椴树红松林腐殖质与土壤表层真菌群落结构研究

采用＂之＂字形路线在小兴安岭丰林自然保护区椴树红松林的腐殖质层和土壤表层真菌进行取样调查。采用稀释平板法,选用马铃薯琼脂和孟加拉红培养基分别进行真菌的分离,并用马铃薯琼脂培养基进行纯化培养,共得到428个真菌菌落,进一步分离、纯化后获得67个真菌菌株。分别采用麦芽汁琼脂、查氏琼脂、马铃薯蔗糖琼脂培养基进行不同属真菌的培养和鉴定,共鉴定出27属58种。结果表明：青霉属、木霉属为小兴安岭森林腐殖质层真菌的优势种群,不同月份之间腐殖质中可培养的真菌种类和数量具有一定差异,7月份真菌属和种的数量最多。     

凉水自然保护区红松人工林土壤真菌

2001年5～9月，在黑龙江省小兴安岭凉水自然保护区红松人工林下设立临时标准地，采用“之”字形路线及土壤剖面取样法多点采集土壤样品，并用马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)、查氏琼脂培养基(CzA)分别进行菌株的分离、培养、纯化，初步鉴定出14个不同属的土壤真菌，其中包括1个中国新记录种。即链孢轮枝孢(Verticillium catenulatum)。     

凉水自然保护区落叶松人工林土壤真菌

2001年5～9月,在黑龙江省小兴安岭凉水自然保护区落叶松人工林下设立临时标准地,采用"之"字形路线及土壤剖面取样法多点采取土壤样品.采用稀释平板法和植物残渣法,选用马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)、查氏琼脂培养基(CzA)分别进行菌株的分离、培养、纯化.初步鉴定出16个不同种的土壤真菌,其中包括2个中国新记录种.     

辽河保护区土壤可培养真菌多样性分析

文章对辽河保护区的4个市(区)总计17个样地进行取土抽样调查,对58份土样用稀释平板法分离、培养、纯化,共获得226株真菌,经鉴定分属于21属。同时,调查结果表明:辽河保护区可培养土壤真菌中木霉属(Trichoderma)、毛霉属(Mucor)、青霉属(Penicillium)、根霉属(Rhizopus)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)和须霉属(Phycomyces)等种类,是该地区的优势类群。辽河保护区内土壤可培养真菌多样性较高,不同生境间土壤真菌多样性属于中等相似水平;表层土壤真菌多样性低于深层土壤真菌多样性。从上游至下游,土壤真菌多样性总体上是逐渐降低,说明人类对保护区的干扰和土壤环境的稳定造成破坏,影响土壤真菌的正常活动。自然恢复区土壤真菌多样性高于耕作区,表明自然植物恢复对于土壤真菌多样性提高有促进作用,植被越丰富土壤真菌多样性越高。     

衰退对云冷杉林表层土壤水分异质性的影响

利用传统统计学与地统计学相结合的方法对小兴安岭谷地不同衰退程度云冷杉林表层土壤(0～20cm)水分空间异质性和格局进行研究。结果表明,衰退明显增加了林地表层平均水分的含量,不同衰退程度的云冷杉林地之间表层土壤水分含量均有极显著差异(p0.01)。半方差函数分析结果表明,随着衰退程度的增加,使得平均块金值、基台值增大,空间结构比随着衰退程度的增加而减小。云冷杉林表层土壤水分含量具有高度的空间异质性,其空间异质性以空间自相关部分为主,从占总空间异质性的99%减小到71%;各向异性分析也表明,不同衰退程度的云冷杉林地表层土壤水分在各方向上为各向同性,表明土壤水分变化是独立、随机、同质性的;其空间格局有明显的差异,随着衰退程度的增加,分数维变大,斑块形状复杂程度增大,表层土壤水分空间分布格局明显破碎化。     

松栎柱锈菌侵染蒙古栎叶上的真菌种群分布

作者在黑龙江省和内蒙古自治区4个地区采集松栎柱锈菌Cronartium quercuum侵染蒙古栎Quercus mongolica的越冬和当年病叶,分离、培养和鉴定其上的真菌种群。结果表明:从4个地区共分离到18个属(种)真菌,不同地区的病叶上,真菌种群分布均有所不同,优势属也不同。大兴安岭地区越冬病叶上链格孢Alternaria为优势属,当年病叶上粉红单端孢Trichothecium roseum和毛霉属Mucor为优势属(种);兴凯湖地区越冬病叶上优势属也是链格孢,当年病叶上青霉菌Penicillium为优势属;内蒙古地区当年病叶上枝孢属Cladosporium为优势属;五大连池当年病叶上粉红单端孢为优势种。所有真菌在PDA培养基上均比在玉米粉培养基上生长良好,不同培养基上分离得到的真菌种群也存在差异。4个地区均分离到具有生防作用的粉红单端孢。     

小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林土壤酶活性的异质性

利用传统统计学与地统计学相结合的方法对小兴安岭谷地不同死亡程度云冷杉林表层土壤（0~20cm）酶活性空间异质性和格局进行研究。结果表明：①土壤脲酶变异函数曲线的理论模型符合线性模型,土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的理论模型符合指数模型或球状模型。②土壤酶活性各项指标的空间变异主要是由结构性因素引起,土壤碱性磷酸酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性指标的空间自相关程度均属较强以上（空间结构比均在75%以上）,土壤转化酶为中等（空间结构比均在25%以上）,土壤脲酶在较弱到中等之间变化。③云冷杉林表层土壤过氧化氢酶的自相关范围最大（0.58~3.08 m）,转化酶和碱性磷酸酶分别为1.41~3.98 m和0.91~4.29 m,而土壤脲酶自相关范围最小（15.426~16.673 m）。④土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的空间格局明显,土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和土壤脲酶的分数维分别为1.930~1.990,1.910~1.986,1.923~1.997和1.936~1.970。     

黑龙江省天然红松林大型真菌的生态分布与资源评价

采用标准地调查和路线调查相结合的方法,对黑龙江省小兴安岭和张广才岭主要天然红松林进行了较全面调查,采集鉴定大型真菌211种,分属于9目、31科、90属,其中食用菌67种、药用菌47种、毒菌21种、菌根菌49种及木腐菌71种。它们在红松阔叶混交林、红松云冷杉针叶混交林各林型下的分布有一定的规律性,其种群组成和分布的多度与林木的组成、土壤和地形条件(如海拔高度、坡向和坡度)等关系密切。     

偃松枝栖真菌的种群结构研究

从冬、春两季偃松不同年龄的枝条上共分离培养、纯化、鉴定出枝栖真菌46属(种),其中接合菌2属(4种),子囊菌3属(5种),半知菌30属(种),待鉴定7种.其枝栖真菌的优势菌种为Tolura 、Verticillium ,两种真菌的平均检出率分别为29.4 %和21.0 %.研究表明偃松冬季枝栖真菌的种类比春季枝栖真菌的种类丰富,其优势菌种亦大不相同.     

光肩星天牛发生与柳树内生真菌关系研究

从光肩星天牛为害的柳树不同部位采样,用加入链霉素的PDA培养基进行培养分离,共得到内生真菌14个属;光肩星天牛的取食特性和危害与外囊孢属、痂圆孢属、黑星孢属及瘤座孢属有关,树干和树叶分离到的内生菌的种类及数量之间有着明显差别。     

Damping and layer configuration in wood veneer composites

The aim of the present study was to find and describe the relationship between damping properties and both the number of layers and the fiber orientation in wood-veneer-composite specimens. The testing apparatus was a simple torsional pendulum in which the frequencies of the resulting free vibrations were maintained between 13 and 23 Hz. Cross-sectional (30 × 30 mm) specimens with a total length of 250 mm were used. The specimens were cut from manufactured wood-veneer-composite panels (both 0°/90° and 0°/0° oriented) with up to 13 layers. Existing problems such as nonlinearities, which are often responsible for weighting results, were taken into account by using several mathematical approaches. The results led to a consistent picture of the damping properties across the measured range. We found that the damping ratio increased for the 0°/90° orientation with increasing numbers of layers in a cross-sectional specimen of constant outer dimensions. This effect could not be reproduced for specimens oriented 0°/0°.     

砂垫层基础的设计与施工措施

在各类工程中砂垫层的作用不同,作者对软弱地基在结构设计中采用砂垫层这一措施进行了详细叙述。     

Wood-coating layer studies by X-ray imaging

The penetration depth into wood structure by different wood finishes (solvent-borne, waterborne or powder) was assessed using a non-destructive analysis method, that is, X-ray tomography. The coating thickness was also evaluated. The results obtained from the image analysis by two specific softwares, namely VGStudio MAX^® and ImageJ^®, are compared and discussed by taking into account the chemical properties and anatomy of wood materials and the nature of finishes. The degree of coating penetration is mainly determined by its ability to flow into capillaries, and it was observed that resin type, solid matter content and drying method influence this ability.     

Development and structure of the terminal layer in bamboo culms

In bamboo, the inner lining of the culm wall towards the lacuna is designated as a terminal layer. It develops during culm elongation by separation of pith cells. Subsequently, these cells collapse thus forming a skin-like structure to be attached to a transition layer of the culm wall. The transition layer between the skin-like structure and the ground tissue consists of a few cell rows of mostly radially and axially shortened cells with often thickened walls. Both the skin-like structure and the transition layer exhibit structural differences between species. These characteristics of the inner culm wall have significance for culm seasoning and especially for the diffusion treatment with preservatives.     

谈高层建筑疏散楼梯设计中的常见错误

本文对高层建筑疏散楼梯在设计中的一些错误提出了自己的观点及解决办法;阐述了疏散楼梯在设计中的重要性,必须引起设计者的足够重视。     

饱和软粘土深层搅拌加固法原理初探

随着工程建设的发展,在深厚软土层上建造大型工业建筑、高层房屋及港口码头工程日益增多,因此软粘土加固技术越来越受重视。纵观现有的加固方法各有其不适应性,因此需要大力开发研究新的加固技术。     

Formation of the protective layer and its role in tylosis development

Summary Growth of the protective layer is described as observed in the ray parenchyma of Quercus alba L. The protective layer apparently forms by processes typical of cell wall growth in higher plants and, when mature, resembles the secondary wall in appearance. It is considered to be a distinct layer of the cell wall.Tyloses are formed when the protective layer, surrounding the protoplast of the parenchyma cell, proliferates into the vessel lumen following degradation and rupture of the vesselparenchyma pit membrane. The role of the protective layer in the formation of sclerosed parenchyma is also discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Die Entstehung der sogenannten Auflagerungsschicht wird anhand der Beobachtung von Markstrahlparenchym in Quercus alba L. beschrieben. Die Auflagerungsschicht entsteht ganz offensichtlich durch Wachstumsvorgänge, wie sie für das Zellwandwachstum höherer Pflanzen typisch sind und sie ähnelt im reifen Zustand der Sekundärwand im Aussehen.Thyllen werden dann gebildet, wenn sich die Auflagerungsschicht, die den Protoplasten der Parenchymzelle umgibt, im Anschlu£ an den Abbau und den Bruch der Tüpfelmembran im Gefä£parenchym in das Gefä£lumen hinein ausstülpt. Die Rolle der Auflagerungsschicht bei der Bildung von Stützparenchym wird ebenfalls erörtert.

     

On the detachment of the gelatinous layer in tension wood fiber

The detachment of the gelatinous layer (G-layer), often observed on microtome cross sections, has led some authors to believe that the G-layer cannot act as the driving force of longitudinal shrinkage in tension wood. The aim of this study was to observe the detachment of the G-layer along fibers. Green wood blocks were cut transversely into two samples. One sample was kept in water and the other was oven-dried. With one face being common to both samples, the detachment of the G-layer was studied on the same fibers. Observations were performed after blocking deformation by embedding. This revealed that the detachment of the G-layer is an effect produced by the act of cutting the transverse face of the wood block to be embedded. At distances greater than 100 µm from this primary surface of the sample, no detachment was observed. Drying shrinkage shows little or no effect on this detachment. The result seems to explain well why the detachment of the G-layer occurs during sectioning using conventional sliding microtomy. These observations prove the adhesion of the G-layer in massive wood and confirm the active role of the G-layer in tension wood properties.     

Fine structure of cellulose microfibrils in poplar gelatinous layer and Valonia

Summary Fine structure of cellulose microfibrils in poplar (Populus euramericana) gelatious layer and Valonia cell walls was observed in the electron microscope by using disintegration and ultrathin section techniques with various electron stains. Staining of the gelatinous layer in poplar showed that the microfibrils had a paracrystalline region surrounding a crystalline core, but such a region was negligible in Valonia. From the facts that kinks and shortened microfibrils were observed after mechanical and hydrolysis treatments, respectively, and that the microfibrils were unaffected by negative staining, it was concluded that the microfibril core is uniformly crystalline in the longitudinal direction although there may be some crystalline dislocations.The authors are indebted to Dr. Y. Yokohama (Marine Biological Laboratory, Tokyo University of Education) for supplying the samples and to Mr. Y. Tachida (Sanyo-Kokusaku Pulp Co.) for the technical assistance of the glow discharge apparatus.     

湿法耐磨层技术在强化木地板生产中的应用

浸渍纸层压木质地板（商品名称为强化木地板）源于欧洲，现流行于欧亚大陆，有蔓延全球之势，由于其所用原料和工艺的不同，其产品档次和性能差异较大，强化木地板是一层或多层专用浸渍纸铺装在刨花板、中密度纤维板、高密度纤维板等人造板基材表面，再在面层加上耐磨层、背面加平衡层浸渍纸，经热压而成的地板。