泌乳天数对头胎和经产荷斯坦牛生产性能的影响及相关性分析

本试验收集了内蒙古地区某牧场4 156头荷斯坦泌乳牛共20 441条生产性能测定记录,采用SPSS17.0软件对不同泌乳阶段头胎牛和经产牛的产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞数(分)、尿素氮含量进行了分析,结果表明,头胎牛和经产牛产奶量在泌乳周期内均先升高后降低,60~100d时均达到高峰,经产牛高峰奶高于头胎牛,持续力小于头胎牛。乳脂率均呈先降后增趋势,产奶高峰期(60~100d)降到最低;高峰期以前头胎牛大于经产牛,高峰期过后头胎牛小于经产牛。乳蛋白率在整个泌乳周期内均持续增加,且经产牛大于头胎牛。经产牛体细胞分在泌乳期内持续增加,头胎牛在泌乳早期(小于60d)和泌乳后期(大于400d)体细胞分较高,中期(泌乳100d左右)最低;泌乳早期头胎牛体细胞分高于经产牛,泌乳中后期经产牛高于头胎牛。头胎牛尿素氮含量在泌乳早期和后期较高,泌乳中期较低,经产牛泌乳早期和后期较低,泌乳中期(100~200d)最高;小于300d时经产牛高于头胎牛,超过300d时头胎牛高于经产牛。在整个泌乳周期内,头胎牛与经产牛产奶量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率均有显著相关性(P0.05),体细胞分和尿素氮无显著相关性(P0.05)。     

壳聚糖对奶牛产奶性能、乳体细胞数及血清免疫球蛋白的影响

试验旨在研究壳聚糖对奶牛产奶性能、乳体细胞数及血清IgG、IgM浓度的影响。试验选择12头胎次、体重、泌乳量、泌乳阶段相近（P〉0.05）的成年荷斯坦奶牛,根据产奶量、产犊日期、胎次等相近的原则,采用配对分组试验,分为对照组和壳聚糖组,每组6头。对照组不添加壳聚糖,壳聚糖组每天每头牛饲粮中添加15g的壳聚糖。试验期为75d,前15d为预饲期,后60d为正饲期。结果表明,在整个试验阶段,奶牛日粮中添加0.1%的壳聚糖可显著提高产奶量（P〈0.05）,对于乳成分含量没有明显影响,但是平均乳脂量有明显的增加趋势;日粮中添加0.1%的壳聚糖可以显著降低乳中体细胞数（P〈0.05）,对血清IgG、IgM浓度无明显影响。     

一胎奶牛与经产奶牛围产期血液生化指标对比研究

本试验旨在通过对围产期一胎奶牛与经产奶牛血液进行生化指标检测,反映出一胎奶牛与经产奶牛血液生化指标的差异以及变化规律,为规模化奶牛场围产期一胎奶牛与经产奶牛的饲养管理与产后护理提供理论依据。选择年龄、体况相近的一胎次奶牛5头,经产奶牛5头作为试验动物,在产前7(-7d),4(-4d),1d(-1d)、分娩当天(0d)和产后1,3,5,7,9,11,14,17,20d时尾静脉采血10mL,分离血清进行血液生化指标葡萄糖(GLU)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)、镁(Mg)、β-羟丁酸(BHBA)、游离脂肪酸(NEFA)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLO)、甘油三酯(TG)的检测。结果显示,GLU浓度一胎牛在-7,-4d时极显著高于经产牛(P0.01),在0,3,5,7,9,11,14,17,20d时显著高于经产牛(P0.05);且0dGLU浓度最高。Ca浓度一胎牛在0,1d时极显著高于经产牛(P0.01),在-4和-1d时显著高于经产牛(P0.05),且分娩当天最低。P浓度一胎牛在0d时极显著高于经产牛(P0.01),一胎牛血清P浓度整体高于经产牛。Mg浓度一胎牛在1d时显著低于经产牛(P0.05)。BHBA、NEFA、TG、TP、ALB、GLO一胎牛与经产牛各采血时间点之间差异不显著(P0.05),且经产牛产后血液生化指标BHBA、NEFA、TP、ALB、GLO略微的高于一胎牛。结果表明,本试验一胎牛在能量代谢指标与Ca、P、Mg指标上优于经产牛,经产牛产后发生营养代谢病的风险高于一胎牛,建议牧场管理者应重视奶牛围产期的饲养管理工作,最好做到一胎牛与经产牛的分群饲养,加强对经产牛的产后保健护理工作。     

头胎与经产奶牛围产期血脂代谢物及相关激素水平的比较

为比较不同胎次围产期奶牛部分血清脂代谢物及相关激素水平的差异性,选取临床健康的头胎和经产奶牛各10头,于预产期前7、4、2、1 d产后及0、1、2、4、7、14 d尾静脉采血并分离血清,测定血清中非酯化脂肪酸和β羟丁酸浓度,以及胰岛素、生长激素和脂联素等激素水平,结果显示,经产牛血清NEFA和BHBA浓度在产前1 d及产后4 d时显著高于头胎牛(P0.05),而血清胰岛素和生长激素水平在产前2 d和产后14 d显著低于头胎牛(P0.05);头胎牛和经产牛的血清ADPN水平在整个试验期间差异性不显著(P0.05)。     

基于奶牛生产性能测定体系（DHI）数据的奶牛泌乳性能影响因素分析

试验旨在明确年份、月份和胎次变化对奶牛产奶量、乳蛋白率、乳脂率、尿素氮、持续力和体细胞数的影响。采集新疆石河子市26个奶牛场2016—2022年的400 432条奶牛生产性能测定体系（DHI）测定数据,通过SPSS 26统计软件对不同年份、月份和胎次的DHI测定的数据进行分析。结果显示,2021年和2022年奶牛的产奶量显著高于其他年份（P<0.05）,2019年和2020年奶牛的乳脂率显著高于其他年份（P<0.05）,2016年奶牛的体细胞数显著高于其他年份（P<0.05）。4—8月牛奶的乳蛋白率显著低于其他月份（P<0.05）,9月牛奶的尿素氮含量显著高于其他月份（P<0.05）。第2胎次奶牛的产奶量和体细胞数显著高于除头胎次外的其他胎次（P<0.05）,第2～4胎次奶牛的产奶量、乳蛋白率、乳脂率和持续力相对较高。研究表明,新疆北部地区（石河子市）规模化奶牛场生产性能与年份、月份和胎次显著相关,有计划地提高第2～4胎次奶牛比例,合理配制4—8月奶牛日粮对提高奶牛生产性能、乳品质和养殖经济效益具有重要意义。     

壳聚糖对奶牛产奶性能、乳体细胞数及血清免疫球蛋白的影响

试验旨在研究壳聚糖对奶牛产奶性能、乳体细胞数及血清IgG、IgM浓度的影响。试验选择12头胎次、体重、泌乳量、泌乳阶段相近(P>0.05)的成年荷斯坦奶牛,根据产奶量、产犊日期、胎次等相近的原则,采用配对分组试验,分为对照组和壳聚糖组,每组6头。对照组不添加壳聚糖,壳聚糖组每天每头牛饲粮中添加15g的壳聚糖。试验期为75d,前15d为预饲期,后60d为正饲期。结果表明,在整个试验阶段,奶牛日粮中添加0.1%的壳聚糖可显著提高产奶量(P<0.05),对于乳成分含量没有明显影响,但是平均乳脂量有明显的增加趋势;日粮中添加0.1%的壳聚糖可以显著降低乳中体细胞数(P<0.05),对血清IgG、IgM浓度无明显影响。     

壳聚糖对奶牛产奶性能、乳体细胞数及血清免疫球蛋白的影响

试验旨在研究壳聚糖对奶牛产奶性能、乳体细胞数及血清IgG、IgM浓度的影响。试验选择12头胎次、体重、泌乳量、泌乳阶段相近(P>0.05)的成年荷斯坦奶牛,根据产奶量、产犊日期、胎次等相近的原则,采用配对分组试验,分为对照组和壳聚糖组,每组6头。对照组不添加壳聚糖,壳聚糖组每天每头牛饲粮中添加15g的壳聚糖。试验期为75d,前15d为预饲期,后60d为正试期。结果表明:在整个试验阶段,奶牛日粮中添加0.1%的壳聚糖可显著提高产奶量(P<0.05),对于乳成分含量没有明显影响,但是平均乳脂量有明显的增加趋势;日粮中添加0.1%的壳聚糖可以显著降低乳中体细胞数(P<0.05),对血清IgG、IgM浓度无明显影响。     

壳聚糖对奶牛产奶性能、乳体细胞数及血清免疫球蛋白的影响

试验旨在研究壳聚糖对奶牛产奶性能、乳体细胞数及血清IgG、IgM浓度的影响.试验选择12头胎次、体重、泌乳量、泌乳阶段相近(P＞0.05)的成年荷斯坦奶牛,根据产奶量、产犊日期、胎次等相近的原则,采用配对分组试验,分为对照组和壳聚糖组,每组6头.对照组不添加壳聚糖,壳聚糖组每天每头牛饲粮中添加15g的壳聚糖.试验期为75 d,前15d为预饲期,后60d为正饲期.结果表明,在整个试验阶段,奶牛日粮中添加0.1％的壳聚糖可显著提高产奶量(P＜0.05),对于乳成分含量没有明显影响,但是平均乳脂量有明显的增加趋势;日粮中添加0.1％的壳聚糖可以显著降低乳中体细胞数(P＜0.05),对血清IgG、IgM浓度无明显影响.     

有机微量元素对奶牛体细胞数、产奶量和趾蹄健康的影响

在靠近弗罗里达Jacksonville附近的一所牧场里选择354头奶牛，于夏季实验。将奶牛分为4组，两组头胎牛，两组经产牛。试验目的在于研究蛋白质螯合Zn、Mn、Cu（选用奥普明ZMC产品，Trouw Nutrition USA公司）对于奶牛产奶量、乳体细胞数、趾蹄健康的影响。研究结果发现乳中体细胞数对照组奶牛超过10万/mL，而试验组的体细胞数则很低，二者差异极显著（P〈0．01）。奥普明产品对产奶量的影响异不显著，部分数学模型表明奥普明ZMC对提高产奶量有效，但其它模型则未见效果。评测手段的原因导致不能做出对奶牛的趾蹄健康评分的影响。     

奶牛专用微生态制剂产品--金肽素对奶牛产奶量和乳品质的影响

本试验旨在研究奶牛日粮中添加奶牛专用微生态制剂产品-金肽素对奶牛产奶量、乳品质和乳中体细胞数的影响。选择年龄、泌乳时间、产奶量相近40头高产荷斯坦牛,随机分为两组试验组和对照组,每组选择20头奶牛。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮的基础上添加奶牛专用微生态制剂产品-金肽素100 g/（头·d）,试验期共67 d,预期7 d,正试期60 d。结果发现,微生态组产奶量高于对照组,增加了19.23%,差异显著（P<0.05）;微生态组可以改善乳品质,微生态组比对照组提高乳脂率2.71%并且可以提高乳糖及乳蛋白率。整个试验期微生组体细胞数下降了2.93万/ml,而对照组增加了18.91万/ml,差异显著（P<0.05）。在高产奶牛日粮中添加奶牛专用微生态制剂产品-金肽素可以提高奶牛的产奶量、改善乳品质和降低体细胞数。     

Comparison of Productive Performance and Serum Biochemical Indices of Primiparous and Multiparous Dairy Cows During the Perinatal Period

In order to study the differences of productive performances and serum biochemical indices between primiparous and mulitiparous dairy cows during the perinatal period, ten primiparous and ten multiparous healthy dairy cows were selected and were fed the same total mixed ration.Blood samples were collected from the caudal vein before the morning feeding on -7, -4, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 7 and 14 d after parturition, and serum glucose, triglyceride and calcium concentrations were determined. Milk yields were recorded every day from 11 to 40 days after parturition. Milk samples were collected from each experimental cow on 30th day after parturition and milk compositions and somatic cell counts were determined. The results indicated that no significant difference was observed in serum triglyceride, milk fat, milk protein, milk lactose and milk dry matter between primiparous and multiparous dairy cows (P>0.05). Mutiparous cows had greater daily milk yield and higher milk somatic cell count than primiparous cows (P<0.05). Primiparous cows had significant higher serum glucose level on -4, 2 and 4 d after parturition (P<0.05), but significant lower serum glucose level on calving date (P<0.05) when compared with multiparous cows. Higher serum calcium concentrations were found on -2, -1 and 2 d after parturition in primiparous cows than multiparous cows (P<0.05).     

Effects of calcium intake and parity on plasma minerals and bone turnover around parturition

Eight pregnant heifers (primiparous cows) and seven pregnant cows in their second, third and forth pregnancies (multiparous cows) were assigned to two groups and fed either a low calcium (Ca) diet (Ca, 0.46%) or a high Ca diet (Ca, 0.86%) ad libitum from 3 weeks before the expected calving date to 3 days after parturition. All cows were examined for a change in dry matter intake (DMI), plasma minerals and bone turnover around parturition. The dietary Ca level did not affect the DMI in both primiparous and multiparous cows. The DMI of primiparous cows was significantly lower than that of multiparous cows (P < 0.05) in both the low and high dietary Ca groups. The dietary Ca level did not affect the concentrations of plasma Ca, phosphorus, magnesium and parathyroid hormone throughout the experimental period. Plasma phosphorus in primiparous cows was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of multiparous cows around parturition. Plasma Ca and magnesium tended to be higher (P < 0.10) in primiparous cows. The dietary Ca level did not affect the plasma osteocalcin (OC) level measured as bone formation or the urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD) excretion measured as bone resorption before parturition in both primiparous and multiparous cows. After parturition, the plasma OC level was lower than it was before parturition in multiparous cows fed a low Ca diet, and in primiparous cows. There were no significant differences in urinary DPD excretion between each group before and after parturition. Both the plasma OC level and urinary DPD excretion of primiparous cows were significantly higher than those of multiparous cows in both the low and high dietary Ca groups.     

益康XP对奶牛血浆内毒素含量及其他指标的影响

选取泌乳天数<40 d的健康奶牛 12头,按胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量相同或相似的原则,分为试验组和对照组。两组日粮组成相同,试验组牛每天添加益康XP的剂量为试验第1天至第7天500 g/(头·d),从第 8 天后减少到120 g/(头·d),分两次饲喂。试验期为60 d。于试验前 1 天,试验第 20 天,40天和第 60 天分别采血,用鲎试剂法测定血浆内毒素含量;定期测定日均产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率和体细胞数;记录情期受胎率及疾病发生情况。结果表明,试验组奶牛在试验后第20天,第 40 天和第 60 天血浆内毒素均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);产奶量在第20天,第60天显著高于对照组(P<0.05);两组奶牛乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞数差异均不显著(P>0.05);试验组情期受胎率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);在疾病发生率方面,试验组极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。     

丙酸钙对泌乳早期奶牛泌乳性能和代谢产物的影响

选用32头经产奶牛,根据泌乳期、上个泌乳期305 d产奶量和预产期,采用随机区组设计分为4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理1、2、3组分别在基础日粮基础上添加丙酸钙100、200、300 g/d.结果显示,日粮添加丙酸钙对奶牛的采食量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳干物质率无显著影响,200、300 g/d组产奶量和饲料转化效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05).200、300 g/d组血浆葡萄糖和胰岛素浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而血浆游离脂肪酸和β-羟丁酸浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);200、300 g/d组尿酮浓度显著低于对照组和100 g/d组(P<0.05).试验结果表明,丙酸钙适宜添加量为200 g/d.     

The change of dry matter intake, milk yield and bone turnover in primiparous cows compared to multiparous cows during early lactation

Data from six primiparous and nine multiparous Holstein cows were used to clarify the difference of Ca and P mobilization between primiparous and multiparous cows during early lactation. The dry matter intake (DMI) of primiparous cows was lower (P < 0.01) than those of multiparous cows. Milk yield was lower in primiparous cows at 7, 14, 21 (P < 0.01), and 28 days (P < 0.05) after parturition. There was no significant difference in milk Ca and P concentrations between primiparous and multiparous cows. There were no significant differences in plasma Ca and P concentrations between primiparous and multiparous cows. The plasma P level at 7 days postpartum in primiparous cows was lower (P < 0.05) than 28 days postpartum. The concentration of plasma osteocalcin (OC) measured as bone formation marker of primiparous cows was significantly higher than multiparous cows (P < 0.01) at 21 and 28 days postpartum. The urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD) as bone resorption marker of primiparous cows tended to be higher (P < 0.10) than multiparous cows at 21 days after parturition and decreased to the same level as that of multiparae toward the peak lactation. These results show that Ca and P mobilization of primiparous cows are more active than multiparous cows.     

Relationship between parity and mineral status in dairy cows during the periparturient period

Data from 65 cows were collected to clarify the relationship between parity and mineral status in Holstein cows during the periparturient period. Milk fever occurred in a second‐ and a fourth‐lactation cow at parturition. Bodyweight of cows decreased immediately after parturition, and the decreased weights of cows from 1 to 6 days after parturition ranged from 11 to 27 kg. Milk yield of multiparous cows was higher than that of primiparous cows, but Ca and P concentrations in colostrum were not affected by the parity. Plasma glucose of primiparous cows was higher than that of multiparous cows, and plasma nonesterified fatty acids of fourth‐and‐more‐lactation cows at parturition was highest. Plasma Ca concentration of cows at parturition decreased with advancing parity, and plasma inorganic P concentration of third‐and‐more‐lactation cows was lowest at parturition. Plasma parathyroid hormone of fourth‐and‐more‐lactation cows at parturition was highest, but plasma hydroxyproline and alkaline phosphatase was lowest. These results suggest that the large transfer of Ca and P to colostrum is a factor in the development of milk fever in third‐and‐more‐lactation cows.     

中国荷斯坦奶牛不同地区、泌乳天数及胎次的产奶量校正系数研究

本研究通过对规模化牧场测定日数据进行分析,旨在估计不同地区305 d校正产奶量对应泌乳天数(DIM)的校正系数与胎次校正系数。利用Wood(不完全伽玛)模型对来自不同温度带9个参考群11 749头荷斯坦奶牛2010－2020年间的683 160条测定日产奶量拟合泌乳曲线,估计泌乳曲线参数,计算头胎牛和经产牛1~305 d泌乳天数对应的校正系数,分别分析参考群和验证群305 d校正产奶量和305 d实际累积奶量的差异;利用SAS 9.2中混合线性模型对1~6胎至少有前5个胎记录的牛估计305 d奶量的胎次效应值,并计算1~6胎各胎次的乘法校正系数;比较传统系数和新系数校正结果的差异。结果表明:①参考群头胎牛和经产牛中,泌乳曲线方程的拟合度R²范围分别为0.4593~0.4913和0.5796~0.6341,泌乳高峰日分别为79~85和53 d,泌乳高峰奶量分别为33.1~34.4和46.0~48.6 kg;②对于参考群,头胎牛和经产牛校正系数分别在泌乳≥90 d和泌乳≥30 d基本趋于一致,头胎牛和经产牛泌乳≥60 d的305 d校正产奶量均趋近于305 d实际累积奶量,奶量差值分别在100和200 kg以内;③对于验证群的305 d校正产奶量,头胎牛泌乳≥150 d和经产牛泌乳≥180 d的泌乳天数校正系数适用性更佳,305 d校正产奶量与305 d实际累积奶量比值高于79%;④1~6胎的胎次校正系数分别为1.2121、1.0380、1.0063、1.0000、1.0220和1.0290;⑤与传统系数相比,新泌乳天数校正系数校正效果更好,头胎牛和经产牛新系数校正的305 d奶量较305 d实际累积奶量相差分别在900和700 kg以内;利用新胎次校正系数,2~4胎产奶量可较为准确地校正到5胎成年当量。本研究结果表明,定期更新305 d校正产奶量的泌乳天数与胎次校正系数,便于准确地将不同泌乳天数、不同胎次状态下泌乳牛的产奶量调整到同一基准上,从而更好地比较奶牛个体泌乳性能的高低,为牧场管理提供参考依据。     

甜菜碱对奶牛采食量、泌乳性能和血液指标的影响

选用20头体重(597±11.8)kg、泌乳天数(88±4.5)d、日产奶(26.3±0.5)kg的经产奶牛,随机分为4组,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究甜菜碱(0、50、100和150g/d)对泌乳早期奶牛采食量、泌乳性能和血液指标的影响。结果表明:日粮添加甜菜碱对奶牛的采食量、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和血糖浓度无显著影响,100g/d组和150g/d组鲜奶产量显著高于对照组和50g/d组(P<0.05);100g/d组和150g/d组4%乳脂校正乳、能量校正乳和乳脂产量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);100g/d组乳脂率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);100g/d组和150g/d组血浆游离脂肪酸和β-羟丁酸浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。根据以上结果推断,甜菜碱的适宜添加水平为100g/d。     

大豆黄酮对奶牛血清钙、磷及葡萄糖水平的影响

为研究大豆黄酮对奶牛血清钙、磷和葡萄糖水平的影响,40头胎次、产奶量、泌乳期相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分成4组(n=10),试验组奶牛日粮中分别添加45mg/kg、60mg/kg和75mg/kg的大豆黄酮,在试验前及试验开始后第10d、20d和30d采颈静脉血,测定四组奶牛血清钙、磷和葡萄糖水平。结果表明:与对照组相比较,Dal组中血清钙、磷和葡萄糖变化均不显著;Da2组血清钙在第30d时显著高于对照组(P<0.05);Da3组第10d和20d时血清钙水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),第30d时血清钙水平极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),而血糖水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。     

Milk casein and fatty acid fractions in early lactation are affected by nutritional regulation of body condition score at the beginning of the transition period in primiparous and multiparous cows under grazing conditions

The objective was to evaluate the effect of body condition score (BCS) at 30 days before calving (−30 days) induced by a differential nutritional management, parity and week of lactation (WOL) on milk yield and composition, and milk casein and fatty acid composition. Primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows with high BCS (PH, n = 13; MH, n = 9) and low BCS (PL, n = 9; ML = 8) under grazing conditions were sampled at WOL 2 and 8 (before and after peak of lactation). Milk yield was greater in multiparous than in primiparous cows and tended to decrease from WOL 2 to 8 only in ML cows. Milk protein, fat and casein yields were greater in multiparous than in primiparous cows and decreased from WOL 2 to 8. Milk casein concentration in milk protein was greater in MH cows than in ML, PH and PL cows at WOL 2. Milk κ‐casein was greater, and β‐casein was less in multiparous than in primiparous cows. As lactation progressed, proportion of casein fractions were not altered. Only κ‐casein fraction was affected by BCS at −30 days as PL showed a higher concentration than PH. The de novo (4:0–15:1) and mixed‐origin fatty acids (16:0–16:1) in milk fat increased, whereas preformed fatty acids (≥17:0) decreased from WOL 2 to 8. Saturated (SAT) fatty acids tended to be greater and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were less in multiparous than in primiparous cows. High‐BCS cows had greater concentrations of polyunsaturated (PUFA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as well as n‐6 and n‐3 fatty acids in milk fat than low‐BCS cows. The results indicate that casein and fatty acid fractions in milk were affected by parity and may be modified by a differential nutritional management during the pre‐calving period (BCS at −30 days) in cows under grazing conditions.