Relationships among important traits in the nitrogen economy of winter wheat

Identification and utilization of important attributes in the nitrogen economy of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) should provide a basis for increasing grain protein percentage (GPP). The objectives of this study were to determine the magnitude of genetic variability of some factors important in the nitrogen economy of wheat, their relationship to one another, and their influence on grain yield (GY) and GPP. Twenty‐five hard red winter wheat genotypes representing a wide range of GY, GPP, and plant stature were grown in field trials over a 2‐year period. Significant differences were found for harvest index (HI) and nitrogen harvest index (NHI). Total nitrogen at anthesis (TNA), total nitrogen at maturity (TNM), and biological yield (BY) did not differ significantly. GPP was positively correlated with TNM and BY and negatively correlated with TNA, HI, and GY. GPP was not correlated with NHI, however, stepwise regression of GPP and grain protein yield revealed NHI as a common component, with a positive coefficient. In addition, NHI was positively correlated with GY. Selection of parents with complementary traits for nitrogen‐use efficiency may allow for simultaneous increases in GY and GPP.     

Genotypic variation in partitioning of phosphorus in relation to nitrogen and dry matter during wheat grain development

Phosphorus has many similarities to N for plant nutrition, but little is known regarding P partitioning among genotypes and factors that affect it. Experiments were conducted to measure variation in partitioning of P and its relationship to N, dry matter, and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Sixteen cultivars grown under field conditions were sampled at anthesis for P, N, and dry matter and at maturity for the same constituents and for yield components. Relationships among the traits were determined by Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Accumulation of P and dry matter during grain development and grain HI, NHI, and PHI differed significantly among genotypes. Post‐anthesis P, N, and dry matter accumulation correlated positively as did HI, NHI, and PHI, but accumulation of the constituents was not related to their His. The positive associations were attributed to requirement of P and N for growth and their accumulation as reserve compounds in grain. Genotypic variation in PHI may be as useful as variation in HI and NHI for wheat improvement.     

Partitioning of phosphorus in different height isolines of winter wheat

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yields and composition are influenced greatly by P and its interactions with other nutrients. Because most P in grain, like N, is remobilized from vegetative parts, high harvest index of dwarf wheats may adversely influence partitioning of P to grain. Isogenic tall, single semidwarf, and double dwarf ‘Pawnee’ wheat lines were used to characterize P partitioning, P nutrition before and after anthesis, and relationship between P and N. Plants were grown in hydroponic cultures with three P levels; the first study determined P, N, and dry matter accumulation from anthesis to maturity, the second study determined the effect of withholding P after anthesis on P, N, and dry matter partitioning during grain development. Plants continued to absorb P when it was available after anthesis, but grain growth was influenced more by P nutrition before anthesis than after anthesis. Leaf blades, sheaths, and stems were major sources of P for grain growth when the nutrient was withheld and major sites of P accumulation when the nutrient was supplied after anthesis. Content of N in plants was favored by ample P levels. Dwarfing genes increased harvest index, but had little effect on P partitioning because of differences in dry matter accumulation.     

平水年和欠水年渭北旱地冬小麦临界氮浓度稀释曲线构建

降雨波动大和过量施氮是限制渭北旱地冬小麦生产中氮肥高效利用和高产稳产的主要因子。该研究旨在构建2种降雨年型下冬小麦临界氮浓度稀释曲线,分析氮营养指数诊断冬小麦氮素营养状况的可行性,为考虑降雨条件下旱地冬小麦精准施氮提供理论依据。于2017—2021年在陕西合阳县开展4 a定位施氮试验,以晋麦47为试验材料,设置0、60、120、180、240 kg/hm² 5个施氮水平,其中2017—2018年和2020—2021年为平水年,2018—2019和2019—2020年为欠水年。研究2种降雨年型下施氮量对冬小麦氮素利用、产量及产量构成因素的影响,基于2种降雨年型下地上部生物量与植株氮浓度之间的关系,构建临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型和氮营养指数(nitrogen nutrition index,NNI)优化施肥方案。结果表明:1)施氮量、降雨年型及其二者互作效应对穗数、千粒质量、产量影响显著或极显著。2)2种降雨年型下冬小麦临界植株氮浓度和地上部生物量均符合幂函数关系,但模型参数之间存在差异(模型参数a在平水年和欠水年分别为3.33、2.79 g/kg,参数b在平水年和欠水年...     

氮素对温室黄瓜开花后干物质分配和产量影响的模拟研究

了解氮素对干物质分配和产量的定量影响是实现温室黄瓜氮肥优化管理的前提.该研究通过黄瓜雌性无限生长型品种"戴多星"(Cucumis sativas.'Deltastar')不同定植期和开花后不同氮素处理试验,定量分析了氮素施用水平对该类型黄瓜开花后干物质分配和产量的影响,并建立了开花后分配指数和采收指数与盛果期叶片氮浓度的关系方程.在此基础上,建立了氮素对黄瓜开花后干物质分配和产量影响的预测模型,并用独立的试验数据对模型进行了检验.结果表明,模型对茎干物质量、叶干物质量和果实干物质量及黄瓜产量(鲜质量)预测值与实测值之间基于1:1直线之间的决定系数R2分别为0.945、0.943、0.990、0.955;相对预测误差RE分别为13.0%、12.3%、9.2%、16.8%.本模型可预测不同氮素水平下温室黄瓜地上部各器官干物质量和产量,可以为中国温室黄瓜生产的氮肥优化管理决策提供参考.     

Effects of Urea Foliar Application on Grain Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat

The effects of urea foliar application rates at different growth stages of wheat on protein and yield of winter wheat were evaluated in a factorial experiment. Time of application and amounts of urea foliar application rates were the treatments. Urea was applied at four stages including tillering, jointing, anthesis, and grain filling, and urea foliar application rates were 22.5, 45, 67.5, and 90 kg ha^?1 (12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50% of total urea application). Our data demonstrated that urea application time had significant effects on grain weight, number of seeds per spike, plant height, and protein content. Furthermore, total dry weight, grain weight, harvest index, 1000-seed weight, plant height, and protein content were significantly affected by amounts of urea foliar application. The effects of time?×?rate of urea foliar application on grain yield, 1000-seed weight, and plant height were significant.     

Differential responses of grain yield,grain protein,and their associated traits to nitrogen supply in soft red winter wheat

Increased application of nitrogen fertilizers has significantly raised grain yield and protein concentration in wheat. However, only 30–50% of applied fertilizer nitrogen are usually utilized by the plant. In this study, four soft red winter wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L., IL07‐4415, MD05W10208‐11‐8, OH06‐150‐57 and Sisson) were grown under three different nitrogen regimes (high, medium, and low) in a greenhouse, and grain yield, grain protein concentration, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and their associated traits were evaluated. Among the four genotypes, a high‐yielding cultivar, Sisson, exhibited superior performance in terms of grain weight plant⁻¹ and NUE for yield (NUEY) at low nitrogen due to maintained grain number spike⁻¹ and harvest index. Significant yield losses due to nitrogen limitation were attributable to reduced spike number plant⁻¹ and grain number spike⁻¹ in the other genotypes. Interestingly, a linear relationship between NUEY and NUE for grain protein (NUEP) was detected at high (R ² = 0.67) and low (R ² = 0.42) nitrogen; both of these traits were positively correlated with grain number spike⁻¹, 1000‐seed weight, and harvest index under nitrogen‐limited conditions (R ² = 0.35–0.48). These results suggest that simultaneous improvement of NUEY and NUEP could be achieved through the selection of the three yield components (grain number spike⁻¹, 1000‐seed weight, and harvest index) at low nitrogen.     

Relationship among nitrogen and phosphorus contents of vegetative parts and agronomic traits of normal‐ and high‐protein wheats 1

Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers were applied at different levels to three hard winter wheat cultivars ranging in grain protein potential to elucidate their interaction and relationship to yield components. Plant N content was higher in the high‐protein cultivar than in the normal‐protein cultivars at jointing two years and at anthesis one year. Plant P content was higher in the semidwarf cultivars than in the tall cultivar and was unrelated to protein potential. All cultivars contained similar plant N and P levels at maturity. Nitrogen fertilization increased plant N content and decreased plant P content at all stages, whereas P fertilization usually increased plant P content but did not affect plant N content. Grain protein was correlated positively with plant N content at all stages and with plant P content at maturity. Grain yield was correlated positively with plant N content at anthesis but correlated negatively with plant P content at maturity. We concluded that high plant N content at anthesis is necessary for high grain yield and protein content regardless of the cultivars¹ inherent protein potential and that plant P nutrition is more critical when N nutrition is altered by fertilization or by genetics.     

花后小麦叶面积指数与光合和产量关系的研究

以大穗型品种泰农18（T18）和中穗型品种山农15（S15）为材料,采用裂区设计,主区设置180 kg/hm2和240 kg/hm2 两个氮肥水平（纯氮）,裂区设置75104株/hm2,150104株/hm2和225104株/hm2三个种植密度,研究了叶面积指数与冬小麦光合和产量的关系。结果表明:冬小麦下部叶片叶面积指数（LLAI,倒4叶和倒5叶之和）与群体净光合速率（CAP）和产量呈极显著的正相关关系;从开花到花后14 d 之前,上部叶片叶面积指数（TLAI,旗叶、倒2叶和倒3叶之和）和全部叶面积指数（WLAI,下部叶片和上部叶片之和）与群体净光合速率（CAP）和产量并不呈必然的显著正相关关系（T18 显著正相关,S15相关不显著）,但花后14d 至成熟期,两个品种的 TLAI和 WLAI 均与群体净光合速率（CAP）和产量呈显著的正相关关系。氮肥水平和种植密度对产量存在显著的互作效应,无论是大穗型品种T18还是中穗型品种S15都可以通过适当增加密度（T18以225104//hm2为宜,S15以150104//hm2为宜）,降低氮肥用量（180 kg/hm2）实现高产。     

Image Analysis of Grain and Chemical Composition of the Barley Plant as Predictors of Malting Quality in Mediterranean Environments

We have explored the possibility of predicting the malting quality of barley grain, indicated by malt extract yield, by characteristics measured either on plants at anthesis or in mature dry grain by image analysis. To produce barley samples with varying levels of all the characteristics studied, we used grain from an experiment designed to study the influence of lowinput husbandry practices on malting quality of barley by growing five malting genotypes at each of four environments (site × season) and with two different agronomic treatments (N fertilization and herbicide-mechanical roguing of weeds). The results showed that nitrogen content in the plant at anthesis was a good predictor of grain protein content, this characteristic in turn being positively correlated with embryo size and grain volume, as estimated by image analysis, and negatively correlated with nonstructural carbohydrate content in the plant at anthesis. Extract yield was positively correlated with Kolbach index (ratio of soluble to total wort protein) and negatively correlated with wort viscosity and barley grain protein content. Thus, the only practical predictor of malt extract was grain protein content.     

氮肥减施对宽幅播种冬小麦产量形成和氮肥利用效率的影响

为明确氮肥减施对宽幅播种冬小麦产量和氮肥利用效率的影响,设置氮肥减施(减肥处理)、农户习惯施肥量(习惯施肥处理)、不施氮(无肥处理)3个处理,通过大田试验研究了不同处理冬小麦的群体动态、干物质积累特征、产量及其构成和氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,无肥处理的产量比习惯施肥处理低36.83%,而减肥处理的产量比习惯施肥处理高6.01%。无肥处理的最大茎蘖数显著低于习惯施肥处理,导致亩穗数和收获期生物量显著低于习惯施肥处理。减肥处理的最大茎蘖数也显著低于习惯施肥处理,但由于成穗率显著提高,亩穗数和收获期生物量与习惯施肥处理无显著差异。无肥处理的有穗单茎花后干物质积累量、花后干物质对籽粒的贡献率与习惯施肥处理无显著差异。而减肥处理的花后干物质积累量、花后干物质积累对籽粒的贡献率比习惯施肥处理分别显著提高39.70%和14.51个百分点。减肥处理的地上部氮吸收量与习惯施肥处理无显著差异,但氮收获指数提高2.97%,氮肥农学效率提高12.94%,氮肥偏生产力提高41.09%,氮肥利用率提高11.90个百分点。上述试验结果表明,宽幅播种配合氮肥减施可通过降低最大茎蘖数,提高成穗率,促进花后干物质积累及向籽粒分配,提高氮肥利用效率和产量。本研究为宽幅播种冬小麦实行氮肥减施提供了科学依据。     

水分胁迫下不同年代冬小麦品种干物质积累与转运特性

为了明确河南中部地区冬小麦品种改良过程中物质积累与转运特性及对水分亏缺响应的差异, 选取新中国成立以来6个不同年代主栽冬小麦品种, 采用测坑试验研究了冬小麦品种在不同水分胁迫(CK: 充分供水田间持水量的75%~85%; MD: 轻度干旱, 田间持水量的60%~70%; SD: 重度干旱, 田间持水量的45%~55%)下干物质生产与积累转运特性的演进特征及其与产量的关系。结果表明, 品种改良协调了干物质在各生育阶段的分配, 使花前和花后干物质积累与转运对籽粒的贡献更加平衡。在品种更替过程中, 株高和穗下节降低, 千粒重、籽粒产量和收获指数增加, 干物质积累总量无显著差异, 千粒重和收获指数的提高对产量增加起重要作用。在CK、MD和SD处理下, 20世纪90年代和2002年品种比20世纪50年代品种平均株高降低35.2%、36.2%和38.2%, 平均千粒重比增加31.7%、17.4%和56.3%, 平均籽粒产量增加40.4%、43.0%和52.4%; 20世纪90年代和2002年品种的收获指数比20世纪80年代及以前品种增加31.4%、22.3%和24.6%。CK处理早期品种干物质积累在抽穗至开花阶段超过现代品种。MD和SD处理的20世纪90年代及以后的品种花前干物质转运能力高, 茎秆干物质输出率增加, 花后贮藏物质积累降幅小, 干物质贮藏转运分配比例适宜, 对籽粒贡献率高, 是水分胁迫条件下现代品种高产的基础。     

Agronomic Assessment of Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Spring Wheat and Interrelations with Leaf Greenness Under Field Conditions

Four spring wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown without (N0 = 0 kg N ha^?1) and under ample (N1 = 250 kg ha^?1) nitrogen (N) fertilizer in field experiments in two seasons. The aim was to assess genotypic variation in N use efficiency (NUE) components and N-related indices during grain filling thus to identify superior wheat genotypes. Leaf chlorophyll (SPAD) readings at crucial growth stages were employed to help differentiate genotypes. Interrelations between yield and N-related indices with SPAD, where also assessed to explain possible pathways of improving NUE early in the growing season. Results showed that genotypic effects on NUE were mostly evident in 2000, a year with drier preanthesis and wetter postanthesis than the normal periods. ‘Toronit’ almost always had the highest biomass yield (BY) and grain yield (GY). Except in 1999 under N0, ‘L94491? showed the highest % grain N concentration (GNC). Genotypes affected SPAD at almost all stages and N fertilization delayed leaf senescence for all genotypes and growth seasons. Correlations between SPAD at different growth stages and GY, N biomass yield at maturity (NBYM) and GNC were significant (P≤ 0.001), positive and strong/very strong (>r = 0.7). N translocation efficiency (NTE) was inversely related to PANU (~r = ? 0.77, P≤ 0.001), suggesting that N after anthesis is being preferentially transported to the ears to meet the N demand of the growing grains. It is concluded that there is still a large potential for increased NUE by improved N recirculation, use of fast and inexpensive crop N monitoring tools and high yielding, N uptake efficient genotypes.

Abbreviations: NUE, Nitrogen use efficiency; SPAD, Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter, NHI, nitrogen harvest index; HI, Harvest index; NTE, N translocation efficiency from vegetative plant parts to grain; DMTE, dry matter translocation efficiency; CPAY, contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to yield; PANU, Post-anthesis N uptake, d.a.s., days after sowing, N0, zero (0) kg ha^?1 applied N fertilizer, N1, 250 kg ha^?1 applied N fertilizer.     

不同小麦品种氮、硫积累特性与子粒品质的关系

依据小麦子粒含硫量和N/S比值的差异,用聚类分析的方法,将供试的12个小麦品种分为3 组:高N/S比组、中N/S比组和低N/S比组。研究不同类型小麦氮硫积累特性及其与子粒品质的关系,结果表明,小麦植株的氮素积累量与硫素积累量呈极显著正相关,氮素收获指数与硫素收获指数之间无显著线性相关关系。高N/S比组品种具有较高的氮素积累量或氮素收获指数,但硫素收获指数或硫素积累量相应较低;中N/S比组品种氮素收获指数高,硫素收获指数亦高;低N/S比组品种硫素积累量和硫素收获指数均较高,但氮素收获指数较低,植株体积累的氮素和硫素在子粒中分配比例的不同是品种间子粒N/S比值差异的重要原因。不同N/S比组品种比较,子粒谷蛋白含量、谷蛋白含量与醇溶蛋白含量比值、面团形成时间和稳定时间存在显著差异,且与子粒N/S比值呈极显著二次曲线关系,适宜的N/S比有利于子粒谷蛋白的积累及子粒品质的形成。     

施氮量对江汉平原中低产田小麦产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

为探究江汉平原地区中低产田小麦种植的最适施氮量,以适宜长江中下游流域种植的小麦品种郑麦9023与扬麦23为材料,设置0、135、180和225 kg·hm^-24个纯氮施用量,研究施氮量对小麦籽粒产量及产量构成、氮素利用效率以及部分农艺性状的影响。结果表明,当施氮量在0～225 kg·hm^-2范围内时,随着施氮量的增加,氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学利用效率逐渐降低,而小麦的旗叶相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)值、有效穗数、穗粒数和生物量逐渐增加,同时籽粒产量在施氮量为225 kg·hm^-2时最高,但与180 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理并无显著差异。在0～180 kg·hm^-2施氮量范围内,氮肥的增施可显著增加植株干物质积累量、氮素积累量和收获指数。在180 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理的基础上继续增施氮肥至225 kg·hm^-2,并未显著增加小麦各生育时期植株干物质积累量。在不同施氮量处理下,扬麦23较郑麦9023平均增产19.8%,且有效穗粒数较多、穗...     

肥水调控对冬小麦产量及籽粒蛋白质组分的影响

为探明干旱处理与氮磷肥合用后小麦产量和养分积累及分配的变化,在盆栽条件下,以中麦8为试材,在设置3个氮磷肥施用量的基础上,每施肥处理下于开花期再利用称重法设置水分适宜(W1,SRWC=75%)、轻度亏水(W2,SRWC=60%)和重度亏水(W3,SRWC=45%)3个土壤水分水平,研究了肥水调控对冬小麦产量、养分积累及籽粒蛋白质组分的影响。结果表明,与花后土壤水分适宜相比,花后轻度亏水与重度亏水产量分别降低9.73%和15.55%,籽粒氮素积累量降低了3.41%和13.64%,醇溶蛋白含量降低了0.1%和1.1%,穗粒数、千粒重、籽粒磷素积累量、养分收获指数、氮素利用效率、清蛋白含量亦有不同程度的降低,但磷素利用效率、球蛋白含量及谷/醇比呈相反的趋势变化,其中,磷素利用效率以W3最高,达81.76 g·g~(-1),显著高于W1和W2。增施氮磷肥,穗数、千粒重降低,籽粒养分积累量及其蛋白质组分含量增加,但养分利用效率及氮素收获指数降低,其中,与F1(N 120kg·hm~(-2),P_2O_596 kg·hm~(-2))相比,F2(N 180 kg·hm~(-2),P_2O_5144 kg·hm~(-2))和F3(N 240 kg·hm~(-2),P_2O_5192 kg·hm~(-2))产量分别降低了7.23%和7.69%。土壤适度亏水,增施氮磷肥降低了产量、籽粒氮素分配比例及养分利用效率和氮素收获指数,籽粒蛋白质组分含量及谷/醇比提高;土壤重度亏水,增施氮磷肥降低了磷素利用效率、氮素收获指数和清蛋白含量及谷/醇比,提高了产量、籽粒磷素分配比例及球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量。本研究结果为小麦产量和品质领域研究奠定了一定的理论基础。     

Relationship between wheat grain protein yield and grain yield,plant growth,and nutrition at anthesis

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) var. Astral was grown in 1983–1984 in 12 experimental fields located in the Middle of the Duero Basin (Spain). The fields were fertilized at several rates of N, P, and K. Grain protein yield increased linearly with grain yield and with above‐ground plant dry weight at anthesis. Above ground dry weight of the crop accounted for 91.1% of the variance in grain protein yield among the different fields. The grain protein yield also increased linearly with leaf nitrogen level at anthesis. However, within each field, grain protein yield was generally more closely related with above‐ground dry weight at anthesis multiplied by the level of nitrogen in the two uppermost leaves (X3), than with any of these factors considered separately. The regressions over X3 were positive and varied among some of the fields. The intercept increased with grain yields and the slope with the concentration of magnesium. In addition, the ratio between grain protein yield and X3 increased with the leaf magnesium level. This suggests that grain might favour the assimilation of exogenous nitrogen during its development and/or the translocation of nitrogen from the vegetative parts of the plant to the grain. Moreover, magnesium might increase the efficiency of protein accumulation in grain. Among fields, the relationship of grain protein yield with leaf magnesium level depended on the level of nitrogen.     

适宜微喷灌灌水频率及氮肥量提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率

为明确微喷水肥一体化条件下灌溉次数和氮肥用量对冬小麦产量形成和水分利用的影响,该试验在灌水定额1 500 m3/hm2下设置微喷2次(拔节期750 m3/hm2+开花期750 m3/hm2)、3次(拔节期450 m3/hm2+开花期750 m3/hm2+灌浆期300 m3/hm2)、4次(拔节期450 m3/hm2+孕穗期300 m3/hm2+开花期450 m3/hm2+灌浆期300 m3/hm2)和氮肥追施45、90、135 kg/hm2处理,N肥随灌水等量分次施入,考察群体光合特性、物质生产和水分利用特征。结果表明:微喷3次和4次相比于微喷2次,产量提高了5.3%~18.9%,水分利用效率提高了5.3%~27.8%,但微喷3次与4次之间差异不显著。适当增加微喷次数提高了开花期和灌浆期群体绿色叶面积指数,延缓了叶片衰老,提高了生育后期干物质积累,增加了千粒质量,进而提高了籽粒产量;多次微喷(3次或4次)降低了总耗水量和开花前耗水比例,提高了开花后耗水比例;适当增施氮肥能进一步提高花后物质积累和花后耗水比例。综合来看,1 500 m3/hm2灌溉定额下微喷4次,追施氮肥90 kg/hm2产量和水分利用效率较高。     

不同形态氮肥及其用量对强筋小麦氮素转运、产量和品质的影响

【目的】研究强筋小麦产量品质形成的适宜氮肥形态和施氮量,对增加小麦产量、提高籽粒品质及减少农田氮污染有重要意义,同时为合理精确运筹施氮提供理论依据。【方法】田间试验采用二因素裂区设计,氮肥形态为主区(硝态氮肥、铵态氮肥、酰铵态氮肥),氮肥用量为副区(低氮75kg/hm^2、中氮150kg/hm^2、高氮225kg/hm^2)。分析小麦的氮转运量和产量、品质。【结果】1)在同一形态氮肥下,小麦成熟期氮累积量、籽粒产量和收获指数均在中氮(150kg/hm^2)处理达到最大值,中氮(150kg/hm^2)处理能通过显著增加花前氮转运量和花后氮积累量进而提高籽粒含氮量。生物产量、籽粒蛋白质组分含量(除醇溶蛋白)、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数、总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉、可溶性糖和蔗糖含量均随施氮量增加而提高。2)在同一施氮量下,硝态氮肥和酰胺态氮肥处理的小麦各时期植株含氮量、生物产量和籽粒产量均显著高于铵态氮肥(P<0.05),硝态氮肥和酰胺态氮肥的籽粒产量处理无显著差异(除低氮处理)。铵态氮肥处理的品质最差,酰胺态氮肥处理更有利于增加蛋白质和淀粉含量,改善籽粒品质,酰胺态氮肥处理的氮素吸收效率和氮素生产效率最高。3)不同形态氮肥显著影响穗数,施氮量显著影响千粒重。产量和品质达到最优所需的氮肥用量不同,中氮(150kg/hm^2)时产量最高,高氮(225kg/hm^2)时品质最优。4)方差分析表明,不同形态氮肥和施氮量对冬小麦各生育阶段氮素积累量及所占比例有极显著的影响(P<0.01),且二者存在极显著的互作效应。通径分析表明,叶片花前氮转运量对产量的直接影响最大,直接通径系数为0.614。【结论】酰胺态氮肥是适合该地区的氮肥种类,酰胺态氮肥在中氮(150kg/hm^2)条件下能显著提高强筋小麦产量和籽粒含氮量,在高氮(225kg/hm^2)条件下能显著改善强筋小麦品质,因此在实际小麦生产中要根据产量品质要求合理运筹氮肥。     

Dry-Matter Partitioning across Parts of the Wheat Internode during the Grain Filling Period as Influenced by Fertilizer and Tillage Treatments

Dry-matter transportation and redistribution is an important factor influencing grain weight during the grain filling period. This study, carried out over two consecutive winter wheat growth seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012), examined how dry-matter partitioning across segments of the wheat internode during grain filling period is influenced by fertilizer and tillage treatments. The contributions of current assimilates and remobilization of dry matter to final grain weight were calculated. To precisely illustrate the changes in dry matter during the grain filling period, the whole wheat stem was divided into two parts, the top three part and bottom two part. The former included three segments: the exposed part of the uppermost internode (EXUI), the enclosed part of the uppermost internode (ENUI), and the penultimate internode (PI). The latter included two segments: the lower internode (ERI) and the lowest internode (ESTI). During postanthesis, two different phases characterized by different rates of dry-matter accumulation could be distinguished. The first phase was the dry-matter accumulation; the second phase was mobilization to grains. The bottom two parts contributed more dry matter during pre-anthesis to the final grain; on the other hand, the top three parts contributed more dry matter to the final grain during postanthesis. On average, for the bottom two parts, the ERI segment had the greatest contribution of pre-anthesis dry matter to grain weight (CRAP) (3.68% in 2010/2011 and 5.31% in 2011/2012 growth seasons). For the top three parts, the EXUI segment had the greatest contribution of postanthesis photosynthetic assimilate to grain weight (CAPA) (99.71% in 2010/2011 and 99.08% in 2011/2012 growth season). The top three parts achieved maximum dry weight at 15 days after anthesis (daa), 5 days earlier than the bottom two parts. The heavy rainfall in the late grain filling period of 2011/2012 growth season inhibited postanthesis dry mobilization, and to maintain the grain filling requirements, more dry matter stored during pre-anthesis was redistributed. The present results suggest that rainfall occurring late in the grain filling period may have adverse impact on postanthesis accumulation. To avoid this phenomenon, early sowing with plastic film cover and split nitrogen application may be recommended. Fertilizing with 195 kg hm^?2 (120 + 75) N plus 45000 kg hm^?2 of ox manure and 120 kg hm^?2 phosphate with wheat straw retention during the summer fallow period under conservation minimum tillage produced the greatest stem dry matter at anthesis.