籽棉烘干机技术研究

我国夏季高温多雨,秋冬多霜雪,特别在北部地区,下半年气候潮湿,不利于棉花收获。伴随棉花产量的增加,晾晒条件的不理想及对棉花等级要求的提高,籽棉烘干技术在棉花加工过程中扮演着不可缺少的作用。近些年,我国机采棉发展势头强劲,然而机采棉的回潮率远大于手摘棉,严重影响了棉花加工生产各个环节的质量。为此,阐述了籽棉烘干技术的研究现状及发展趋势。     

籽棉回潮率测量装置控制系统设计——基于PLC和组态王

籽棉回潮率的测量对于稳定棉花市场、发展棉花生产具有重要意义。为此,针对目前新疆籽棉回潮率测量存在的采集时间长、采集效率低及劳动强度大等问题,在现有籽棉回潮率自动测量装置的基础上,根据其结构特点和控制要求设计了一种基于PLC和组态王的控制系统,并进行软件开发。该系统采用三菱FX2N-64MR系列CPU作为主控单元,通过组态王6.53监控界面对电机运行状态、运行时间等参数进行实时监控。实验结果表明:该系统有效提高了籽棉回潮率的采集效率,为实现籽棉回潮率的自动化和智能化测量奠定了基础。     

MWDZ-20型籽棉喂花机的工作性能分析

针对新疆兵团棉花加工全程机械化过程中籽棉喂花的问题,从降低投入成本、降低能耗、降低劳动强度、提高生产适应性、提高工作效率和提高设备可靠性等角度出发,自主研发了一种与机采棉加工设备配套的MWDZ-20型籽棉喂花机。通过对其工作原理的分析,并且与3种机械式喂花机的工作性能进行比较,结果表明:MWDZ-20型籽棉喂花机具有生产效率高、适应性好、操纵简单方便和自动化程度高的特点,能够有效减少棉花加工过程中人力、物力资源的浪费和棉花的二次污染,是实现棉花加工机械化不可缺少的设备。     

提高机采棉加工质量的探讨

机采棉的含杂量与含水率远大于手摘棉,籽棉纤维品质也略差于手摘棉。由于机采棉的这些缺点,应结合实际,从籽棉采摘源头、籽棉含水率控制、籽棉烘干后加工要求、籽棉加工工艺、棉花加工设备间隙的调整,机采棉加工全程机械化几个方面进行探讨,总结提高机采棉加工质量的办法。     

籽棉喂入方式技术经济性分析

针对新疆兵团棉花加工厂籽棉喂入系统的应用,分析了地坑喂入系统、多功能籽棉喂入系统、移动式棉模喂入系统3种喂棉方式的技术经济性,通过分析比较,结果表明3种籽棉喂入系统生产效率高,适应性好,能够减少棉花加工过程的人力投入,是未来棉花加工全程机械化发展的必然方向。其中多功能籽棉喂入系统以棉模方式喂入时,成本最低,能耗最少。     

基于STC89C54的籽棉加湿系统设计

针对当前南疆地区籽棉回潮率低的问题,设计了一种基于单片机STC89C54芯片的加湿器,实现对待加工籽棉湿度数据的自动检测和自动加湿。用湿度传感器检测待加工籽棉的湿度数据,通过模数转换器将采集来的信号转换后,送入STC89C54芯片,单片机将信号归一化处理后,判断是否需要对籽棉进行加湿,同时单片机做出相应的决策,并将籽棉湿度的实时信息在显示屏上显示出来。实验结果表明,该系统对待加工籽棉的加湿效果良好,可靠性高。     

棉花介电常数单因素实验研究

棉花含水率是收购和加工环节的一个重要参数,电容法是检测棉花含水率的有效手段。为了给棉花含水率的在线检测仪器开发提供基础数据,利用单因素试验研究的方法,研究得到了不同的测试频率、测量电压、容积密度、含水率对机采籽棉、手摘籽棉、皮棉的介电常数的影响规律及影响显著性。分析表明:所有试验因素对介电常数的影响均高度显著,并得到了在特定条件下含水率与介电常数的线性回归方程。研究可为开发在线的高精度籽棉含水率检测仪器提供理论基础。     

籽棉喂花机的工作性能分析

针对新疆兵团棉花加工全程机械化过程中籽棉喂花问题,分析了开模喂花机、地坑喂花机、大垛喂花机三种喂花机的工作特性,采用这三种喂花机能够降低棉花加工企业的投入成本、降低能耗、降低劳动强度,减少棉花的二次污染,但是各自又存在局限性。在此基础上,研发了一种既能够喂送散花又能够喂送棉模的多功能籽棉喂花机。该机具有生产效率高、适应性好、操纵简单方便、自动化程度高的特点,能够进一步减少棉花加工过程中人力物力资源的浪费,对于新疆棉花加工行业整体技术水平的提高具有重要的现实意义。     

MQZ-600型籽棉清理机

本机是用来清除籽棉中所含的僵瓣及杂质的一种设备。通过清理,可以提高皮棉的加工质量、品级,延长轧花锯片的使用寿命,增加企业的经济效益。其特点是投资少,见效快,性能稳定,使用维修方便,是棉花加工企业理想的籽棉清理设备。主要指标和技术参数:清花滚筒直径:650毫米;滚筒数量     

棉花贮运加工及检测技术

2棉花加工工艺及设备2．1国外棉花加工工艺概况2.1.1美国棉花加工工艺概况美国棉花采收已实现机械化,棉花加工厂均为机采棉加工厂,轧花厂由私人或棉农联合经营。1994年,美国共有2300多个轧花厂,但最新资料报道只剩1350个,由于美国棉花的加工周期短,平均只有三个月,所以轧花厂的规模大。陆地棉加工厂一股配有2～5台160片左右的大型锯齿轧花机。平均每厂年加工10万包皮棉,约合2．18万t,由于机械自动化程度高,平均每一工人口加工皮棉人以上。美国的机采籽棉有两种,一种是用水平搞锭式来棉机分次采的吐絮籽棉;另一种是用尼龙丝刷和…     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义，并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状，提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.