Effect of Energy and Protein on Performance,Egg Components,Egg Solids,Egg Quality,and Profits in Molted Hy-Line W-36 Hens

An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of dietary energy on performance, egg composition, egg solids, egg quality, and profits of Hy-Line W-36 hens fed different protein levels. The experiment was designed as a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement with 4 added dietary energy levels (0, 79, 158, and 238 kcal of ME/kg) and 3 protein levels (14.89, 16.06, and 17.38%). The basal diets of 17.38, 16.06, and 14.89% protein contained 2,751, 2,784, and 2,815 kcal of ME/kg, respectively. This study lasted 12 wk. Molted Hy-Line W-36 hens (n = 1,440) in phase 1 (70 wk of age) were randomly divided into 12 treatments (8 replicates of 15 hens per treatment). Protein had a significant effect on egg production, egg mass, feed intake, feed conversion, egg weight, percentage of egg shell components, yolk color, and yolk and albumen weight. As dietary energy increased from 0 to 238 kcal of ME/kg by addition of poultry oil, feed intake linearly decreased. Increasing dietary energy also significantly increased BW and egg yolk color. As dietary energy increased, percentage yolk solids increased at the 2 greater dietary protein levels, whereas egg-specific gravity linearly decreased at the 17.38% protein level. Increasing dietary energy and protein significantly improved feed conversion. Increasing protein intake significantly increased albumen and yolk weight but had no influence on yolk, albumen, or whole egg solids. Because feed ingredient and egg prices vary, there can be no fixed ideal dietary energy level for optimal profits during molt phase 1 (70 to 81 wk).     

青稞、荞麦、黍子、糜子、莜麦对于生长猪的营养价值评定

本研究旨在对青稞、荞麦、黍子、糜子和莜麦5种可在生长猪上应用的非常规谷物饲料原料进行营养价值评定。试验分别采集5种谷物原料样品,选取36头健康、体重为(32.1±4.2)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交去势公猪,随机分配到1个玉米-豆粕型基础日粮和5个非常规谷物饲料原料(替代基础日粮的40%～50%)的待测日粮处理中进行消化代谢试验,用全收粪尿法和套算法测定其对生长猪的全肠道表观消化能、代谢能以及总能和营养物质的表观全肠道消化率。结果表明:黍子、糜子有较高的淀粉含量,青稞和莜麦有较高的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量;干物质基础下,5种谷物原料的全肠道表观消化能和代谢能分别为15.97～17.87 MJ/kg和15.38～17.34 MJ/kg。     

Effect of dietary energy,protein, and a versatile enzyme on hen performance,egg solids,egg composition,and egg quality of Hy-Line W-36 hens during second cycle,phase two

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Rovabio, dietary energy, and protein on performance, egg composition, egg solids, and egg quality of commercial Leghorns in phase 2, second cycle. A 4 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments comprising 4 dietary energy levels (2,791, 2,857, 2,923, and 2,989 kcal of ME/kg) and 2 protein levels (15.5 and 16.1%) with and without Rovabio was used. Hy-Line W-36 hens (n = 1,920, 87 wk old) were randomly divided into 16 dietary treatments (8 replicates of 15 hens per treatment). The trial lasted 12 wk. Dietary protein significantly increased feed consumption but decreased yolk color. As dietary energy increased from 2,791 to 2,989 kcal of ME/kg, feed consumption decreased from 98.0 to 94.9 g per hen daily, and yolk color increased from 5.27 to 5.56. There was a significant interaction among dietary protein, energy, and Rovabio on egg production, BW, egg mass, feed conversion, and yolk solids. Egg weight of hens fed the diets supplemented with Rovabio was significantly greater than that of hens fed the diets without Rovabio during wk 3 and 4. However, Rovabio did not significantly influence average egg weight (87 to 98 wk of age). Rovabio supplementation significantly increased BW of hens. These results suggest Rovabio had a small but significant influence on nutrient utilization of commercial Leghorns during phase 2 of the second cycle.     

甘肃河西地区农田生态系统能量投入产出及效率分析

应用生态学能流研究方法 ,对河西 4 5年农田系统能量输入输出及效率进行了力能学分析。结果表明 ,总投能逐年增加 ,1994年总投能最高的县为张掖市 (131.5 9× 10 3MJ/ hm2 )。无机能在总投能中所占比例依次呈现出平稳、快速、缓慢增长的变化趋势 ,天祝县无机能投入远远低于其它县市 ,1994年为总投能的 18%。总产能呈现出递增趋势 ,但自 2 0世纪 80年代中期以后增长缓慢 ,4 5年来不同县市总产能增加以酒泉市和张掖市最大 ,1994年酒泉市和张掖市总产能分别为2 35 .93× 10 3和 2 32 .38× 10 3MJ/ hm2 。 4 5年中 ,能量产投比出现 2个高峰和 1个低谷 ,自 80年代高峰过后 ,大多数县市产投比下降 ,其中天祝县产投比最低 ,1994年仅为 0 .83。 7县市中酒泉市、民乐县、天祝县、武威市、张掖市农田单位面积投能分别超出其临界值 :5 .66× 10 3、4 .61× 10 3、8.73× 10 3、15 .91× 10 3和 36.84× 10 3MJ/ hm2。     

不同频次刈割对内蒙古羊草草原群落能量固定与分配规律的影响

对内蒙古羊草草原在不同频次刈割影响下群落能量固定与分配规律的研究结果显示,群落地上能量现存量与刈割频次呈显著负相关关系,地下0～30 cm根系的能量现存量具有基本相似的变化趋势,区别在于17年内刈割3次的处理明显高于未割对照处理.群落总能量现存量的变化趋势与地下部分的变化完全一致.羊草草原地上部分的太阳能转化效率随刈割频次的增加逐渐下降,在未割对照群落中为0.257%, 而1年割2次群落仅为未割对照群落的37%.群落地上部分的能量含量也随刈割频次的增加呈线性下降趋势,地下部分能量含量则没有规律性的变化.在连年刈割影响下,群落能量向根系的分配比例增加,0～10 cm根系所蓄存能量在地下0～30 cm根系中所占比例也有增加趋势.但这种变化与刈割频次没有线性关系.     

Growth Performance,Meat Yield,and Economic Responses of Broilers Fed Diets Varying in Metabolizable Energy from Thirty to Fifty-Nine Days of Age

Two studies examined responses of broilers to diets varying in AME from 30 to 59 d of age. A 59-d termination allows for evaluation of energy needs applicable to “big bird” programs, because research on nutritional needs for such programs is warranted. Two experiments were conducted: experiment (exp.) 1 having low temperatures whereas exp. 2 used moderate temperatures. The treatments in exp. 1 and 2 were AME concentrations ranging from 3,175 to 3,310 kcal/kg with CP, TSAA, and Lys being identical across all treatments. In exp. 2, an additional treatment consisted of a diet containing 3,310 kcal of AME/kg with CP, TSAA, and Lys being increased by 4% of those specifications used in the other treatments so as to minimize differences in energy:CP ratio.In both experiments, feed consumption and conversion decreased linearly as dietary AME increased, but breast meat yield was reduced with the high AME diet and only increasing amino acids in exp. 2 ameliorated the negative effect. Live production costs and gross feeding margin (bird return over feed costs) were optimized in exp. 1 with 3,220 kcal of AME/kg of diet, but 3,310 kcal of AME/kg of diet and increased amino acids were needed in exp. 2 for improved monetary returns. In both experiments, broilers had similar caloric consumption indicating that these broilers can compensate to varying dietary AME concentrations within practical limits. These results demonstrated that the response to dietary AME was more pronounced under moderate ambient temperatures.     

Effects of star anise (Illicium verum Hook.f.) essential oil administration under three different dietary energy levels on growth performance,nutrient, and energy utilization in broilers

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of star anise essential oil (SAO) supplementation in diets with different energy levels on growth performance, nutrient metabolic efficiency of broilers. One hundred and ninety-two Arbor Acres male broiler chicks at 28 days of age were divided into a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement design with three dietary energy levels (13.41, 12.82, 12.23 MJ/kg) and 4 levels of SAO supplementation (0, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of diet). Dietary supplementation with SAO increased (p < .05) apparent metabolic efficiency of CP, EE, GE, and all of the amino acids except Trp. Significant interactions were noted between energy level and SAO administration for metabolic efficiency of CP, all of the amino acids except Cys. Inclusion of SAO enhanced apparent nutrient metabolic efficiency of broilers in a dose-dependent manner, birds supplemented with 400 mg/kg of SAO in high-energy diets appeared to contain highest nutrient metabolic efficiency, moreover, the metabolic efficiency of nutrients in low-energy diets along with 200 or 400 mg/kg of SAO was similar with that in high-energy diets without SAO, which indicated that the SAO might ameliorate the negative effects of reduced dietary metabolic energy on nutrient utilization in broilers.     

When, why, and how to perform cardiac radiofrequency catheter ablation

Radiofrequency catheter ablative techniques provide a unique opportunity to cure dogs of certain supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, rather than simply controlling the rhythm with drug therapy. Accessory pathways, which can participate as one limb of a rapid, narrow complex tachyarrhythmia circuit, have a particularly high cure rate with radiofrequency catheter ablation. Focal atrial tachycardias also provide a substrate that can be amenable to ablation. Tachycardia-induced myocardial dysfunction resulting from frequent tachyarrhythmic episodes will resolve after a successful ablation. This report outlines the indications, equipment, and techniques used in dogs for performing catheter ablation with temperature-controlled radiofrequency energy delivery.     

Energy content of select dietary supplemental lipids for broilers,turkeys, and laying hens

Energy is an expensive component of poultry diets with lipids providing a concentrated energy source to meet these needs. Three separate experiments with broilers (15 d of age), turkeys (15 d of age) and laying hens (60 wk of age) were conducted to determine the AME_n content of 10 lipids with varying fatty acid and free fatty acid concentrations and to compare these values to predicted values based on previously published equations. A corn-soybean meal (broilers and turkeys) or corn-soybean meal-distillers dried grains with solubles (layers) control diet was formulated with test diets created by mixing the control diet with 0, 3, 6, or 9% (broilers and turkeys) or 0, 2, 4, and 6% (laying hens) lipid. Experimental diets were fed over a 5-d acclimation period followed by a 48 h total excretion collection period with AME_n of the diets calculated based upon the GE, nitrogen, and titanium dioxide in the feed and excreta samples. The pen-mean AME_n of each diet was regressed on percentage lipid inclusion level using linear regression with the slope of the line representing the AME_n of each lipid source. As expected, the AME_n values varied widely among lipid sources and species, with broilers having a greater AME compared to turkeys and layers. In general, saturated fatty acids (C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0) were negatively correlated to AME_n while unsaturated fatty acids (namely C18:2) were positively correlated to AME_n. Consequently, the unsaturated: saturated ratio, the polyunsaturated fatty acids: saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids ratio, and iodine value tended to be positively related to AME_n. Compared to broilers and turkeys that were able to efficiently utilize energy from corn oil (purified and crude DDGS corn oil) relative to soybean oil, laying hen AME_n values for corn oils were reduced in comparison to soybean oil. These data indicate that energy values of lipid differ widely due to source and appear to differ relative to a particular species.     

Blood lipid, glucose, and insulin concentrations in Morgan horses and Thoroughbreds

Insulin resistance has been detected in obese Morgan horses and it has been suggested that horses of this breed are predisposed to this condition. The objective of this study was to determine whether blood lipid, glucose, and insulin concentrations differed between Morgan horses and Thoroughbreds housed at the same facility. Fourteen Morgan horses (five mares, nine geldings) ranging in age from 4 to 14 years were compared with 21 Thoroughbreds (11 mares, 10 geldings; age range 7–20 years) from the same herd. A single blood sample was collected from each horse after grain was withheld overnight. Variables were compared between breed groups and breed-specific reference ranges were calculated. Triglyceride, cholesterol, nonesterified fatty acid, glucose, and insulin concentrations did not differ between breeds of horse in this study. This may be because horses included in this study did not suffer from obesity and were regularly exercised.     

Chemical composition,energy and amino acid digestibility in double-low rapeseed meal fed to growing pigs

Background

The nutritional value of rapeseed meal may be variable due to the variation of its chemical composition. And a precise understanding of the nutritional value of an ingredient is beneficial for the accurate diet formulation and reduction of feed costs. This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition, digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) for growing pigs. Thirteen solvent-extracted double-low rapeseed meal (DLRSM) samples were obtained from the main double-low rapeseed producing areas in China.

Methods

The DE and ME contents of the 13 DLRSM samples were measured in growing pigs (six pigs per DLRSM sample, average initial body weight (BW) = 48.3 kg). The AID and SID of AA of 10 DLRSM samples were determined in 12 crossbred barrows (average initial BW = 35.3 kg) by using two 6 × 6 Latin square designs. Each Latin square comprised one N-free diet and 5 DLRSM test diets.

Results

The chemical composition of DLRSM varied among samples, and the coefficient of variation was greater than 10 % for ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), calcium (Ca), and total glucosinolates. The AA content of DLRSM varied among samples especially for lysine (Lys) and methionine (Met). On a dry matter (DM) basis, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), the DE and ME and the ME:DE ratio of DLRSM averaged 62.39 %, 2862 kcal/kg and 2723 kcal/kg, and 94.95 %, respectively. The mean value of SID of Lys was 70.52 % which varied from 66.54–76.54 %. The SID of crude protein (CP), Met, and threonine (Thr) averaged 72.81 %, 82.41 %, and 69.76 %, respectively.

Conclusions

There was great variability in chemical composition especially in the concentration of EE, NDF and ADF, but no significant differences in energy content of the DLRSM samples were observed. In addition, the AID and SID of all AA were relatively similar among DLRSM samples except for that of Lys.     

Effects of dietary resistant starch content on metabolic status,milk composition,and microbial profiling in lactating sows and on offspring performance

In the present study, the effects of dietary resistant starch (RS) content on serum metabolite and hormone concentrations, milk composition, and faecal microbial profiling in lactating sows, as well as on offspring performance was investigated. Sixteen sows were randomly allotted at breeding to two treatments containing low‐ and high‐RS contents from normal and high‐amylose corn varieties, respectively, and each treatment had eight replicates (sows). Individual piglet body weight (BW) and litter size were recorded at birth and weaning. Milk samples were obtained on day 10 after farrowing for composition analysis. On day 2 before weaning, blood and faecal samples were collected to determine serum metabolite and hormone concentrations and faecal microbial populations, respectively. Litter size at birth and weaning were not influenced (p > 0.05) by the sow dietary treatments. Although feeding the RS‐rich diet to sows reduced (p = 0.004) offspring birth BW, there was no difference in piglet BW at weaning (p > 0.05). High‐RS diet increased (p < 0.05) serum triacylglycerol and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations and milk total solid content, and tended (p = 0.09) to increase milk fat content in lactating sows. Feeding the RS‐rich diet to sows increased (p < 0.01) faecal bacterial population diversity. These results indicate that high‐RS diets induce fatty acid mobilization and a greater intestinal bacterial richness in lactating sows, as well as a greater nutrient density in maternal milk, without affecting offspring performance at weaning.     

饲粮能氮比对简州大耳羊生长性能及养分消化代谢的影响

【目的】本试验旨在研究全价颗粒饲粮代谢能/总氮（ME/N）和性别对全舍饲简州大耳羊生长性能及养分消化代谢的影响。【方法】采用2×4两因素试验设计,选择健康、体况良好的5月龄简州大耳羊64只,公羊（26.56 kg±2.96 kg）和母羊（25.75 kg±2.46 kg）各32只,公母各随机分成4组,每组8只羊,分别饲喂ME/N为0.59、0.51、0.43、0.35的全价颗粒饲粮,过渡期5 d,预饲期10 d后进行30 d饲养试验,再按照平均体重每组选择4只羊开展为期11 d的全收粪尿消化代谢试验（预饲7 d,正试期4 d）。【结果】①饲粮ME/N显著影响试验羊平均日增重（ADG）和干物质采食量（DMI）（P＜0.05）,在ME/N为0.43时ADG达到最佳（259±58 g/d）;试验公羊ADG和DMI显著高于试验母羊（P＜0.05）,饲粮ME/N和性别对DMI具有显著的交互作用（P＜0.05）。②随着ME/N降低,试验羊尿能（UE）显著增加（P＜0.05）,对总能摄入量（GEI）、粪能（FE）、消化能（DE）和总能（GE）表观消化率无显著影响（P＞0.05）;试验公羊GEI、FE、DE均显著高于试验母羊（P＜0.05）。③随着饲粮ME/N降低,试验羊摄入氮（NI）和氮表观消化率均显著增加（P＜0.05）,公羊NI、沉积氮（NR）、净蛋白利用率（NPU）和氮的生物学价值（BV）均显著高于母羊（P＜0.05）。④随着饲粮ME/N降低,试验羊粗脂肪（EE）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的表观消化率先增加后降低（P＜0.05）,其他养分消化率无显著变化（P＞0.05）;公羊干物质（DM）、磷（P）、ADF、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）的表观消化率均显著高于母羊（P＜0.05）;性别和饲粮ME/N对养分表观消化率无显著交互作用（P＞0.05）。【结论】当全价颗粒饲粮能量一致,适当降低ME/N（增加N浓度）可以显著提高全舍饲生长育肥期简州大耳羊生长性能和养分表观消化率,但继续降低ME/N不能提高试验羊生长性能和养分消化代谢,在本试验条件下最适的饲粮ME/N为0.43;生长育肥期公羊对养分消化代谢及生长性能均优于同期母羊。