三种笛鲷的野生群体和养殖群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

摘要：利用微卫星标记技术,采用10对微卫星引物对南海海域红鳍笛鲷、星点笛鲷、紫红笛鲷3种笛鲷鱼的野生种群（HYE、XYE、ZYE）和养殖种群（HYA、XYA、ZYA）进行了遗传多样性分析。10对微卫星引物在6个群体中共检测到78个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数目在1~8个之间。6个群体的观测杂合度(Ho)为0.2500~1.0000,平均观测杂合度为：ZYE(0.9550)> ZYA(0.8900),HYE(0.8950)> HYA(0.8400),XYE(0.8450)>XYA(0.8100) ;平均多态信息含量(PIC) 为0.3648~0.7964,各野生群体均大于养殖群体;三种笛鲷鱼的野生群体和养殖群体遗传距离HYE与HYA,XYE与XYA,ZYE与ZYA分别为0.1029,0.0371,0.0135,基因分化系数分别为0.0371,0.0211,0.0352。群体遗传结构分析结果表明：红鳍笛鲷、星点笛鲷和紫红笛鲷的遗传多样性较丰富,养殖群体的遗传多样性较野生群体均有一定程度的降低,野生群体和养殖群体分化较弱。     

基于SSR标记的鸢尾杂交和诱变育种材料遗传多样性分析

为加快路易斯安那鸢尾育种的进程,以5个路易斯安那鸢尾品种为试验材料,开展杂交和⁶⁰Co-γ辐射诱变育种。基于短茎鸢尾和暗黄鸢尾的基于表达序列(EST)开发的微卫星标记(SSR)标记,选择其中14对SSR标记用于路易斯安那鸢尾品种、杂交后代和诱变材料共40份材料的遗传多样性分析。结果表明,5个路易斯安那鸢尾品种的杂交后代均与母本的遗传差异小;而5个路易斯安那鸢尾品种经诱变后获得了与其亲本遗传差异大的诱变材料,5个品种的成活率均随着⁶⁰Co-γ辐射剂量的成倍增加而显著降低,不同品种在2.5、5、10、20和40 Gy剂量处理下成活率分别为20.77%~24.99%、13.33%~17.89%、10.11%~15.71%、3.33~10.14%和1.11%~2.77%,可通过组培快繁观测其表型性状。本研究利用路易斯安那鸢尾组培苗开展⁶⁰Co-γ辐射诱变育种,并筛选出10对适用于路易斯安那鸢尾品种、杂交后代和诱变材料的SSR标记,可为路易斯安那鸢尾杂交育种、辐射诱变育种和基于SSR标记的种质鉴定提供理论依据。     

波兰小麦×普通小麦品系中13重组自交系(RIL)群体穗部性状的QTL分析

小麦穗部性状是与籽粒产量关系密切的重要农艺性状。本研究以一个由99个株系组成的来源于波兰小麦(Triticum polonicum L.)和普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品系中13杂交后代的F8重组自交系(recombinant inbred lines,RIL)群体为实验材料,利用微卫星(simple sequence repeat,SSR)标记对穗长、穗粒数和有效小穗数进行数量性状基因座(quantitative trait locus,QTL)定位分析。所构建的A染色体组和B染色体组共14个连锁群的遗传连锁图谱由115个SSR标记位点组成,图谱全长822.9cM,标记间的平均遗传距离为7.16cM。采用复合区间作图法在两年的环境中检测到分布在2A、3A、3B、5B和7B染色体上的6个穗长QTL,5个穗粒数QTL和2个有效小穗数QTL,表型变异贡献率分别为9.21%～22.94%,9.18%～19.71%和11.48%～13.01%。两年中都在3A染色体上的Xbarc12～Xbarc310区间内检测到控制穗粒数的主效QTL,说明该QTL较少受环境条件的影响,是一个稳定可靠的穗粒数QTL。该QTL与最近标记的遗传距离为0.01cM,可用于小麦产量性状的分子标记辅助育种。     

微卫星标记OarHH35和BMS2508在4个山羊品种中的研究

选择与绵羊(Ovisaries)高繁殖力紧密关联的两个微卫星标记OarHH35和BMS2508,分析其在湘东黑山羊、南江黄羊、贵州黑山羊和波尔山羊中的多态性分布情况。结果表明,微卫星标记OarHH35在4个山羊(Caprahircus)品种中的等位基因数分别为11、8、7和10,BMS2508在4个山羊品种中的等位基因数分别为9、5、6和7,OarHH35/BMS2508在湘东黑山羊、南江黄羊、贵州黑山羊和波尔山羊中的多态信息含量值分别为0.8294/0.8047,0.8399/0.6894,0.7985/0.6910和0.8582/0.7688。2个微卫星基因座对湘东黑山羊产羔数的效应分析表明,微卫星标记BMS2508和OarHH35对山羊的产羔数有显著影响(P<0.05)。在OarHH35基因座,135/135bp基因型的最小二乘均值最高(3.67只/胎),123/135bp和125/125bp基因型的最小二乘均值也达到了3.00只/胎,表明等位基因135和125bp对湘东黑山羊产羔数具有显著的正效应。在BMS2508基因座,基因型132/145bp和93/132bp对产羔数效应的最小二乘均值分别为4.00和3.23只/胎,而基因型122/122bp对产羔数效应的最小二乘平均值只有1.00只/胎,因此等位基因145和93bp对湘东黑山羊产羔数有显著正效应,等位基因122bp对湘东黑山羊产羔数无显著效应。     

牙鲆微卫星标记遗传连锁图谱的构建

为了实现分子标记或基因辅助育种在牙鲆养殖中成功运用,并快速提高牙鲆产量,使用微卫星标记首次构建了国内第一张牙鲆遗传连锁图谱。采用基因组测序的方法,筛选出大量微卫星序列,从中随机挑选1 000条序列设计合成引物,利用2009年建立的第10号家系为作图群体,使用JoinMap4.0软件,构建了牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)SSR标记遗传连锁图谱。雌雄图谱分别由24个连锁群组成,其中雌性图谱标记212个,总长度1 320.4 cM,覆盖率为77.7%;雄性图谱标记198个,总长度1 361 cM,覆盖率为76.1%。每个连锁群长度变动在9.3～116.1 cM之间,连锁群上的标记数在3～21个之间。各连锁群上的SSR标记并不是均匀分布的,其中1、3和8号连锁群存在标记密集区。该图谱能够进行初步的QTL定位分析和基因定位相关研究,为开展牙鲆基因和QTL的精细定位及分子标记辅助育种(MAS)等提供更有效的依据。     

鲢微卫星标记的荧光多重PCR体系建立及其应用

为了提高鲢微卫星(SSR)分型效率,本研究从已开发 SSR 标记中筛选出 14 对具有高多态性和扩增稳定性的SSR 引物,并组成一个四重 PCR(A)和两个五重 PCR(B 和 C)。以单对引物 PCR 为对照,对多重 PCR 的条件进行优化,包括退火温度、Taq DNA 聚合酶浓度、dNTPs 浓度、Mg2+浓度、PCR Buffer 使用量等。优化结果为,各体系最佳退火温度时,25 μL体系中包括 2 U Taq DNA 聚合酶,0.4 mmol/LdNTPs,2.3 mmol/L Mg2+,以及 3 μL的 10×PCR Buffer。优化后的多重 PCR 扩增稳定,各对引物扩增良好,SSR分型效率显著提高。利用建立的多重 PCR 体系对采自石首老河四大家鱼原种场和监利老江河四大家鱼原种场各 100 尾鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)样本进行 SSR 分析。结果显示,石首和监利两个原种场的样本都保持有较高的遗传多样性,其中观测杂合度分别是 0.8479 和 0.9443,期望杂合度分别为0.7967 和 0.8134。群体间分子方差分析(AMOVA)FST=0.00613,说明两个原种场鲢群体间没有发生遗传分化。本研究最终建立了三个准确、稳定的荧光标记多重 PCR 体系,具有较大应用价值。运用建立好的 3 个荧光标记多重PCR 对 2 个鲢群体进行遗传多样性分析,结果为两处原种场的进一步科学管理提供了可靠依据。     

我国“应县小黑豆”对SCN4号生理小种抗性的SSR及ISSR分子标记研究

本研究以"应县小黑豆"×"晋豆23"杂交组合F2群体为材料,用塑膜钵柱法进行抗性鉴定,利用分离体分组分析法(BSA)结合SSR和ISSR标记技术对抗性基因进行分子标记筛选和定位,旨在实现大豆孢囊线虫抗性育种中亲本和杂交后代的分子标记辅助选择.筛选到2个与抗SCN基因座位连锁的分子标记Satt038和ISSR811.Satt038片段含180bp和185 bp,为共显性标记,在F2群体中的分离比为121;ISSR标记ISSR811为显性标记,片段长350bp,F2群体分离比为13.2个标记在F2群体中呈孟德尔式遗传.通过JOINMAP分析,微卫星标记Satt038、ISSR标记ISSR811与抗SCN基因座位的遗传距离分别为26.9cM和10.2 cM.还探讨了分子标记Satt038和ISSR811用于大豆抗SCN育种进行分子标记辅助选择的可能性.     

微卫星标记OarHH35和BMS2508 在4个山羊品种中的研究

选择与绵羊(Ovis aries)高繁殖力紧密关联的两个微卫星标记OarHH35和BMS2508，分析其在湘东黑山羊、南江黄羊、贵州黑山羊和波尔山羊中的多态性分布情况。结果表明, 微卫星标记OarHH35在4个山羊(Capra hircus)品种中的等位基因数分别为11、8、7和10, BMS2508在4个山羊品种中的等位基因数分别为9、5、6和7, OarHH35 /BMS2508在湘东黑山羊、南江黄羊、贵州黑山羊和波尔山羊中的多态信息含量值分别为0.8294/0.8047,0.8399/0.6894, 0.7985/0.6910 和 0.8582/0.7688。2个微卫星基因座对湘东黑山羊产羔数的效应分析表明，微卫星标记BMS2508和OarHH35对山羊的产羔数有显著影响(P < 0.05)。在OarHH35基因座，135/135 bp基因型的最小二乘均值最高(3.67只/胎)，123 /135 bp和125 /125 bp基因型的最小二乘均值也达到了3.00只/胎，表明等位基因135和125 bp对湘东黑山羊产羔数具有显著的正效应。在BMS2508基因座，基因型132 /145 bp和93 /132 bp对产羔数效应的最小二乘均值分别为4.00和3.23只/胎，而基因型122 /122 bp对产羔数效应的最小二乘平均值只有1.00只/胎，因此等位基因145和93 bp对湘东黑山羊产羔数有显著正效应，等位基因122 bp对湘东黑山羊产羔数无显著效应。     

普通小麦-华山新麦草易位系H9020-20-12-1-8抗条锈病基因SSR标记

H9020-20-12-1-8是一个通过杂交和回交选育的普通小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）华山新麦草（Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng.）易位系,苗期对中国小麦生产上流行的条锈菌（Puccinia striiforms f.sp.tritici）生理小种CYR32表现良好抗性。遗传分析表明,H9020-20-12-1-8对CYR32的抗病性是由1对显性基因YrHy（暂命名）独立控制的,通过对H9020-20-12-1-8和感病品种铭贤169杂交F2分离群体进行SSR分子标记,从305对SSR引物组合中筛选到3个与抗病基因YrHy紧密连锁的微卫星标记Xgwm429、Xwgm770和Xwmc154,与YrHy的遗传距离分别为5.4、6.4和11.3cM,将YrHy定位于小麦2BS染色体上。系谱分析及分子检测等结果表明,YrHy是一个源于华山新麦草的新抗条锈病基因。     

黄颡鱼微卫星标记筛选及特征分析

通过磁珠富集法首次筛选黄颡鱼微卫星标记并对其特征进行分析。用生物素标记的寡核苷酸探针(AC)8、(CT)8、(AT)7、(GATA)8、(GATT)7进行微卫星片断的富集,挑选部分阳性克隆测序获得38个含有微卫星的DNA序列,总计设计并合成了22对微卫星引物。以普通黄颡鱼基因组DNA为模板,进行PCR扩增,结果筛选出18个多态性微卫星标记,每对引物等位基因数2-8个（平均3.78）,遗传杂合度0.2225-0.8101（平均0.5755）,多态信息含量0.3425-0.7900（平均0.5336）。此外18对多态性微卫星引物中有16对在黄颡鱼属其它4种鱼类具有通用性,13对在鲇形目中的3种鱼类具有通用性。因此,可以推断筛选的多态性微卫星标记可用于黄颡鱼属和鲇形目鱼类的遗传分析。     

Identification of sex-specific DNA markers in betel vine (Piper betle L.)

The Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to amplify DNA segments, with the objective of finding markers linked to sex determination in male and female plants of Piper betle L. Two bulks of DNA were made drawing one each from male and female, by pooling an equal volume of DNA samples from each group of individual contributing to the bulk analysis. Fifty different random decamer primers were screened with the two bulks to identify markers associated with sex expression of which only four primers were found to be associated with sex expression. These four primers were then tested with individual plant DNA samples where sex-associated RAPD markers were identified. A ~1,400 and ~850?bp fragment from the primer OPA04 and OPN 02 respectively was found to be present in all the male individuals and absent in all the female plants. In another primer, a ~980?bp amplification product from the primer OPC 06 was present only in the female individuals. A common primer OPA 08 showed both male and female specific markers of 650 and 1,200?bp respectively. Thus, the three male- specific RAPD markers OPA04₁₄₀₀, OPA08₆₅₀ and OPN02₈₅₀ and two female-specific markers OPA08₁₂₀₀ and OPC06₉₈₀ can reliably differentiate the male and female plants of P. betle L. Ploidy comparison also showed the differences in male and female plants.     

Genetic Relationships and Variation among Biotypes of Dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) and Related Species Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers

The genus Paspalum L. consists of more than 400 species. Around twenty-five informal groups of species are recognized in Paspalum and the Dilatata group is of special interest because its members are excellent potential forage grasses. Seventy-five germplasm accessions, representing 15 taxa, were analyzed using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Polymorphisms were observed with twenty-two primers in the Dilatata group and 16 of those were analyzed. Four hundred and four different RAPD fragments were generated, resulting in an average of 25.2 bands per primer. Among the 404 markers analyzed, 48 (11.88%) were exclusive for the P. dilatatum Poir. biotypes, 31 (7.67%) were exclusive to taxa belonging to other groups included in this study, 28 markers (6.93%) were diagnosed for other species of the Dilatata group and 16 (3.96%), for natural hybrids. Extensive RAPD variation was found among the species studied. Inter- and intra-taxonomic polymorphisms were detected. A dendrogram based on the RAPD data shows some clusters corresponding to the same taxa. However, the biotypes of P. dilatatum do not form a cluster. The present work confirms that the RAPD technique can be used to determine genetic relationships between the taxa belonging to the Dilatata group.     

RAPD and ISSR molecular markers in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Olea europaea</Emphasis> L.: Genetic variability and molecular cultivar identification

Thirty Portuguese and eight foreign olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars were screened using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Twenty RAPD primers amplified 301 reproducible bands of which 262 were polymorphic; and 17 ISSR primers amplified 204 bands of which 180 were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic bands detected by ISSR and RAPD was similar (88 and 87%, respectively). The genetic variability observed was similar in the Portuguese and foreign olive cultivars. Seven ISSR and 12 RAPD primers were able to distinguish individually all 38 olive cultivars. Twenty specific molecular markers are now available to be converted into Sequence Characterised Amplified Region (SCAR) markers. Relationships among Portuguese and foreign cultivars is discussed.     

Assessment of genetic diversity in Solanum trilobatum L., an important medicinal plant from South India using RAPD and ISSR markers

Solanum trilobatum L. is an Indian medicinal plant containing rich amount of steroidal glyco-alkoloids that can be used as precursor for commercial steroid production. Two efficient marker systems such as Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) were used for the first time to assess the genetic diversity across 14 S. trilobatum accessions obtained from five South Indian states. Twenty out of 60 RAPD primers generated 189 distinct bands of which 160 were polymorphic with an average of 8 polymorphic bands per primer. A maximum of up to 15 fragments were amplified with an average of 9.45 bands per primer and the amplicons varied in size between 100 and 3,000 bp. The percentage of polymorphism ranged from 55.5 to 100, with an average of 84.6. ISSR profiling using 7 out of 20 primers amplified 83 bands and the number of amplified fragments varied from 2 to 16 with a size range of 200–1,800 bp. Totally 72 polymorphic bands were obtained using 7 ISSR primers at an average of 10.28 polymorphic bands per primer. Polymorphism percentage varied from 50 to 100 among the selected accessions resulting in an average percentage of polymorphism of 86.7. The PIC values ranged from 0.49 to 0.93 for RAPD and 0.16 to 0.90 for ISSR primers. The study pointed out that ISSR markers were more efficient than RAPD markers in evaluating the degree of genetic variation in S. trilobatum. The UPGMA cluster analysis grouped all Tamil Nadu accessions in one cluster and other state accessions in another cluster. The Principal component analysis also substantiates this clustering pattern. Thus the phylogenetic relationship and a high genetic variation revealed in the present study could provide a baseline data for conservation and improvement of this plant in future. Also the molecular markers identified in this study will be helpful in authentication of this species to prevent adulteration in herbal medicine.     

Microsatellites and RAPD Markers to Study Genetic Relationships Among Cowpea Breeding Lines and Local Varieties in Senegal

Genetic diversity in local cowpea varieties and breeding lines from Senegal were studied using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and microsatellite (SSR) techniques. Among the 61 RAPD primers used, twelve show polymorphism. Fifteen of the 30 microsatellite primer pairs were polymorphic, detecting one to nine alleles per locus. The RAPD and SSR data were analyzed both separately and in combination to assess relationships among genetic lines. Although RAPD provided information on levels of genetic diversity, microsatellite markers are most effective in determining the relationship among cowpea accessions and varieties. The SSR results support the genetic diversification of cowpea in Senegal and underscore their potential in elucidating patterns of germplasm diversity of cowpea in Senegal. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Comparative Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Two Tunisian Collections of Fig Cultivars Based on Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA and Inter Simple Sequence Repeats Fingerprints

This study characterized the genetic diversity of 18 Tunisian fig cultivars using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR). Both random and ISSR primers tested generated a total of 116 RAPD and 47 ISSR markers. Considerable genetic variation was observed among fig cultivars sampled from two regional Tunisian collections with an average diversity of 4.57. RAPD and ISSR banding patterns and genetic distances values reflected the high level of diversity among the collections and lower variability between the two collections. The correlation between the RAPD and ISSR similarity matrices computed for the 153 pairwise comparisons among the 18 varieties was lower and significant. An analysis of molecular variance showed that 92% of the total genetic diversity resided within collections, whereas only 8% between collections. The results indicated that in the local fig germ plasm the information provided by RAPD and ISSR is not analogous, most likely as a consequence of the fact that the two classes of markers explore, at least in part, different portions of the genome.     

四种栎树EST-SSR信息分析

为开发栎属遗传多样性检测的SSR标记,分析了蒙古栎、无梗花栎、夏栎和欧洲栓皮栎EST-SSR的特点,结果表明蒙古栎的EST中3 209.46 bp有一个SSR,无梗花栎中每6 160.36 bp有一个SSR、夏栎中每5 883.30 bp有一个SSR,欧洲栓皮栎中每6 129.12 bp有一个SSR。蒙古栎、无梗花栎、夏栎和欧洲栓皮栎EST-SSR的平均长度分别为21.65 bp、21.1 bp、20.66 bp和20.65 bp。四种栎类中不同基元的EST-SSR的分布频率具有非常一致的特征,均是二基元、三基元和六基元的SSR分布频率最高,达20%以上。而四基元和五基元的SSR在四个种类中的分布不到0.05%。二基元的SSR中大于1%的SSR均是AG、CT、TC、GA、AT、TA基元,并且在蒙古栎、无梗花栎和夏栎中AG、CT、TC基元的分布频率最高,而在欧洲栓皮栎中是TC、GA、AG的分布频率最高;三基元的SSR中,含CAA、GAA、TCT、CTT的SSR在四种栎类中都存在。六基元的SSR中大于1%在四种栎类中出现的类型均较少,为0～4种。     

中国南瓜种质资源农艺性状与RAPD标记分析

本研究利用形态学标记和RAPD分子标记同时对70份来自我国不同地区的中国南瓜种质进行遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。在所观察的56个有差异的农艺性状中,变异系数从6.60%~262.22%,平均变异系数为37.50%。从150个随机引物中筛选出21个进行RAPD分析,结果表明,在检测到的167条带中有130条具有多态性,多态带比率为73.23%;平均每个引物检测到的条带数多达8条,平均Shannon信息指数(Ⅰ)为0.268。基于农艺性状的聚类分析将70份中国南瓜种质分为七类。基于RAPD标记的聚类分析将70份中国南瓜种质分为五类,其聚类结果与形态特征有一定的相关性。但两种聚类结果均无法从地理来源上进行区分。     

Determining genetic diversity between lines of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna unguiculata</Emphasis> subspecies by AFLP and SSR markers

AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms) and SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers were utilized to assess genetic diversity and relatedness between Vigna unguiculata subspecies. Three AFLP primer combinations and 10 SSR primer sets successfully identified closely related accessions, and the presence of heterogeneity in some accessions. AFLP methodology was successful in separating different species of Vigna. However, the level of intra-subspecies variation was as great as was the interspecies variation with both marker methods. The number of markers employed was insufficient to successfully group the subspecies into distinct clades.     

Characterization of Some Italian Common Bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaseolus Vulgaris</Emphasis> L.) Landraces by RAPD,Semi-random and ISSR Molecular Markers

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and a semi-random PCR system were used to analyze the genetic diversity of 16 Italian common bean landraces and their relationship to four commercial cultivars. Of the primers tested, 8 ISSR, 6 RAPD and 7 semi-random primers produced polymorphic and reproducible DNA fragments. A higher proportion of polymorphic bands were observed using ISSR (85%) and semi-random (90%) primers than RAPD (69%) method. The combination of any two semi-random markers allowed the identification of all 20 bean genotypes. In contrast ISSR (except for primer (CAC)₃GC) and RAPD markers appeared to be less informative as more than two markers were necessary to achieve the same diagnostic level. Moreover, 7 ISSR, 2 RAPD and 8 semi-random exclusive bands were identified as putative population-specific markers. Semi-random and ISSR derived dendrograms showed similar tendencies in terms of genetic relatedness, whereas clustering of genotypes within groups was not similar when compared with the RAPD technique. Despite the different ability to resolve genetic variation among the investigated landraces, two major clusters with less than 60% (ISSR) and 40% (RAPD and semi-random) genetic similarity were formed with all three marker systems. The two groups were correlated with the phaseolin patterns and seed size of the landraces. The analysis showed that the cultivar ȁ8Lingua di Fuocoȁ9 and most of the landraces (13 out of 16) collected in Italy belong to the Andean gene pool, whereas only the three populations from Pratomagno belong to the Middle American gene pool.