterilized soils, no significant effect of AMF inoculation on plant growth was observed despite significant root colonization with certain AMF isolates in Dahra and Goudiry soils. This indicates that the most infective AMF isolates were not the most effective and unsterilized soils may contain effective mycorrhizal propagules. In conclusion, it is important to consider the native mycorrhizal component of the soils before harnessing mycorrhizal inoculation programs for sustainable agroforestry systems.     

浙江地区的银杏VA菌根真菌

通过对浙江地区银杏共生菌根的调查研究,肯定了银杏为内生菌根树种,并首次发现,自然界有４属共９种真菌能使奶杏形成ＶＡ菌根,其中硬囊霉属（Ｓｃｌｅｒｏｃｙｓｔｉｓ）１种,球囊霉属（Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ）５种,盾巨孢囊霉属（Ｓｃｕｔｅｌｌｏｓｐｏｒａ）１种,巨孢囊霉素（Ｇｉｇａｓｐｏｒａ）２种。