不同种植密度对甜高粱杂交种生物产量及相关性状的影响

以3个甜高粱杂交种为试材,研究6个种植密度对株高、茎粗、分蘖数、倒伏级别和生物产量的影响。结果表明:不同种植密度对3个杂交种的分蘖数、倒伏级别和生物产量的影响达到显著水平,对株高和茎粗的影响差异不显著;综合分析倒伏性和生物产量,在山东省生态条件下,济甜杂2号的最佳种植密度为5.5万株/hm2,济甜杂3号为3.3万株/hm2,辽甜3号为3.3万~4.5万株/hm2;3个杂交种在最佳种植密度下不仅生物产量最高,而且倒伏率低,有利于机械化收割。     

不同播期对甜高粱产量和锤度的影响

[目的]分析在天津地区的气候和土壤条件下,不同播期对几个甜高粱品种产量和锤度的影响。[方法]在盐碱土壤上,分期播种5个甜高粱品种,以确定不同播期对甜高粱产量和锤度的影响。[结果]随着播期的延后,甜杂2号、辽甜1号和绿能2号的株高显著降低,早播使甜杂2号、辽甜1号和绿能2号的鲜重显著提高,绿能1号和绿能3号的最适播期出现在5月。除绿能1号外,其余各品种的锤度均随着播期的延后而提高,且5、6月份播种的各品种的植株锤度相差不大。株高和鲜重呈显著相关,相关系数为0.59;株高及鲜重与锤度呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.43（锤度-株高）和-0.76（锤度-鲜重）。[结论]在北方,尤其是天津地区,甜高粱的最适播期为5月初。     

不同刈割时期对甜高粱产量和品质的影响

[目的]探讨二次刈割时期对不同甜高粱品种产量和品质的影响,为江苏地区甜高粱种植二次刈割选择适宜品种与刈割期提供理论依据.[方法]以生育期偏早的中科甜3号、苏科甜1号和生育期偏迟的YT003和辽甜1号为试验材料,采用2因素裂区试验设计,以品种为主区,以收获刈割时期为副区,分别在生长第75(早)、90(中)、105(晚)d头茬刈割,第165 d第2次刈割;以一次收获作对照.收获时测定不同处理甜高粱的农艺性状、饲用产量与品质.[结果]生育期偏早的中科甜3号和苏科甜1号头茬采取早、中期刈割处理,二次收获时均处于抽穗期或抽穗后期.各品种的株高在二次刈割处理的头茬表现为早<中<晚期处理,二茬则表现为早>中>晚处理.各品种采取二次刈割处理时无倒伏现象.各品种二次刈割头茬与二茬干物质中的粗蛋白含量均较一次收获高,而平均可溶性碳水化合物、酸性洗涤纤维与中性洗涤纤维含量较一次收获低.除平均可溶性碳水化合物外,二次刈割头茬采取早、中期刈割处理的鲜干重及粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维的中性洗涤纤维产量主效应均显著高于二次刈割晚期及一次收获处理(P<0.05),其中中科甜3号和苏科甜1号的各产量指标较辽甜1号和YT003具有明显优势.[结论]江苏地区甜高粱种植中,采取二次刈割时宜选择偏早熟品种,头茬宜采取早、中期刈割方式.     

茎秆专用型能源甜高梁杂交种辽甜9号选育及栽培技术

辽甜9号（303A／304）,以自选不育系303A为母本,甜高粱恢复系304为父本杂交组配而成。2009～2010两年参加全国高梁品种区域试验,结果表明,辽甜9号生物产量69598．9kg／hm2,茎秆含糖锤度20．6％,茎秆出汁率55．1％。辽甜9号是A,型细胞质茎秆专用型能源甜高粱杂交种,为不育化类型,没有籽粒,有效解决能源甜高粱抗倒伏能力差、防鸟害难等问题,还可以满足加工企业原料生产轻简化及收获阶段化的需要,是生产燃料乙醇较理想的能源作物品种。     

种植密度和品种对甜高粱生物性状与产量的影响

试验研究了不同种植密度对不同甜高粱品种产量及品质的影响。结果表明:不同种植密度对茎秆产量和籽粒产量的影响显著,对锤度、榨汁率、株高和茎粗影响不显著;不同品种之间的茎秆产量和籽粒产量差异也达显著水平。经综合分析,意大利、兴佳和辽饲杂3号适宜在12万株/hm2的密度下种植,辽甜试101的密度在6万株/hm2比较适宜。     

不同类型高粱主要农艺性状与品质性状差异分析

对来自国内外60份不同类型高粱材料的农艺性状、产量性状和品质性状在新疆干旱区的表现进行分析比较,目的是了解不同高粱类型在新疆干旱区的差异表现,为新疆干旱区能源用高粱品种选育提供参考依据.研究发现,供试高粱材料间生育期差异显著(P＜0.05),其中,甜高粱的生育期最长,平均为116.8 d,变幅在100.5～131.5 d之间.农艺性状分析发现,帚高粱的株高最高,平均为275.2 cm,籽粒高粱最矮,平均只有235.6 cm.甜高粱的伸长节间数最多,平均为12.6个,其中,甜高粱X054伸长节间数最多,为15.6个.各高粱类型的产量构成差异较大,籽粒高粱的籽粒产量最高,平均为7.9 t/hm2,而甜高粱和帚高粱的茎秆产量较高,分别为10.3和10.2t/hm2,全株总干物质积累量以甜高粱为最高,平均为25.3 t/hm2,变幅在18.4～31.5 t/hm2之间,其次为帚高粱的23.6 t/hm2,籽粒高粱最低,平均只有20.3 t/hm2.品质性状分析表明,籽粒各组分含量最为稳定,各高粱类型间差异较小,其次为叶片和叶鞘,而不同高粱类型间茎秆的碳水化合物含量和木质素含量差异较大,其中,甜高粱表现出更高的可溶性总糖含量,平均为236.6 g/kg,是籽粒高粱的3倍、帚高粱的2倍之多,而甜高粱的木质纤维素含量明显低于籽粒高粱和帚高粱,特别是纤维素含量,平均要低100 g/kg以上.碳水化合物产量分析发现甜高粱和帚高粱的平均积累量较高,分别为14.2和13.8 t/hm2,各高粱类型中均以纤维素和半纤维的贡献最大,特别是帚高粱材料,平均贡献率达65.9％.综上,相比于籽粒高粱和帚高粱,甜高粱整体表现出更强的能源利用潜力.同时应指出,各类型高粱材料均为宝贵的种质资源,应充分的挖掘利用,以筛选并进一步培育出适合新疆干旱区种植的能源用高粱新品种.     

施肥对连作甜高粱生物产量及品质的影响

以沈农甜杂2号甜高粱为材料,研究施肥对连作甜高粱生物产量及品质的影响。结果表明,苗期和成熟期各处理株高显著高于对照;苗期各处理叶片数差异不显著,成熟期P肥和重茬肥加P肥处理的叶片数与对照差异显著;重茬肥加N肥和重茬肥加P肥处理的生物产量显著高于对照,增产率分别达29.6%和28.9%;重茬肥加N、P、K肥处理的锤度和粗蛋白含量均达最高。综合分析表明,施用重茬肥600 kg/hm加P肥450 kg/hm,对甜高粱生长及生物产量的提高作用最佳;施用重茬肥600 kg/hm分别加N、P、K肥450、450、150 kg/hm时,甜高粱的饲用品质最佳。     

不同品种甜高粱青贮体外产气量及瘤胃降解特性比较

【目的】研究不同品种甜高粱青贮饲料在瘤胃内消化降解情况,评价其营养价值.【方法】以‘丽欧’‘吉甜1号’‘大力士’和‘兰巴斯’4个品种甜高粱青贮为材料,采用体外产气法和体内尼龙袋法,研究了4个品种甜高粱青贮体外发酵产气量及干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解率.【结果】‘丽欧’和‘吉甜1号’甜高粱青贮体外发酵产气量72 h时均超过了50 mL,显著大于‘大力士’和‘兰巴斯’(P<0.05);‘丽欧’甜高粱青贮饲料DM瘤胃降解率最大,显著高于其他3个品种(P<0.05);‘丽欧’和‘吉甜1号’甜高粱青贮NDF和ADF瘤胃降解率较大,显著大于‘大力士’和‘兰巴斯’(P<0.05).【结论】‘丽欧’甜高粱青贮瘤胃消化性最好,表明其青贮营养价值较高,其次是‘吉甜1号’和‘大力士’,‘兰巴斯’甜高粱可消化性较差,青贮营养价值较低.     

能源用甜高粱晋甜杂3号的选育及栽培技术

晋甜杂3号是由自选不育系E35/糖A3和自选恢复系甜C-1-1组配而成的能源甜高粱杂交种。2011—2012年全国高粱品种区域试验结果表明,晋甜杂3号生育期134 d,生物产量高,鲜质量平均为85 321.5 kg/hm2,茎秆出汁率55.9%,含糖锤度18.9%,自交结实率为0,为不育类型杂交种;具有较好的抗倒性,是生产乙醇燃料的理想作物;适宜在我国东北、华北、西北地区种植。     

饲用甜高粱杂交种陇甜1号选育报告

甜高粱杂交种陇甜1号(Tx623A/LY3002)以Tx623A为母本、LY3002为父本杂交组配而成。2017 — 2018年参加甘肃省高粱品种青贮组区域试验，2 a 10点(次)区试鲜草平均折合产量102 078 kg/hm2，较对照品种辽甜6号增产7.5%。生育期135 d左右，平均株高332 cm，茎粗1.68 cm，平均分蘖数1.7个。茎秆含糖锤度19.8%～20.7%。抗高粱丝黑穗病，接种发病株率4.2%；抗大斑病；抗高粱蚜。     

Comparisons of yield performance and nitrogen response between hybrid and inbred rice under different ecological conditions in southern China

In order to understand the yield performance and nitrogen(N) response of hybrid rice under different ecological conditions in southern China, field experiments were conducted in Huaiji County of Guangdong Province, Binyang of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Changsha City of Hunan Province, southern China in 2011 and 2012. Two hybrid(Liangyoupeijiu and Y-liangyou 1) and two inbred rice cultivars(Yuxiangyouzhan and Huanghuazhan) were grown under three N treatments(N1, 225 kg ha–1; N2, 112.5–176 kg ha–1; N3, 0 kg ha–1) in each location. Results showed that grain yield was higher in Changsha than in Huaiji and Binyang for both hybrid and inbred cultivars. The higher grain yield in Changsha was attributed to larger panicle size(spikelets per panicle) and higher biomass production. Consistently higher grain yield in hybrid than in inbred cultivars was observed in Changsha but not in Huaiji and Binyang. Higher grain weight and higher biomass production were responsible for the higher grain yield in hybrid than in inbred cultivars in Changsha. The better crop performance of rice(especially hybrid cultivars) in Changsha was associated with its temperature conditions and indigenous soil N. N2 had higher internal N use efficiency, recovery efficiency of applied N, agronomic N use efficiency, and partial factor productivity of applied N than N1 for both hybrid and inbred cultivars, while the difference in grain yield between N1 and N2 was relatively small. Our study suggests that whether hybrid rice can outyield inbred rice to some extent depends on the ecological conditions, and N use efficiency can be increased by using improved nitrogen management such as site-specific N management in both hybrid and inbred rice production.     

Comparison of grain yield and quality of different types of japonica rice cultivars in the northern Jiangsu plain,China

In recent years, an increasing number of different types of japonica rice cultivars have been released in the southern rice region of China. The grain yield and quality of these new cultivars showed significant differences in large scale planting. However, the causes of the differences remain little known. Therefore, three typical types of japonica rice cultivars were used in this study to investigate their grain yield and quality. A scanning calorimeter(DSC), X-ray powder diffractometer(XRD), rapid viscosity analyzer(RVA) and taste analyzer were used to evaluate the cooking and eating properties. The results showed that the yield of non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars was significantly higher than that of non-soft inbred japonica rice cultivars and soft inbred japonica rice cultivars. Soft inbred japonica rice cultivars had a low amylose content and moderate protein content, which are the main reasons for the superior cooking and eating quality. In addition, the relative crystallinity of soft inbred japonica rice cultivars was significantly higher than that of non-soft inbred and non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars, which is considered the major factor resulting in higher transition temperature and gelatinization enthalpy(ΔHgel). Non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars had a higher number of large starch granules than soft inbred and non-soft inbred japonica rice cultivars. The setback value(SB) and breakdown value(BD), indirectly reflecting the cooking and eating quality of the three types of japonica rice cultivars, also confirmed that soft inbred japonica rice cultivars with a low SB value and a high BD value had better palatability than the other two types. This study provides guidance for future plantation of different types of japonica rice cultivars in large rice-producing areas.     

模拟氮沉降条件下木荷幼苗光合特性、生物量与C、N、P分配格局

设置模拟氮沉降的控制试验,以NH4NO3作为外加氮源,设计CK(0kg N hm-2·a-1)、LN(50 kg N hm-2·a-1)、MN(100 kg N hm-2·a-1)、HN(150 kg N hm-2· a-1)4个处理,历时9个月,测定木荷(Schima superba)幼苗的光合特性、生物量和C、N、P含量及其分配格局对氮沉降的响应.结果表明:(1)木荷幼苗的最大净光合速率和光饱和点随着氮处理水平增加呈先增加后减小的特点,在中氮处理下极显著增加(P＜0.01).氮处理降低了幼苗的光补偿点和暗呼吸速率,光补偿点在低氮处理下显著降低(P＜0.05),暗呼吸速率在低中氮处理下极显著降低(P＜0.01),高氮处理下显著降低(P＜0.05).未见氮处理对表观量子效率产生显著影响.(2)氮处理促进了木荷的全株生物量以及各部分生物量的增长.随着氮处理水平的增加,叶重比呈升高的趋势,而根重比和根冠比呈降低的趋势,在高氮处理下叶重比的增加和根重比、根冠比的降低都达到了显著水平(P＜0.05).(3)氮沉降促进各器官N含量的增加,在高氮处理下根和茎中N含量极显著增加(P＜0.01),叶中N含量显著增加(P＜0.05).而各器官C含量随着氮沉降程度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,在中氮处理下根和茎中C含量极显著增加(P＜0.01),叶中C含量显著增加(P＜0.05).但各器官P含量变化趋势各不相同,随着氮的增加,根中P含量是呈先增加后降低的趋势,而茎和叶中P含量是呈降低的趋势.氮沉降一定程度上降低了木荷各器官的C/N比值而增加了N/P比值.     

云南玉溪紫色甘薯测土配方施肥效益研究初报

通过对紫色甘薯采用氮磷钾肥料进行平衡施肥,利用3414试验方案进行田间试验,摸清云南玉溪紫色甘薯生产的N,P和K肥料施用效果,建立玉溪土壤的紫甘薯养分丰缺指标,并通过多元二次肥料效应函数寻求紫色甘薯最高产量和最佳经济施肥量.结果表明紫色甘薯施用N,P和K肥增产增效较为显著,其增产增收效果大小顺序为NPK,N,K和P,单位肥料效益大小顺序为P,N和K.玉溪紫色甘薯全市平均最高产量施肥量为N81.98,P2O552.92,K2O 187.04kg/hm2,最高产量为16 716.0kg/hm2;最佳经济施肥量N 78.42,P2O551.20,K2O 167.49kg/hm2,产量为16 594.5kg/hm2,其最佳利润为47 702.29元/hm2.     

Effects of salt and nitrogen on physiological indices and carbon isotope discrimination of wheat cultivars in the northeast of Iran

In order to study the effects of different levels of salt stress and nitrogen(N) on physiological mechanisms,carbon isotope discrimination(△~(13)C),and yield of two wheat cultivars(cv.),a two-year field experiment was carried out during 2013-2015.The treatments included three levels of salt stress(1.3,5.2,and 10.5 dS m~(-1)),three levels of N(50,100,and 150 kg N ha~(-1)),and two wheat cultivars,Bam and Toos.Under salt stress,N application(100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1)) produced a significant effect on both cultivars with respect to physiological traits,i.e.,net photosynthetic rate(P_n),stomatal conductance(g_s),chlorophyll index(Cl),Na~+/K~+ratio as well as the grain yield(GY).The salt-tolerant and-sensitive cultivars exhibited the maximum values of physio-biochemical and yield attributes at 100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1),respectively.The results of △~(13)C showed a significant difference(P0.001) between wheat cultivars under the control and salt stress.According to our result,salt-tolerant cultivar Bam seems to be more efficient in terms of higher GY,P_n,g_s,Cl,and lower Na~+/K~+ratio as well as higher △~(13)C as compared with salt-sensitive cultivar Toos,under salt stress.Therefore,a significant positive correlation that observed between △~(13)C and GY,indicated that △~(13)C may be an effective index for indirect selection of yield potential in wheat under irrigation regimes with saline water.     

施肥对甜高粱产量及茎叶养分质量分数的影响

采用田间试验研究了施肥水平对大力士甜高粱产量、茎叶比及茎秆和叶片可溶性糖、全氮、全磷及全钾质量分数的影响.结果表明:施肥显著提高了甜高粱干物质产量,高施氮肥组(200kg/hm2)较对照提高了29%,较低施氮肥组(100kg/hm2)提高了17%.甜高粱产量对氮肥和钾肥敏感,对磷肥不敏感,氮、磷、钾肥之间存在显著的交互作用.磷、钾肥比例为1∶1时,产量显著高于1∶2和2∶1处理.本试验条件下,甜高粱的最佳氮、磷、钾肥施用量为200kg/hm2,50kg/hm2,50kg/hm2.随着刈割次数的增加,甜高粱茎叶干物质比及茎秆和叶片中的可溶性糖质量分数逐渐升高,全氮、全磷及茎秆中的全钾质量分数下降.茎秆中可溶性糖和全钾质量分数显著高于叶片,而叶片氮素质量分数显著高于茎秆,磷质量分数无显著差异.施肥处理茎秆氮质量分数高于对照,而可溶性糖质量分数随氮肥施用水平的增加呈下降趋势.     

低温胁迫下桂花品种的生理变化及耐寒性评价

测定了低温胁迫下12个桂花品种的相对电导率、SOD和POD活性、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量以及相对含水量的变化,采用主成分分析和隶属函数法并结合越冬表现对其耐寒性进行了综合评价。结果表明,晚银桂、速生金桂和朱砂丹桂等的耐寒性较强,硬叶丹桂和堰红桂的耐寒性差;主成分分析和隶属函数法能够较准确地反映品种耐寒性强弱。对耐寒生理指标的相关性进行了分析,发现各指标间比较孤立,相关性不强,评价桂花品种耐寒性需要进行多指标测定。     

贵州黔中地区甘薯氮磷钾配方试验初报

采用设置田间小区的试验方法,在贵州黔中地区研究不同氮磷钾配方在甘薯上的应用效果。结果表明:不同处理对甘薯的生长影响不同,配方施肥对甘薯分支数,薯蔓长,生物量等都有明显促进作用;甘薯施用氮磷钾肥要适量,可适当施用农家肥,肥料配方为纯N 135 kg/hm2、P2O567.5 kg/hm2、K2O 202.5 kg/hm2时产量最高,比对照增产22.12%,因此,建议该区在生产甘薯采取该配方,以获得较好增产效果。     

Effect of low-nitrogen stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with different low-nitrogen tolerances

Nitrogen(N) is a critical element for plant growth and productivity that influences photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. We investigated the effect of low-N stress on leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with difference in tolerance to low N levels. The low-N tolerant cultivar ZH311 and low-N sensitive cultivar XY508 were used as the test materials. A field experiment(with three N levels: N0, 0 kg ha–1; N1, 150 kg ha–1; N2, 300 kg ha–1) in Jiyanyang, Sichuan Province, China, and a hydroponic experiment(with two N levels: CK, 4 mmol L–1; LN, 0.04 mmol L–1) in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China were conducted. Low-N stress significantly decreased chlorophyll content and rapid light response curves of the maximum fluorescence under light(Fm′), fluorescence instable state(Fs), non-photochemical quenching(qN), the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry under dark-adaption(Fv/Fm), potential activity of PSII(Fv/Fo), and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(ΦPSII) of leaves. Further, it increased the chlorophyll(Chl) a/Chl b values and so on. The light compensation point of ZH311 decreased, while that of XY508 increased. The degree of variation of these indices in low-N tolerant cultivars was lower than that in low-N sensitive cultivars, especially at the seedling stage. Maize could increase Chl a/Chl b, apparent quantum yield and light saturation point to adapt to N stress. Compared to low-N sensitive cultivars, low-N tolerant cultivars maintained a higher net photosynthetic rate and electron transport rate to maintain stronger PSII activity, which further promoted the ability to harvest and transfer light. This might be a photosynthetic mechanism by which low-N tolerant cultivar adapt to low-N stress.