Growth and macronutrient contents of faba bean plants: Effects of salinity and nitrate nutrition

The effects of the interaction between sodium chloride, nitrate, and concentrations on growth and internal ion content of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plants were studied, to understand the relationship between the above parameters and salt tolerance. Increased salinity substantially reduced the dry weight of roots and shoots and increased the root/shoot biomass ratio. Additional nitrate‐N considerably moderated the salinity effects on these parameters. The promotive effects of nitrate‐N were more pronounced on shoot dry weight. These results suggest that an exogenous supply of nitrate‐N would improve the vegetative growth of V. faba plants by moderating the suppresive effects of salinity. The evolution of the root and shoot content in potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and nitrogen (N) was monitored during vegetative growth. A high correspondence between total N and Ca content was found. The acquisition of Ca and K in response to salt and nitrate was similar in shoots and roots, whereas Mg uptake showed notable differences in the two organs. In salt‐affected plants, the roots were found to be high in accumulated Na while the shoots exhibited the lowest Na concentration. Potassium accumulation was higher in the shoots. In this way, there was an antagonistic effect between Na and K uptake. Analyses of the nutrient contents in plant organs have provided a data base on salt‐tolerance mechanisms of V. faba plants.     

The Effect of Phosphorus,Mucuna, and Nitrogen on the Biomass,Leaf Area Index,and Foliar Nutrient Content of Maize on a Depleted Sandy Loam Soil in Zimbabwe

Sufficient nutrient levels in leaves of crops have substantial effects on plant growth, development, and grain yield, as it is a fundamental constituent of many leaf cell components. The effect of phosphorus (P), mucuna management options, and nitrogen (N) on the biomass, leaf area index (LAI) and leaf nutrient content of maize on a depleted sandy loam soil in Zimbabwe were investigated. The experimental design was a split-split-plot with two P rates, four mucuna management options, and four N treatments (applied to a subsequent maize crop). Biomass, LAI, and foliar N, P, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in the subsequent maize crop were determined. A significant three-way interaction (P < 0.05) between mucuna management options, N rates, and time was observed in terms of biomass production and all nutrients in the leaves of the subsequent maize crop.     

小麦蚕豆间作体系氮素吸收累积动态及其种间氮素竞争关系

  【目的】  通过研究小麦//蚕豆间作地上部的氮含量和吸收量，明确不同氮水平下小麦//蚕豆间作的氮吸收累积特征，解析间作小麦和蚕豆种间氮素竞争关系。  【方法】  田间试验采用两因素随机区组试验设计，设置3个种植模式 (单作小麦，单作蚕豆及小麦//蚕豆间作) 及4个氮水平 (N0，N1，N2，N3)，其中小麦的4个施氮量依次为0、90、180、270 kg/hm2，蚕豆的4个施氮量依次为0、45、90、135 kg/hm2。测定了单间作小麦和蚕豆的产量、地上部氮累积含量，利用Logistic模型模拟小麦蚕豆的氮吸收关键参数及氮吸收动态，分析了间作小麦和蚕豆的氮素竞争关系。  【结果】  小麦//蚕豆间作整体平均提高小麦产量33.4% (除N3外)、降低蚕豆产量20.7%，N0和N1水平下，间作具有显著产量优势。通过Logistic模型分析发现，间作条件下小麦的氮吸收高峰比蚕豆晚12～19天。4个氮水平下，间作主要提高了小麦最大氮累积量 (A)、最大氮吸收速率 (R_max) 和初始氮吸收速率 (r)，却降低了蚕豆的A、达到最大氮吸收速率所需的时间 (T_max) 和R_max。在营养生长阶段，小麦的氮素竞争力低于蚕豆，施氮可提高小麦的氮素吸收量。从施氮水平和种植模式共同作用角度分析，N0、N1和N2水平下，间作分别提高小麦的R_max 34.1%、44.6%和21.0%。因此，当小麦达到氮吸收高峰后，间作分别提高小麦氮吸收速率和氮素累积量15.1%～48.4%和9.2%～28.9%，却降低蚕豆氮吸收速率和氮素累积量7.3%～28.4%和7.9%～14.0%。此时，间作小麦氮素竞争力大于蚕豆，在N1水平下小麦的氮素竞争力最强。  【结论】  小麦//蚕豆间作提高了小麦的初始及最大氮素吸收速率 (r和R_max)，提高了小麦生殖生长阶段的氮素吸收和累积，是间作小麦产量优势的基础。优化氮肥投入量，可调控小麦和蚕豆的种间竞争及互补关系，是小麦//蚕豆间作体系产量优势形成、氮素高效吸收利用的关键。     

Growth,Nutrient Uptake,and Use Efficiency in Dry Bean in Tropical Upland Soil

Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. ‘BRS Requinte’) is an important legume crop and nutrient availability is one of the most yields limiting factors for bean production in tropical upland soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in Brazilian Oxisol to study growth, nutrient uptake, and use efficiency of macro- and micronutrients during growth cycle of bean plant. Plants were harvested at 15, 30, 45, 60, 73, and 99 days after sowing for determination of growth parameters and uptake of nutrients. Root dry weight, shoot dry weight and leaf trifoliate increased significantly (P< 0.01) in a quadratic fashion with the advancement of plant age. However, root-shoot ratio decreased significantly with increasing plant age. Concentrations of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn) decreased with the advancement of plant age. However, concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) increased significantly with the advancement of plant age. Accumulation of macro- and micronutrients significantly increased with the increasing plant age. Accumulation of N, P, K and Cu was higher in the grain compared with root and shoot, indicating relatively higher importance of these nutrients in improving grain yield of dry bean. Nitrogen, P and Cu use efficiency was higher for shoot weight compared to grain weight. For grain production, nutrient use efficiency was in the order of Mg > Ca > P > K > N for macronutrients and Cu > Zn = Mn for micronutrients.     

Defining Useful Limits for Spectral Reflectance Measures in Corn

Recent work has shown that spectral measurements from a corn (Zea mays L.) canopy can be used to reliably predict differences in growth and nutrient status. Most researchers have found that the accuracy of this assessment increases as the season progresses. In contrast, real differences upon which to base management decisions need to be measured as early in the season as possible due to the time restrictions associated with fertilizer and chemical application equipment and weather. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the relationship between Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) measurements and corn biomass and grain yield and to define upper and lower limits for effectively using NDVI measurements to make in-season management decisions in corn. Forage biomass and grain yield from eight field studies conducted in the Coastal Plain of Virginia in 2005 were compared to indirect measures of spectral reflectance and leaf area index (LAI). The NDVI was well correlated with vegetative forage biomass (R² = 0.81) and LAI (R² = 0.90) within the range 0.27 to 0.82. This range in NDVI values corresponds to 166 to 485 cumulative growing degree days (GDD), and a resultant developmental window of V5 to V9 when NDVI measurement are most useful and appropriate for making in-season management decisions for corn production.     

Foliar potassium,calcium, magnesium,zinc, and manganese content in soybean cultivars at different stages of development

Plant tissue accumulation of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) was determined for six soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars at successive stages of development. No nutrient accumulation patterns among the cultivars were found. The results obtained showed that the highest concentrations of K were found at the vegetative stage (V) and the lowest towards the end of the life cycle of the plant (R55). By contrast, Ca was lowest at the vegetative stage while increasing in the leaves in later growth stages. No significant differences in Mg content were found between growth stages. Manganese levels were lower at R2 and R4 than at R55 stages of growth with an accumulation towards the end of the reproductive cycle. Changes in Zn content between stages were different for each cultivar. The differing behavior of these elements is related to the difference in their mobility and transport capacities within the plant.     

RATIO OF CALCIUM TO MAGNESIUM INFLUENCES BIOMASS,ELEMENTAL ACCUMULATIONS,AND PIGMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN KALE

Producers use elemental ratios, such as calcium (Ca): magnesium (Mg), in fertility programs to ensure sufficient nutrient uptake. Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala D.C.) accumulates high levels of carotenoids which can be beneficial for human health. Objectives were to determine the influence of Ca:Mg fertilization on 1) biomass, 2) essential nutrients, and 3) carotenoids in kale leaf tissues. ‘Redbor’ kale was greenhouse-grown in solution culture. Ca:Mg ratio treatments were 9:1, 6:1, 3:1, 1:3, 1:6, and 1:9. Ca:Mg ratio significantly affected biomass, nutrient accumulation, and carotenoids. Plant biomass decreased linearly (P ≤ 0.001) and β-carotene, lutein, neoxanthin, and antheraxanthin all increased, then decreased quadratically (P ≤ 0.001) as the ratio of Ca:Mg changed from 9:1 to 1:9. Ca:Mg ratio also affected leaf tissue Ca, Mg, potassium (K), sulfur (S), boron (B), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn). Results indicate that producers wishing to maximize elemental uptake and carotenoid content of kale need to consider the ratio of Ca:Mg in their fertility programs.     

Impact of organic and inorganic nutrition on soil–plant nutrient balance in arecanut (Areca catechu L.) on a laterite soil

The study assessed the impact of continuous application of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) on arecanut in India. Key parameters examined were biomass production, nutrient uptake, yield, soil fertility and net benefit. Pooled analysis of 8-year data revealed that nutrient application registered significantly higher yield (2585–3331 kg ha^?1) than no nutrition (1827 kg ha^?1). Yields in organic nutrition were around 85% of the yields obtained in inorganic NPK. The concentrations of leaf N and K were significantly higher with NPK than with vermicompost. Vermicompost significantly increased soil organic carbon and the availability of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu), but reduced exchangeable K in soil. The total uptake of K and Ca together contributed positively to 75% variability in total biomass production. Nutrient removal of iron (Fe), P, K and Cu positively influenced the yield with about 81% variability. Biomass partitioning and nutrient uptake pattern are important for fertilization program of arecanut.     

Nutrient uptake,partitioning, and removal in two modern high-yielding Colombian rice genotypes

Abstract

The objective of this research was to determine the difference on growth between a rice cultivar with Clearfield^® technology (Only Rice 228) and a hybrid (Benja 1); to characterize nutrient uptake, distribution, accumulation and removal between these two commercial genotypes. Tests under shade house and field conditions were performed to estimate macro and micronutrient uptake patterns. Plants were sampled at nine growth stages (emergence, initiation of tillering, active tillering, initiation of panicle primordia, booting, flowering, milky, soft dough and mature grain) and divided into different organs for nutrient determination. The results showed that “Benja 1” plants (92 d) had a shorter cycle than “Only Rice 228” (OR 228) plants (118 d). “OR 228” exhibited a greater biomass production (16.575?kg ha^?1 vs. 12.621?kg ha^?1) in field. The nutrient acquisition was faster in the hybrid Benja 1 between tillering initiation and the milky grain stage in which the N, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, B, and Cu uptake was more evenly and highly distributed throughout these stages in both conditions. “Benja 1” showed a higher nutrient harvest index (HI). HI values above 50% (P (62%), N (61%), Cu (67%), S (55%), and Mg (52%)) were found in Benja 1 under field conditions. The results also highlight Si removal in both rice genotypes, in which Benja 1 stands out. These results provide information on the nutrient uptake and partitioning of modern rice genotypes, and give the knowledge to optimize fertilizer programs and timing recommendations for rice biomass and grain production in Colombia.     

Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers and Intercropping on Uptake of Nitrogen and Phosphorus by Wheat,Maize, and Faba Bean

Abstract

One‐third of all the cultivated land area is used for multiple cropping and half of the total grain yield is produced with multiple cropping in China. There have been numerous studies on nutrient acquisition by crops in legume/non‐legume intercropping systems, but few on nutrient uptake in cereal/cereal intercropping. This paper describes a field experiment in which integrated wheat/maize and maize/faba bean systems were compared with sole wheat and sole faba bean cropping to assess the effects of intercropping on nutrient uptake by wheat, maize, and faba bean under various application rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizers. Results show that both N and P fertilizers and intercropping enhanced N uptake by wheat, while only P fertilizer and intercropping increased P acquisition by wheat. The advantage of N uptake by border rows of wheat intercropped with maize declined with increasing N fertilizer application rate, but that of P acquisition was not affected by P fertilizer. The amounts of both N and P taken up by maize intercropped with faba bean were much higher than those by maize intercropped with wheat throughout the period of intercropping. Both fertilization and intercropping did not influence the N and P uptake by faba bean.     

EFFECT OF LANTHANUM ON RICE PRODUCTION,NUTRIENT UPTAKE,AND DISTRIBUTION

ABSTRACT

Split root solution culture experiments were conducted to study the effects of the rare earth element lanthanum (La) on rice (Oryza sativa) growth, nutrient uptake and distribution. Results showed that low concentrations of La could promote rice growth including yield (0.05 mg L^?1 to 1.5 mg L^?1), dry root weight (0.05 mg L^?1 to 0.75 mg L^?1) and grain numbers (0.05 mg L^?1 to 6 mg L^?1). High concentrations depressed grain formation (9 mg L^?1 to 30 mg L^?1) and root elongation (1.5 mg L^?1 to 30 mg L^?1). No significant influence on straw dry weight was found over the whole concentration range except for the 0.05 mg L^?1 treatment. In the pot and field experiments, the addition of La had no significant influence on rice growth.Lanthanum had variable influence on nutrient uptake in different parts of rice. Low concentrations (0.05 mg L^?1 to 0.75 mg L^?1) increased the root copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and magnesium (Mg), and grain Cu, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), and Mg uptake. High concentrations (9 to 30 mg L^?1) decreased the grain Ca, zinc (Zn), P, Mn, Fe and Mg, and straw Ca, Mn, and Mg uptake. With increasing La concentration, root Zn, P, Mn, Cu, and Ca concentrations increased, and grain Ca and Fe, and straw Mn, Mg, and Ca concentrations decreased. Possible reasons are discussed for the differences between the effects of La in nutrient solutions and in pot and field experiments.     

Waterlogging Effects on Plant Nutrient Concentrations in Soybean

Previous research has implicated nitrogen (N) deficiency as a major contributor to waterlogging-induced yield loss in soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.]. However, this stress is recognized as also reducing leaf concentrations of other nutrients. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of waterlogging stress on leaf N compared with other macro and micronutrients. A secondary objective was to assess the effects of waterlogging at different developmental stages on soybean yield. Compared with other nutrients [phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn)], N demonstrated the greatest association with waterlogging-induced yield loss. This conclusion was based on concomitant occurrence of decreased yield with decreased N, depression of N below the critical level, and symptomology. Soybean was as sensitive to waterlogging stress when applied at a vegetative stage (V4) compared with reproductive stages (R1, R3, and R5).     

Yield Physiology of Dry Bean

Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important food legume for the world population. However, its average yield is low worldwide. The main reasons for low yield are biotic and abiotic stresses. Maximum economic yield of a crop can be achieved with appropriate balance between plant and environmental factors during crop growth cycle. Adopting appropriate management practices in favor of high yields can modify some of these factors. Hence, knowledge of yield physiology of dry bean is important for understanding yield formation components during crop growth and development and consequently improving yield. Dry bean growth cycle is divided into vegetative and reproductive growth stages. During vegetative stage, development of roots, trifoliate, node, and branches take place. Main features of reproductive growth stage are flowering, pod and grain formation. Important plant traits associated with yield are root and shoot dry matter yield, pod number, 100 grain weight, leaf area index, grain harvest index, and nitrogen harvest index. These plant traits are genetically controlled and also influenced by soil and plant management practices. Higher yield is possible only when there is an adequate balance among various physiological processes or yield components. The objective of this review is to discuss growth and development of bean plant including yield formation process or traits during crop growth cycle and importance of these yield components in determining yield.     

Influence of ammonium uptake on bean nutrition

A glasshouse experiment was carried out in order to study the effect of ammonium supply [0 and 1.5 mmol L^‐1 in the nutrient solution, whereas total nitrogen (N) concentration was 9.5 mmol L^‐1] on nutrient uptake, leaves, and xylem sap composition and growth of bean plants in sand culture. Ammonium supply caused higher nitrogen, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) uptake. However, K, Ca, and magnesium (Mg) concentrations in the plants (in xylem sap and leaves) were lower when ammonium was supplied. Plants vegetative growth was higher with ammonium supply than without it, specially after four weeks of cultivation.     

石柱黄连不同生长期植株营养特性的研究

采用大田调查和室内化学分析方法研究了石柱黄连不同生长期植株养分含量、吸收、比例以及养分含量与土壤有效养分的关系。结果表明,1～5年生黄连生物量、叶片重和根茎重(产量)与生长年份呈极好的二次回归关系,叶片12种营养元素含量和吸收量均以NKSCaMgPFeMnZnCuBMo,根茎养分含量和吸收量的大小序列不一致。黄连叶片和植株养分吸收量与年份呈良好的二次回归关系,根茎养分吸收量的变化可用幂函数(y=axb)表征,叶片养分吸收量成倍(4.29～11.4倍)高于根茎。黄连土壤有机质、有效氮、硫、钙、锌含量丰富,其余8种养分含量低,不同年份黄连叶片(镁、铁、铜除外)和根茎(镁、钼除外)养分含量与土壤有效养分间呈很好的三次回归关系。     

Yield,Potassium Uptake,and Use Efficiency in Upland Rice Genotypes

Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient for higher plants. Information on K uptake and use efficiency of upland rice under Brazilian conditions is limited. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate influence of K on yield, K uptake, and use efficiency of six upland rice genotypes grown on Brazilian Oxisol. The K rate used was zero (natural soil level) and 200 mg K kg^–1 of soil. Shoot dry weight and grain yield were significantly influenced by K level and genotype treatments. However, K × genotype interactions were not significant, indicating similar responses of genotypes at two K levels for shoot dry weight and grain yield. Genotypes produced grain yield in the order of BRS Primavera > BRA 01596 > BRSMG Curinga > BRS 032033 > BRS Bonança > BRA 02582. Potassium concentration in shoot was about sixfold greater compared to grain, across two K levels and six genotypes. However, K utilization efficiency ratio (KUER) (mg shoot or grain yield / mg K uptake in shoot or root) was about 6.5 times greater in grain compared to shoot, across two K level and six genotypes. Potassium uptake in shoot and grain and KUER were significantly and positively associated with grain yield. Soil calcium (Ca), K, base saturation, acidity saturation, Ca saturation, K saturation, Ca/K ratio, and magnesium (Mg)/K ratio were significantly influenced by K application rate.     

利用HJ-1-A/B CCD2数据反演冬小麦叶面积指数

叶面积指数是十分重要的作物生理生态参数,为提高利用国产环境减灾小卫星CCD数据反演冬小麦叶面积指数的精度,该文以5种常用的植被指数(归一化差值植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI),增强植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI),双波段增强植被指数(2-bands enhanced vegetation index,EVI2),比值植被指数(ratiovegetation index,RVI),土壤调节植被指数(soil-adjusted vegetation index,SAVI)为基础,结合3种常用的回归模型,按生长阶段比较分析了不同植被指数和回归模型反演叶面积指数的精度。结果表明,除生殖生长阶段外,叶面积指数和5种植被指数之间均有较强的相关关系;指数模型和一元线性模型分别为全生育期和营养生长阶段的最佳拟合模型;EVI在全生育期拟合时的表现好于其他4个指数(R2=0.9348),SAVI则是营养生长阶段表现最佳的指数(R2=0.9404)。该研究为进一步利用植被指数反演叶面积指数提供了参考。     

Soil Aluminum Effects on Growth and Nutrition of Cacao

In acid soils, Al toxicity and nutrient deficiencies are main constraints for low yield of cacao ( Theobroma cacao L.). A controlled growth chamber experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three Al saturations (0.2, 19, and 26%) adjusted by addition of dolomitic lime on growth and nutrient uptake parameters of cacao. Overall, increasing soil Al saturation decreased shoot and root dry weight, stem height, root length, relative growth rate, and net assimilation rate. However, increasing soil Al saturation increased leaf area, specific leaf area (total leaf area/total leaf dry wt), and leaf area ratio (total leaf area/shoot+root wt). Increasing soil Al saturation decreased uptake of elements. Nutrient influx (IN) and transport (TR) decreased significantly for K, Ca and Mg, and showed an increasing trend for S and P as soil Al saturation increased. However, increasing soil Al saturation significantly increased nutrient use efficiency ratio (ER, mg of shoot weight produced per mg of element in shoot) of Ca, Mg and K and decreased ER for other elements. Reduction of soil acidity constraints with addition of lime and fertilizers appear to be key factors in improving cacao yields in infertile, acidic, tropical soils.     

Nutrient Uptake in Dry Bean Genotypes

Dry bean is an important legume for human consumption in South America. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate uptake and use efficiency of macro- and micronutrients by six dry bean genotypes at two P levels (25 and 200 mg kg^?1 soil). Shoot dry weight and grain yield varied significantly among genotypes and significantly increased with increasing phosphorus (P) levels. Grain harvest index (GHI) and 100-grain weight also differ significantly among genotypes and significantly increased with the increasing P levels. Based on grain yield efficiency index (GYEI), genotypes were classified as efficient and inefficient. The most efficient genotype was CNFP 10104, and inefficient genotypes were CNFP 10103 and CNFP 10120. Number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod increased significantly with the addition of 200 mg P kg^?1 of soil compared to the low level of P (25 mg P kg^?1). Similarly, nitrogen (N), P, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) concentrations and uptake in the shoot and grain also significantly varied among genotypes. Uptake of macro- and micronutrients was greater under the greater P rate compared to the low P rate. This may be related to greater shoot or grain yield at 200 mg P kg^?1 soil compared to 25 mg P kg^?1 of soil.     

Response of photosynthetic active radiation interception,dry matter accumulation,and grain yield to tillage in two winter wheat genotypes

ABSTRACT

To examine the effects of winter wheat genotypes on dry matter (DM) accumulation and grain yield (GY) under no-tillage conditions in North China Plain (NCP), a field experiment was conducted using the genotypes Tainong 18 (F) and Jimai 22 (J). Two tillage systems were tested, conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) during the 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 winter wheat growing seasons. Genotypes and tillage systems were compared regarding DM accumulation, GY, leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) interception, and flag leaf fluorescence parameters. LAI, PAR interceptions, and flag leaf fluorescence parameters were significantly higher under CT than under NT conditions. This suggests that the efficiency of light harvesting by the PSII reaction center of leaves can increase due to CT. DM accumulation was significantly higher under CT than under NT. Spike DM accumulation was higher in F than in J in the heading and the filling stages. In both growing seasons, GY was significantly higher under CT than under NT, GY of NTF was significantly higher than that of NTJ, which was due to a significantly higher number of kernels per spike. This indicates that genotype F can compensate for a low GY due to NT.