奶牛乳房炎综合治疗

正奶牛乳房炎是奶牛的常见病、多发病,临床上奶牛乳房炎分为临床型乳房炎和隐性乳房炎,养殖实践中以隐性乳房炎居多,奶牛一旦发病,产奶量下降,牛奶质量降低,直接影响奶牛养殖效益,奶牛乳房炎是奶牛养殖业危害最大的疾病,及时诊治乳房炎对奶牛健康养殖尤为重要,奶牛乳房炎诊治采取中西医结合综合诊治,能够标本兼治,减少治疗后副作用,病牛痊愈后能快速恢复产奶量。笔者结合临床病例对奶牛乳房炎进行分析探讨,以期为兽医工作者诊疗奶牛乳房     

奶牛乳房炎防治技术研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛的常见病和多发病之一,给奶牛业带来了巨大的经济损失,也严重地制约着奶牛业的发展。从奶牛乳房炎的发病现状、奶牛乳房炎的发病机理、奶牛乳房炎防治措施三个方面对奶牛乳房炎防治技术进行了综述,旨在为临床防治奶牛乳房炎提供理论指导。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎的诊疗试验

奶牛隐性乳房炎调查情况奶牛隐性乳房炎,又称非临床型乳房炎,是奶牛乳房疾病中发病较高的一种疾病,严重影响牛奶产量和品质,并潜伏着随时暴发为临床型乳房炎的危险。据国际奶牛联合会资料,奶牛患临床型乳房炎占成母牛的2％,患隐性乳房炎的母牛则高达50％。另据河南农业大学刘道钦等人报道,郑州、开封、洛阳三市患隐性乳房炎的产奶牛占成母牛的     

奶牛临床型乳房炎类型及防治

乳房炎是奶牛泌乳期发病率最高的一种疾病,奶牛乳房炎是一种世界性疾病,据统计,全世界奶牛乳房炎的发病率在48%,我国奶牛乳房炎的发病率较高,在50%～70%,美国奶牛乳房炎的发病率在16%～27%。奶牛临床型乳房炎主要的几种类型:1坏疽性乳房炎1.1临床症状乳房出现紫斑、肿胀、发热现象,触摸乳房有痛感,乳上淋巴结肿胀,产奶量急剧下降,严重者停     

奶牛乳房炎的综合防制

奶牛乳房炎对奶牛业的危害极大,不仅使奶牛产奶量大大下降,同时患有乳房炎的奶牛所产的牛奶,营养成分较差,有些乳房炎病原菌还可能感染人;另外,在治疗乳房炎的过程中,由于使用了大量的抗生素,残留在牛奶中,因此,奶牛乳房炎不仅造成奶牛业的经济损失,同时也给人造成一定的危害,所以控制奶牛乳房炎的发生非常重要。1奶牛乳房炎的诊断及健康监测1.1临床性乳房炎的诊断根据乳房炎的临床表现,可把乳房炎分为临床性乳房炎和隐性乳房炎。临床性乳房炎的诊断比较容易,如果乳房的大小、对称性及乳头的大小、形状或者颜色异常,触摸时奶牛疼痛、敏感或…     

关于缴纳会费和发展新会员的通知

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛乳腺组织受到物理、化学、微生物等刺激所发生的一种乳房炎性变化，是严重影响奶牛养殖业发展的主要疾病之一。 1 奶牛乳房炎的分类 奶牛乳房炎在临床上分为急性型、慢性型和隐性乳房炎三类，即急性型、慢性型和隐性乳房炎。     

某规模奶牛场隐形乳房炎病原菌分离鉴定及药敏试验

正奶牛隐形乳房炎是奶牛发生最多的一种亚临床型乳房炎,乳房和乳汁无肉眼可见异常,但在乳汁检查中的体细胞数往往增加,乳中能检出致病菌。隐形乳房炎流行面广,是临床型乳房炎发展的基础。由于隐形乳房炎无临床症状表现,往往被忽视。奶牛乳房炎的发病原因众多,微生物的侵入是引发乳房炎的主要原因,包括细菌、支原体和病毒等,主要由革兰氏阳性菌引起。为了解某规模奶牛场隐形乳房炎的发生情况,对该奶牛场无奶牛乳房炎临床症状的泌乳期奶牛     

奶牛乳房炎的分类及其诊断

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛最常见的一种疾病,是造成奶牛生产经济损失的重要原因之一,根据其临床病症分为临床型乳房炎和隐性型乳房炎。对乳房炎的分类及诊断进行了阐述,并提出一些治疗奶牛乳房炎的防治措施。     

乳房炎奶牛血液流变学指标及细胞因子的变化

随机选取63头荷斯坦奶牛,比较研究临床健康奶牛和乳房炎奶牛的血液病理学变化.结果表明:(1)临床型乳房炎奶牛在120,70,50,30 s-1等切变率下全血黏度、全血还原黏度、红细胞变形指数、红细胞聚积指数、红细胞刚性指数等血液流变学指标均显著高于健康奶牛和隐性乳房炎奶牛(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),而健康奶牛和隐性乳房炎奶牛各项血液流变学指标均差异不显著(P＞0.05).(2)临床型乳房炎奶牛血清中IL-1β、IL-8、TNF-α水平均显著高于健康奶牛(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),临床型乳房炎奶牛血清中IL-8、TNF-α水平显著高于隐性乳房炎奶牛(P＜0.05),而健康奶牛和隐性乳房炎奶牛血清中各细胞因子水平均差异不显著(P＞0.05).试验证实了临床型乳房炎奶牛"血瘀证"的客观存在,乳腺炎症反应参与了血瘀证的形成,血液流变学指标和血清中IL-8、TNF-α可以用作乳房炎诊断和治疗效果的评价.     

奶牛乳房炎的预防和治疗措施

奶牛乳房炎是常见多发病,可分为临床性乳房炎和隐性乳房炎2种。一般隐性乳房炎无明显临床症状,但在一定条件下可转化为临床性乳房炎,危害更严重。目前全世界约有1/3奶牛患有各种类型的乳房炎。据报道,20世纪70年代,奶牛乳房炎发病率为     

槲皮素的生理功能及其在鸡生产上的应用

槲皮素是一种天然的黄酮类有机化合物,其自然资源丰富、安全无毒,具有多种生理功能：如可直接清除细胞内的自由基,激活抗氧化酶系统,抑制氧化应激通路的信号转导,发挥抗氧化功能;可通过抑制炎症通路的激活、降低白细胞活化来限制炎症因子产生,从而起到抗炎功效;可通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、迁徙和入侵促进其细胞凋亡,发挥抗肿瘤的作用;还可破坏潜在致病菌菌体细胞壁和细胞膜的结构、阻碍潜在致病菌的蛋白质和核酸合成,竞争菌体内的ATP结合位点等生物膜形成有关的途径,发挥抗菌功能。在鸡生产中,槲皮素可通过增加回肠对营养物质的转运和吸收减少肠道氧化应激引起的损伤,进而改善肉鸡的生长;可通过促进蛋鸡生殖器官发育以及生殖和生长相关激素分泌来提高产蛋性能;可提高鸡蛋和鸡肉品质;调节机体钙、蛋白质和脂代谢;改善机体免疫功能;调控肠道微生物区系。作者就槲皮素抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌等重要生理功能及其作用机制,以及近些年槲皮素在鸡生产中的应用进展进行综述,以期为促进槲皮素在鸡生产上的应用及其在鸡饲料中的开发提供理论依据。     

放牧和封育对青藏高原南缘亚高山草甸群落结构及物种多样性的影响

为探讨青藏高原南缘亚高山草甸的适宜管理措施,本研究以自由放牧、4年全年封育、4年生长季封育+非生长季放牧和20年生长季封育+季末割草管理下的亚高山草甸典型样地为研究对象,开展放牧和封育管理措施下亚高山草甸群落结构及物种多样性的比较研究。结果表明:退化亚高山草甸经4年的生长季封育+非生长季放牧管理,草地有害植物的优势地位降低,优良牧草的优势地位增加,物种丰富度显著下降,草地生产力、密度、盖度、多样性和均匀度无显著变化;经4年的全年封育管理,草地生产力、密度、盖度及优良牧草的优势度显著增加,优良牧草草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)成为群落的单优势物种,群落的生态优势度急剧增加,丰富度、多样性和均匀度显著降低;经20年的生长季封育+季末割草管理,草地生产力、密度、盖度及优良牧草的优势度显著增加,草地早熟禾和大花嵩草(Kobresia macrantha)成为群落的优势物种,群落的生态优势度指数和丰富度指数显著增加,多样性和均匀度显著降低。可见,与自由放牧相比,3种封育措施均可增加滇西北退化亚高山草甸优良牧草的优势度,促进退化亚高山草甸植被的恢复,但封育后因群落中单个或少数物种在群落中的优势地位大大增加,草地中伴生种消失,物种丰富度和多样性降低。     

Histomorphological findings and expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue specific inhibitors (TIMPs) in normal tricuspid valves and in chronic tricuspid valvular disease in dogs

The histomorphological findings and immunohistochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs-1, 2, 9 and 14) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs-2, 3 and 4) are reported in the parietal (pTV) and septal leaflets (sTV) of the tricuspid valves in normal dogs and dogs with chronic valvular disease (CVD). The layers of the normal sTV were not as well defined as in the pTV and the spongiosa of the sTV contained abundant mucopolysaccharides (MPS) and adipocytes. In CVD, there was expansion of the spongiosa of the pTV due to deposition of MPS, leading to formation of nodules along the free edge. In CVD, there was fibrosis of the atrialis of the sTV and formation of nodular deposits of MPS in the spongiosa and ventricularis, mainly affecting the proximal and middle parts of the leaflet. In dogs with normal pTV and sTV, MMPs-1 and 14 and TIMPs-2, 3 and 4 were expressed, while MMPs-2 and 9 were absent. In mild CVD, expression of MMPs-2, 9 and 14 were increased in the pTV, whereas small foci within the spongiosa contained MMP-9 and TIMP-3 positive cells. In advanced CVD, MMP-14 also was increased in the pTV. In mild CVD, there was increased expression of MMPs-1 and 2 and TIMP-2, but decreased expression of TIMP-4, in the sTV. Small foci with expression of MMP-14 and TIMPs-2, 3 and 4 were also present in the sTV in mild CVD. In advanced CVD, there was increased expression of MMPs-2 and 9 and TIMP-2 in the sTV. In CVD there is upregulation of various MMPs in the pTV, whereas there is a complex alteration in expression of MMPs and TIMPs in the sTV.     

Digestive pathology of sea turtles stranded in the Canary Islands between 1993 and 2001

Digestive lesions were observed in 84 of 136 sea turtles (128 Caretta caretta, four Chelonia mydas and four Dermochelys coriacea) stranded in the Canary Islands between January 1993 and December 2001. In the oral cavity ulcerative and necropurulent stomatitis were the most frequently observed lesions, and in the oesophagus ulcerative and fibrinous oesophagitis, and traumatic oesophageal perforation were most frequently observed; all these lesions were mainly associated with the ingestion of fishing hooks. Different histological types of gastritis were observed in 35 of the turtles; necropurulent and fibrinous gastritis were associated with bacterial infections caused mainly by Proteus species, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Staphylococcus species, and larval nematodes of the genus Anisakis were responsible for a form of parasitic gastritis observed in 16 of the turtles. Different histological types of enteritis, including catarrhal, fibrinous, necropurulent and necrotising enteritis, affected 36 turtles; a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus species, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella species, Proteus species, Staphylococcus species, Streptococcus species and V. alginolyticus, were isolated from these lesions. All the cases of necrotising enteritis were associated with intestinal intussusception caused by the ingestion of monofilament fishing lines. Necrotising and/or multifocal granulomatous hepatitis were the lesions most commonly observed in the liver; they affected 29 of the turtles and were associated with Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter species, E. coli, Proteus species, Staphylococcus species and V. alginolyticus infections. According to the stranding reports and the gross and histological lesions observed, 33 of the turtles had digestive lesions associated with the ingestion of hooks and monofilament lines, and two had lesions associated with the ingestion of crude oil.     

发酵时间对苜蓿青贮品质和微生物群落的影响

以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)为原料,于初花期刈割,分别在发酵2d、3d、5d、7d、15d和30d开袋取样,研究苜蓿青贮营养品质、发酵品质及微生物多样性。结果表明,在青贮第1~7d,随着青贮时间的延长,其干物质耗损的速率较快。在发酵前期,乳球菌属(Lactococcus)和肠球菌属(Enterococcus)发挥较主要作用,迅速降低了pH值,增加了乳酸、乙酸的含量。在发酵后期,乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、乳球菌属、肠球菌属的大量繁殖抑制了肠杆菌及霉菌等的生长,降低了腐败菌消耗营养成分的能力。综合分析,苜蓿在青贮发酵过程中会消耗部分营养物质,主要包括蛋白质和糖类物质。乳球菌属、肠球菌属、乳酸杆菌属等在不同阶段的丰度值有较大区别。因此选择当乳酸菌作为苜蓿青贮添加剂时,可添加混合菌剂来保证整个青贮发酵过程的顺利进行。     

NaCl胁迫对藜麦种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

本研究报道了不同浓度NaCl处理对藜麦种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响,以确定藜麦的耐盐阈值,为藜麦在盐渍土地种植提供理论依据。结果表明,不同浓度NaCl处理对藜麦种子萌发和幼苗生理特性均产生显著影响,主要表现为,1)随着NaCl浓度的升高,藜麦种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均呈逐渐降低的趋势,当NaCl浓度达到3.0%时,藜麦种子几乎不发芽;2)幼苗叶片含水量逐渐降低,可溶性糖、脯氨酸、丙二醛含量、相对电导率及O₂^-·产生速率呈逐渐升高的趋势,叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在NaCl浓度为1.8%时达到最大值,而后随着NaCl浓度的升高呈降低的趋势;3)NaCl胁迫显著抑制了藜麦幼苗株高、茎粗的增加,根长的生长随着NaCl浓度的升高呈先增加后减少的趋势,在NaCl浓度为1.8%时根长最长,达到11.73 cm。说明低浓度(≤1.8%)NaCl处理对藜麦幼苗生长具有促进作用,而高浓度的NaCl处理则对其有抑制作用。藜麦耐盐阈值为1.8%。     

哺乳期犊牛健康管理

哺乳期犊牛是奶牛生命周期的开始,也是奶牛整个生命周期中最为脆弱的阶段,其健康状况可直接影响牧场的可持续发展和经营效率。在哺乳期,犊牛可面临多种疾病的挑战,但消化道疾病和呼吸道疾病是全球奶牛养殖业面临的共性问题。本文对哺乳期犊牛健康状况、初乳管理、犊牛腹泻和呼吸道疾病的管理进行了梳理,并对其防控提出了建议。初乳管理方面分析了影响初乳质量的因素、初乳储存与处理和饲喂管理;犊牛健康管理部分叙述了产圈管理、饲养环境和饲喂方式、营养及饲喂管理、疫苗免疫、通风、疾病早期诊断、应激管理和患犊管理。     

贵州黔南野生木质藤本植物资源多样性及开发利用

为深入研究贵州黔南野生木质藤本植物资源的现状,通过野外实地调查、标本鉴定的方法,对该区野生木质藤本植物的科属组成、生活型、区系分布、观赏特性等进行了系统分析与研究。结果表明,黔南共有野生木质藤本植物478种(含32变种),隶属于45科118属,其中双子叶植物具有明显的优势,有41科111属447种,单子叶植物有3科6属28种,裸子植物仅1科1属3种,蕨类植物缺乏。在科属组成中,含2~10种木质藤本植物的科最多,单种属和含2~5种木质藤本植物的属也较多。生活型上,以高位芽藤本为主导,占总种数的89.12%;在攀援方式上,搭靠类、卷曲类和吸固类较少,而缠绕藤本优势明显,占总种数的46.23%;在生活习性上,以落叶型占主导,占总种数的74.06%,而常绿和半常绿型占的比例较少;始花期主要集中在春季,呈现出按春夏秋冬依次大幅递减的趋势。该区地理成分复杂多样,以热带地理成分为主,有87属,占总属数的73.72%;其中以热带亚洲地理分布居首位,其次为泛热带分布,说明该区系具有明显的热带性质。同时,该区的大部分木质藤本植物都具有重要的观赏特性,其生态、经济和药用价值明显,开发利用潜力巨大。     

Myonecrosis and cutaneous infarction associated with Salmonella serovar Infantum infection in a horse

A 5-year-old Quarter Horse mare was referred for evaluation of oral ulcers, limb edema, weight loss, and weakness. There was marked diffuse swelling extending from the stifle region to the tarsal region of the left hind limb, and the horse had a left hind limb lameness. Firm swellings ranging from 2 to 15 cm in diameter and consisting of nodules, plaques, and discrete masses were palpated on both sides of the neck, over the right shoulder region, over the left elbow region, and over the left caudoventral aspect of the abdomen. Laboratory abnormalities included hypoproteinemia, neutrophilia, and hyperfibrinogenemia. Results of ultrasonographic examination of the left hind limb and masses were suggestive of muscle edema, necrosis, and hemorrhage. Histologic examination of a biopsy specimen from a subcutaneous mass revealed necrotizing, suppurative myositis. The horse's condition gradually deteriorated, and the horse was euthanatized. Necropsy revealed myonecrosis, cutaneous infarcts, hepatic abscesses, and cholangitis. Salmonella serovar Infantum was cultured from liver and muscle lesions, and a diagnosis of Salmonella myonecrosis was made.     

早胜牛开发利用现状与产业化发展的对策和建议

早胜牛分布于我国陇东地区,经过长期自然选育而成,属于秦川牛的优秀类群,因其体格高大方正、肌肉丰满、肉嫩多汁、肉役兼用等优良特性,深受市场喜爱。随着农业产业化进程的加快,早胜牛的产业化发展正得到当地政府的大力扶持。本文对早胜牛的体型外貌、生产性能以及开发利用现状等做了概述,并就产业化发展提了相应的对策及建议。针对早胜牛养殖产业规模小、粗放型养殖为主、科学养殖技术不普及、缺乏品牌号召力等问题,结合我国品种资源开发利用的实际,提出了增大资金投入、加强技术扶持等形式来提高早胜牛品种资源的开发利用水平,加强早胜牛附加价值高值化产业技术的研发,促进我国早胜牛行业的持续健康发展,提高国际影响力。