基于改进NSGA-Ⅱ的作物灌水量与灌溉日期同步优化

在非充分灌溉条件下,基于农田水量平衡模拟模型和作物产量计算模型,以灌水日期和灌溉水量为决策变量,将作物相对产量最大和作物全生育期的总灌溉水量最小作为优化目标,建立了能够同时对灌水日期和灌溉水量进行优化的多目标优化模型.在模型求解方面,设计了适合于此类优化问题的染色体结构,在精英保留非劣排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)的基础...     

河套灌区灌溉制度研究

根据河套灌区的气象、土壤、灌水等资料,利用ISAREG模型模拟了4种主要作物充分灌溉和非充分灌溉2种灌溉制度方案。根据模型的优化模拟结果分析,在作物产量比率仅略有下降的情况下,作物实施非充分灌溉将减少灌水次数和灌溉定额(平均下降45 mm),建议灌区把作物实施非充分灌溉作为一种节水措施之一。     

基于多年降雨资料的作物灌溉制度多目标优化

在非充分灌溉制度条件下,基于农田水量平衡模拟模型和作物产量计算模型并考虑随机降雨的影响,以灌溉日期和灌溉水量为决策变量,将多年作物相对产量均值最大、多年作物相对产量方差最小以及作物全生育期的总灌溉水量最小作为优化目标,建立了能够同时对灌溉日期和灌溉水量进行优化的多目标优化模型.以玉米的非充分灌溉制度优化为例用上述模型及算法进行了计算分析,并与典型年法得到的优化结果进行了对比,结果表明:基于多年降雨资料的优化灌溉制度具有较强的适应性和鲁棒性,可以避免由于灌溉日期安排不合理而导致的减产或绝收问题.     

非充分灌溉制度制定过程中Jensen模型的求解与应用

探讨了利用 Jensen模型制定非充分灌溉制度的建模思路 ,给出了 Jensen模型的二维动态规划求解方法 ,并研制了二维非充分灌溉制度的程序 ,其结果与实验相吻合 ,可用于指导农业灌溉和生产。     

非充分灌溉制度制定过程中Jensen模型的求解与应用

探讨了利用Jensen模型制定非充分灌溉制度的建模思路，给出了Jensen模型的二维动态规划求解方法，并研制了二维非充分灌溉制度的程序，其结果与实验相吻合，可用于指导农业灌溉和生产。     

作物非充分灌溉制度优化的01规划模型建立与应用

以农田水量平衡模型及作物水分生产函数模型为基础,引入0-1变量描述在可能的灌溉期内是否进行灌溉,建立了非充分灌溉制度优化的0-1规划模型。模型利用Microsoft Excel的规划求解工具进行求解。将该模型应用于山西省潇河灌区冬小麦灌溉制度优化,结果与现有模拟-优化模型比较接近,但求解过程更为简单。结果表明研究区冬小麦灌溉的关键期是拔节末期(5月上旬);初始土壤含水率较低时,适宜灌水时间有所提前,灌溉的增产效果也更明显;冬小麦蒸散发量及相对产量均随灌水量的增加而增加,但边际产量却逐渐降低。     

BP神经网络的春小麦作物水模型的初步研究

用内蒙古河套灌区春小麦非充分灌溉试验资料 ,建立了 BP神经网络的春小麦作物水模型。经模拟分析认为该模型能正确表达春小麦的产量与水分的关系并有某些独特的优点。与当地拟合效果较好的Minhas模型的比较表明 ,二个模型所表达的春小麦各生育阶段对水分的敏感性一致 ,产量预测结果接近。初步说明 BP神经网络方法是一种可用于作物水模型新的模拟方法     

山东禹城引黄灌区非充分灌溉配水模型

为了制定有多种作物且灌溉水源为动态变化的灌区的配水计划，提出了由充分灌溉和非充分灌溉2级模型组成的配水模型。其中非充分灌溉配水模型包括优化模型和模拟模型2部分，优化模型的方案具有较好的经济效益，而模拟模型的方案便于实施。模型中联合运用引黄水和地下水，可减少因黄河缺水对农业造成的重大损失。在此基础上编制的山东禹城灌溉配水管理决策支持系统界面友好，实用性强，基本上可灌溉灌区的管理需要。     

河西绿洲灌区主要作物需水量及作物系数试验研究

利用Penman-Monteith公式计算了甘肃张掖绿洲主要作物各生育期参考作物蒸散量,利用农田水量平衡方程及土壤水分胁迫系数计算了作物实际蒸发蒸腾量,并计算比较了充分灌溉和非充分灌溉条件下不同生育期作物需水特征,确定了非充分灌溉条件下主要作物的作物系数。结果表明,非充分灌溉条件下,主要作物各生育期需水规律和充分灌溉具有一致变化趋势。非充分灌溉条件下,小麦、玉米、马铃薯全生育期作物系数平均值分别为0.81、0.7和0.73。在全生育期当中,随生育期的延续,主要作物叶面蒸腾比例逐渐增大,棵间蒸发逐渐减少。     

作物—水模型及其敏感指标的确认

本文用三步确认法较系统地研究了非充分灌溉作物-水模型（MCRW）及其敏感指标的确认方法，对三种国外代表性MCRW即线性模型，乘法和加法模型及其敏感指标，在我国北方溉区的应用效果，应用中常遇到的某些重要问题及解决途径，各种代表性模型敏感指标的理论对应关系作 了重点分析评估，有助于MCRW确认方法的完善及非充分灌溉模拟技术在水资源管理中应用。     

不同滴灌灌溉制度对绿洲棉田土壤水热分布及产量的影响

【目的】探究不同滴灌灌溉制度对绿洲棉田土壤水热分布状况及对产量的影响。【方法】于2017年在策勒地区开展田间试验,设置了2种灌水模式:基于计算机模型的预报灌溉与基于土壤墒情的灌溉,每种灌水模式设置2种灌溉梯度:充分灌溉(100%)和非充分灌溉(75%的充分灌溉)。【结果】预报灌溉的土壤含水率和贮水量在花蕾与花铃期显著高于墒情灌溉;不同灌溉制度各剖面的土壤温度变化趋势一致,整个生育期的表层土壤平均温度表现为墒情亏缺最高,预报充分最低。作物产量在一定范围内随灌溉量的增加而增加,预报充分的产量较预报亏缺,墒情充分,墒情亏缺分别提高13.7%、12.1%、47.6%。水分利用效率表现为预报亏缺最高,且产量与预报充分的产量无显著差异。【结论】在策勒绿洲地区,预报亏缺灌溉可达到节水增产的目的。     

The effect of deficit irrigation with treated wastewater on sweet corn: experimental and modelling study using SALTMED model

This study investigated the impact of using treated wastewater and deficit irrigation on yield, water productivity, dry matter and soil moisture availability. The experiment included six treatments of deficit irrigation with treated wastewater during the 2010 and 2011 seasons and two deficit irrigation treatments combined with 3 organic amendment levels during the 2012 season. The experimental and SALTMED modelling results indicated that regulated deficit irrigation when applied during vegetative growth stage could stimulate root development, increase water and nutrient uptake and subsequently increase the yield. The organic amendment has slightly improved yield under full irrigation but had relatively small effect under stress conditions. The SALTMED model results supported and matched the experimental results and showed similar differences among the different treatments. The model proved its ability to predict soil moisture availability, yield, water productivity and total dry matter for three growing seasons under several deficit irrigation strategies using treated wastewater. The high values of the coefficient of determination R ² reflected a very good agreement between the model and observed values. The SALTMED model results generally confirm the model’s ability to predict sweet corn growth and productivity under deficit irrigation strategies in the semi-arid region.     

A new stochastic optimization model for deficit irrigation

Deficit irrigation has been suggested as a way to increase system benefits, at the cost of individual benefits, by decreasing the crop water allocation and increasing the total irrigated land. Deterministic methods are common for determining optimal irrigation schedules with deficit irrigation because considering the inherent uncertainty in crop water demands while including the lower and upper bounds on soil moisture availability is a hard problem. To deal with this, a constraint state formulation for stochastic control of the weekly deficit irrigation strategy is proposed. This stochastic formulation is based on the first and second moment analysis of the stochastic soil moisture state variable, considering soil moisture as bounded between a maximum value and a minimum value. As a result, an optimal deficit irrigation scheduling is determined using this explicit stochastic model that does not require discretization of system variables. According to the results, if irrigation strategy is based on deterministic predictions, achievement of high, long-term expected relative net benefits by decreased crop water allocation and increased irrigated land may have a higher failure probability.     

调亏灌溉对春小麦土壤水分动态的影响研究

对干旱环境条件下调亏灌溉春小麦0~20,20~40,40~80,80~120 cm土层土壤水分动态进行了分析研究,并建立了0~120 cm土层土壤含水量随时间变化的数学模型,以此来预测调亏灌溉春小麦土壤水分随时间变化的动态。     

Analysis of deficit irrigation strategies for corn using crop growth simulation

Summary Corn yields for full irrigation and 4 different levels of deficit irrigation were simulated using a model developed by Stockle and Campbell (1985). Different irrigation levels were obtained by holding the application depth constant and allowing the irrigation interval to vary from 1 to 5 days. Silt loam and loamy sand soils, two root depths, two water contents at planting time, total pumping heads ranging from 0 to 800 m, four ratios of energy cost to commodity price and climatic data for the 1974 growing season at Davis, California were examined. The different variable combinations resulted in a wide range of crop water deficit and yield. Results indicated that, for given combinations, slight deficit (ratios of actual to potential transpiration larger than 0.89) provided higher net benefit than full irrigation. Larger deficits were never advantageous across the diverse range of conditions examined, indicating that potential benefits are associated with only a narrow range of irrigation deficits. This result illustrates the risk involved when deficit irrigation is practiced. Large soil water holding capacity, high soil water contents at planting and deep root exploration were found important for successful implementation of deficit irrigation. Total pumping head and the ratio of energy cost to commodity price were important factors in determining the feasibility of deficit irrigation for the conditions examined. It was also found that the level of irrigation which maximized net benefits tended to be lower for situations where the quantity of water available for irrigation was fixed and the amount of land which could be irrigated was unlimited than when there was sufficient water to fully irrigate the entire farm. Situations where deficit irrigation is a more effective way of reducing energy cost than reducing system operating pressure were ob served.Scientific Paper No. 7571 Project 0634, College of Agriculture and Home Economics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6120, USA     

水分调亏对地下滴灌夏玉米田水热动态的影响

通过北京地区地下滴灌夏玉米田间试验,研究了前期不同程度水分亏缺对土壤水热和夏玉米冠层温度、株高、叶面积指数及产量的影响。结果表明:在20～60 cm土层,除重度亏水处理外,其他处理的土壤含水率均在高位平稳变化;在60～100 cm土层,丰水处理的土壤含水率最大;对不同深度的土层,轻度与中度亏水处理两者间的土壤含水率差异较小。受作物覆盖度和亏水程度的影响,拔节期各处理间土壤温度和冠层温度有明显差异;在较浅土层(距地表30 cm和50 cm处)中,拔节期之前丰水处理的土壤温度较低,拔节期之后各处理间差异逐渐减小;在较深土层(距地表80 cm处)中,水分亏缺程度越大,土壤温度越高。轻度亏水处理能获得较高的产量,中度亏水处理能提高水分利用效率。     

膜下滴灌调亏对加工番茄产量和水分利用效率的影响

通过加工番茄不同生育期膜下滴灌水分调亏试验,研究了水分调亏对土壤水分、株高、干物质积累、经济产量及水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率的影响。结果表明,在苗期占田间持水率55%的水分调亏滴灌,可以在降低灌溉水量、耗水量和移栽前后土壤水分的同时,显著(p<0.05)增加番茄单株果数、单株果质量、产量、灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率,而花期和盛果期分别施以上述水分调亏则结果相反,其中以花期表现最为显著(p<0.05),其次为盛果期。全生育期不进行水分调亏和仅在采收期施以水分调亏,虽产量显著(p<0.05)增加,但水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率却显著(p<0.05)降低。     

Model validation and crop coefficients for irrigation scheduling in the North China plain

ISAREG is a model for simulation and evaluation of irrigation scheduling. The model performs the soil water balance and evaluates impacts of water stress on yields for different crops. It is now being used to support a water saving irrigation scheduling program in a pilot area in the North China plain. This paper reports on the calibration and validation of the model using independent data sets relative to winter wheat and summer maize. Data are originated from the Wangdu experimental station and concern a set of drainage lysimeters where diverse irrigation treatments were applied representing different strategies of deficit irrigation. The calibration of the model was performed by deriving the crop coefficients adapted to the local climatic conditions, and considering the soil freezing during winter. The validation of the model was performed using different data sets. Results show that the relative errors to estimate the soil water content averaged 5.3% for summer maize and 7.3% for the winter wheat. These results support the use of the model in the practice.     

Impact of sustained deficit irrigation on spearmint (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mentha spicata</Emphasis> L.) biomass production,oil yield,and oil quality

Crop response to deficit irrigation is an important consideration for establishing irrigation management strategies when water supplies are limited. This study evaluated the response of native spearmint to water deficits applied using overhead sprinklers in eastern Washington, US. Five levels of irrigation were applied ranging from full irrigation (100%) to 5% of weekly averaged full crop water needs. Soil water monitoring with soil water balance was used to estimate soil water deficits for irrigation scheduling and soil water use. Mint oil yields, oil components, dry matter production, and the water-use efficiency of the spearmint were assessed. There was significant reduction in fresh mint hay (harvested biomass) yield with increasing water deficit. However, spearmint oil yields remained generally uniform across irrigation treatments at the first cutting but decreased at the driest plots during the second harvest due to a loss of plant stand. The wet harvest index and water-use efficiency improved significantly for both harvests with increasing water deficit. Hay yield, oil yield, wet harvest index, and water-use efficiency are pooled across sides and replicate blocks to provide trends with changes in maximum evapotranspiration. The three major monoterpenes show changes suggesting less mature oil yields. The study demonstrates the feasibility of sustaining native spearmint yields under managed deficit irrigations for deficits not lower than 0.5 ETc.