红锥育苗及速生丰产栽培技术探讨

红锥珍贵速生树种,其优点是生长快、成材早、材质好、价值高。目前,红锥的人工培育技术已经日趋成熟,且红锥具有较强的萌芽能力,可一次造林多次采伐,为社会快速提供大量珍贵木材,在当前珍贵木材短缺的情况下,大力发展红锥人工林具有广阔的市场前景。基于此,针对红锥的生长特点,阐述了影响红锥生长的相关因素,分析了红锥的快速丰产技术。     

广西壮族自治区的台湾桤木混交造林水源涵养功能评价

[目的]研究台湾桤木混交造林的枯落物层和土壤层的水源涵养能力,为台湾桤木在广西壮族自治区的合理经营与利用提供理论依据。[方法]采用熵权法对台湾桤木×马尾松、台湾桤木×巨尾桉、台湾桤木×红锥及台湾桤木纯林的林分枯落物层和土壤层的水文效应相关因子进行综合评价。[结果]①枯落物最大持水量最大是台湾桤木×红锥(2∶1),台湾桤木×马尾松(1∶1)最少;台湾桤木×红锥(1∶2)的枯落物有效拦蓄率最大,台湾桤木×红锥(2∶1)的枯落物有效拦蓄量最大,台湾桤木×巨尾桉(2∶1)的枯落物有效拦蓄率和有效拦蓄量均最小。②台湾桤木混交林土壤容重均明显低于台湾桤木纯林,土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、自然含水率、最大持水量和毛管持水量均是台湾桤木混交林大于台湾桤木纯林。③采用熵权法计算权重值占比例最大是枯落物最大持水量,最少是土壤毛管孔隙度;台湾桤木不同混交造林模式水源涵养能力综合评价排序为:台湾桤木×巨尾桉(1∶2)台湾桤木×红锥(2∶1)台湾桤木×马尾松(1∶2)台湾桤木×红锥(1∶1)台湾桤木×巨尾桉(1∶1)台湾桤木×马尾松(2∶1)台湾桤木×红锥(1∶2)台湾桤木×巨尾桉(2∶1)台湾桤木×马尾松(1∶1)台湾桤木纯林。[结论]台湾桤木与马尾松、巨尾桉和红锥混交造林的水源涵养能力均优于台湾桤木纯林。     

珍贵树种红锥的培育和管理技术要点

红锥是珍贵树种,速生优质,种植萌发力极高,能够在一定程度上改善土壤环境、保持水土平衡。目前,红锥被列为优良的薪炭材树种,我国已对其进行了大面积种植。基于此,分析了红锥的种植环境特点、应用价值等,并以广西壮族自治区贵港市为例,探究红锥的培育及种植管理技术,从而全面提升红锥的种植产量和品质。     

红锥速生丰产种植栽培技术探讨

红锥是一种使用价值极高的树种,拥有极高的热量,可作为木炭原料。同时,红锥还是一种适应能力极强的树种,在各种环境中都能生长,因此我国各地都有红锥种植。由于适应力极强,红锥的推广价值不断提高。基于此,对红锥速生丰产种植栽培技术进行分析。     

东江中上游4树种水势日变化特征及其与环境因子的关系

在东江中上游,以6a生树种木荷、红锥、火力楠和藜蒴为材料,采用PSYPRO露点水势仪对4树种在旱季与雨季的土水势、根水势、茎水势和叶水势日变化过程进行了测定,探讨了4树种在自然生境下的水势梯度变异及叶水势与气象因子的关系。结果表明,叶水势日变化均呈"单峰"型曲线,日均值表现为木荷>火力楠>红锥>藜蒴,旱季叶水势明显低于雨季;叶水势与大气温度(Ta)和光合有效辐射(PAR)呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),而与空气相对湿度(RH)和大气水势(Фa)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),气象因子对东江流域主要造林树种叶水势直接作用由大到小结果如下:火力楠和藜蒴(Ta>RH>Фa>PAR),红锥(RH>Фa>Ta>PAR),木荷(Ta>Фa>RH>PAR)。     

浓硫酸处理红锥种子育苗试验

对红锥种子采用98%浓度的浓硫酸浸种处理,设置不同的浸种时间,观测种子出土及苗木生长情况,获得最佳浸种处理时间,此时出苗率高、苗木整齐、质量好,为红锥育苗提供新的方法。     

黄土丘陵区人工造林对不同土壤类型理化特性的影响

传统的观点认为黄土高原地区除了黄绵土以外,其他两种土壤(红黏土和风化岩沫土)由于营养贫瘠不能维持林木生长发育,不宜进行人工造林。为了拓展黄土丘陵区适宜人工造林的土壤范围,1996-2005年,在陕西省延安市黄土丘陵区开展了土壤类型对人工造林影响的实验研究。结果表明,由于人工植被过度消耗土壤水分,黄绵土土壤地类大面积人工造林可能导致土壤水分短缺以及其它潜在的一系列风险。在红黏土和风化岩沫土土壤地类开展人工造林,单一树种的成活率与黄绵土接近、混交林成活率显著高于黄绵土,这两种土壤类型人工造林对土壤水分影响相对较小。因此,在水分条件适中的沟谷两岸,红黏土和风化岩沫土土壤地类具有开展人工造林的良好条件。     

西伯利亚红松引种造林试验

阿里河林业局在种子育苗试验成功的基础上,2003年进入造林试验阶段,选地范围包括了海拔500~1 000m的不同垂直地段,并针对阿里河林业局的气候特点及西伯利亚红松的生态、生物学特性,选定造林试验地3处,参试种源4个(分别为山地阿尔泰、蒙古、托木斯克和新西伯利亚),进行造林试验,以期能够为西伯利亚红松在该地区进行大面积造林推广提供一定的参考。     

老虎岭库区不同林型凋落物特征

研究了老虎岭库区4种典型林型(马尾松林、马尾松-红锥林、马尾松-红锥-椆木林、红锥-大叶栎林)的林下凋落物特征及持水能力,结果表明:不同林型对凋落物特征均存在显著的影响,各林型凋落物现存量在2.83~6.40t/hm2之间,以马尾松-红锥林最大,马尾松林最小;各林型最大持水率、最大拦蓄率和有效拦蓄率分别在197.86%~302.43%、169.25%~281.36%、139.28%~236.00%之间,其中红锥-大叶栎林各指标均明显大于其他3种林型;各林型最大持水量、最大拦蓄量和有效拦蓄量分别在5.64~12.70、4.78~11.27、3.93~9.67 t/hm2之间,均表现为针阔混交林针叶纯林;凋落物碳含量在433.45~479.66 g/kg之间,各林型差异不显著;氮含量、磷含量、钾含量分别在8.24~15.23、0.32~0.46、0.98~1.66 g/kg之间,均表现为混交林针叶纯林。林型差异对凋落物持水性能的影响大于对凋落物养分的影响。     

次生林冠下红松造林及抚育技术研究

人工控制的阔叶林冠下营造红松林,应选择阴坡、半阴坡的中下部、土壤肥沃、排水良好的地段。栽针保阔的冠下造林,既能减少病虫害,又能减少梢杈分杈现象。造林14年后进行透光抚育,适当保留有培育前途的珍贵阔叶树,以期培育高质量的阔叶红松林。     

水土保持林树种结构调整技术研究

针对辽西水土保持林中油松纯林集中成片、松毛虫猖獗的树种结构现状,采用了廊道式、斑块式、林中空地、林中沟壑、封山育林、飞播造林和营造混交林7种调整方法,对油松纯林进行了树种结构调整试验.根据不同树种水分利用、生长情况等综合指标,筛选出了14个适合水土保持林树种结构调整的树种.通过不同调整类型的对比试验及适地适树原则,划分并营建了适合辽西水土保持林树种结构调整的3种调整模式.试验结果表明,水土保持林中的油松纯林经树种结构调整后,林分中松毛虫不再大发生,水土保持功能有了明显提高,林木生长加快,经济效益和社会效益成倍增加.调整后的水土保持林形成了3种林分类型: 在立地条件差的地方为生态型水土保持林;在条件中等的地方为生态经济型水土保持林;在条件较好的地方为商品用材型水土保持林.     

南亚热带桉树人工林与典型乡土树种人工林土壤磷组分及磷吸附特性比较

土壤磷是制约南亚热带人工林生产力的关键因子，但至今对该地区不同树种人工林土壤磷组分及吸附特征知之甚少。本文研究了位于广西凭祥市的中国林业科学研究院热带林业实验中心的外来速生桉树人工林和典型乡土树种（马尾松、红椎）人工林不同土壤层次中（0-20cm、20-40cm和40-60cm）磷组分含量及吸附性能。结果表明，3种林分土壤有机磷（Po）是全磷（TP）的主要形态，其含量（91.51-257.45 mg/kg）占TP的46.25-71.58%。桉树林土壤TP、Po和无机磷（Pi）含量明显低于马尾松林和红椎林。同时，桉树人工林土壤活性有机磷（LO-P）含量显著高于2种乡土树种人工林，而其土壤磷酸铝盐（Al-P）、磷酸铁盐（Fe-P）、闭蓄态磷（O-P）和磷酸钙盐（Ca-P）含量均低于2种乡土树种人工林。另外，桉树林土壤潜在最大磷吸附量（Qm）低于2种乡土树种人工林，而土壤磷吸附饱和度（DPS）却高于2种乡土树种人工林。因此，就土壤磷素供应水平和吸附性能而言，马尾松和红椎比桉树更适于作为当地的造林树种。     

平和县水土流失区栽植蜜柚效益评价

简要介绍平和县水土流失情况,根据蜜柚适应性强的生态特征,在流失地普遍栽植蜜柚,做了如下评价:广泛栽植蜜柚,减少水土流失;森林景观变化显著,提高生态效益;蜜柚主果迅速发展,农民步入小康。     

Time lags in provision of habitat resources through revegetation

Broadscale land use changes are occurring rapidly in rural landscapes worldwide, within which revegetation with native plant species to increase the area of suitable habitat is a key activity. Current models for planning revegetation are based solely on the spatial arrangement of new and remnant vegetation. Making wise decisions about revegetation requires projective models of ecological responses to revegetation, but there are few appropriate data. Substantial time lags are expected in the availability of many habitat resources because different resources are realised at different stages of vegetation maturation. Here we present results of surveys of 72 revegetation sites established over a range from 5 to more than 130 yr from the slopes and plains of central Victoria, Australia. We surveyed vegetation provision of habitat resources essential for many birds and arboreal and scansorial mammals (e.g. canopy, large boughs, tree hollows and fallen timber). Predictive models were developed for habitat resource provision as functions of time since planting, planting density and other covariates. Different habitat resources developed at different rates. While dense canopy and various forms of bark resources developed in about 10 yr, large boughs, tree hollows and fallen timber loads required at least 100 yr to develop. The development of these key habitat resources was delayed in revegetated sites with high stem densities. Habitat resources that are essential for many birds and arboreal and scansorial mammals have long time lags that models for planning offsets or landscape reconstruction should account for. Management has substantial effects: planting at high densities greatly reduces tree girth growth rates and delays the occurrence of large boughs, tree hollows and fallen timber by decades.     

Change in Physical Properties of Ferralsols with Tree Planting in the Central Amazon, Brazil

We examined the effects of mixed planting of fast growing tree species with indigenous Amazon tree species and soil tillage practices on soil physical properties in a deforested site used for agricultural cultivation. The site was located in the Central Amazon and consisted of Ferralsols. Bulk density and soil hardness were compared in the mixed planting site and an area where only indigenous tree species were planted. Many roots of the fast growing trees penetrated into the profile and caused changes in soil physical properties, i.e., decreasing bulk density and hardness. When tillage practices prior to planting were combined with mixed planting, the changes in soil physical properties were enhanced and the growth of not only the planted fast growing trees but also indigenous species such as mahogany, Swietenia macrophylla , which is shade tolerant, was accelerated.     

晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区沟坡防护林造林技术

通过对土壤水分和当地具有代表性的树种——刺槐活立木解析资料的分析,将晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区的沟坡宜林地划为三个质量等级,将沟坡造林立地条件划分为黄土阴沟坡、红土阴沟坡和黄土阳沟坡、红土阳沟坡四类型;在此基础上,根据引种、造林试验和调查资料,得出了不同立地条件下的适宜造林树种.依据试验和推广情况,提出了深坑栽植、油松丛植、集流林业、雨季造林,冬季幼树埋土、ABT生根粉浸根等宜在晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区推广的实用造林技术.     

Comparison of Pioneer and Native Woodland Species Growing on Top of an Engineered Landfill,Hong Kong: Restoration Programme

This study dealt with a restoration project conducted at South‐East New Territories Landfill in Hong Kong, in order to screen suitable tree and shrub species (both native and pioneer species) for revegetation. For engineered landfills, landfill gas migration and leachate contamination to the topsoil are rarely problematic, but the lack of nutrients and moisture and poor physical soil conditions may jeopardize potential woodland establishment. The growth performance of 25 woody plant species subjected to 12 different soil amelioration and seedlings planting methods was compared. The results showed that the general performance (mortality rate, apical height, crown diameter and basal diameter) of pioneer species (notably Acacia species) was much better than that of native species in all blocks of woodland mix and scrub mix. The notch planting method was effective in helping seedling roots to have better contact with soil for water uptake, which subsequently increased the survival rates of seedlings, leading to a better tree coverage. Soil ameliorations (horticultural soil with fertilizer and horse and pig manure) generally increased the seedling survival rate and improved plant growth. Tree coverage on all the plant trial blocks was mainly established by the three Acacia species. A planting distance of 1 m was recommended for woodland establishment, and such dense seedlings planting would achieve a better tree coverage under a shorter period of time (than the distance of 3 m). Difficulties in woodland establishment were discussed, and the strategies for achieving a better tree growth were recommended. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

陕北黄土高原植被区划及与林草建设的关系

在陕北黄土高原,根据植被的地理分布、植物区系背景、环境条件的地理变化及造林种草实践,从南至北可划分为落叶阔叶林区、森林草原区和干草原、沙化草原区。以延安一线为界,南部为森林地区,北部为草原地区;再以长城沿线为界,南部为森林草原区,北部为干草原、沙化草原区。延安一线和长城沿线为两条重要的生态分界线,就是这两条生态线把陕北黄土高原划分为森林、森林草原及干草原、沙化草原三个植被区。植被区划是造林种草的理论依据之一,陕北黄土高原的种树种草应遵循这两条生态线,使其与植被分区相符合。     

塔里木河中下游退耕还林还草综合生态效益评价研究

以恢复生态学为理论指导,区域可持续发展为目的,根据塔里木河中下游退耕还林还草的现状,建立退耕还林还草综合生态效益的评价指标体系和评价模型,应用层次分析法(AHP)原理推测塔里木河中下游生态林、经济林、牧草等3种退耕还林还草类型的综合生态效益指数,并与农田生态系统进行了对比研究。研究结果表明生态林、经济林、牧草等退耕还林还草类型的生态效益均大于农田生态系统。其生态效益指数排序为:经济林>生态林>牧草>农田。这一研究结果将为塔里木河中下游退耕还林还草工程规划、布局等经营方式提供理论依据。