北疆膜下滴灌棉田生育期土壤水盐的变化特征

针对北疆地区土壤盐化制约农业发展的问题,通过野外实地分层采集土样,分析北疆地区长期膜下滴灌农田种植前后土壤水分和盐分分布特征。统计学分析表明,种植期土壤含水量变异属于中等偏弱变异强度,土壤盐分的变异属于中等偏强变异程度,土壤盐分分布成自上而下先增大再减少的波动趋势。在空间分布上,土壤水分和盐分种植前后存在明显的差异,种植后在浅层土壤水分和盐分的含量成西高东低的变化分布。     

双层秸秆不同层位覆盖对土壤水分蒸发影响

为揭示不同秸秆覆盖模式抑制土壤水分蒸发的效果,通过室内模拟试验,对双层秸秆不同层位覆盖下土壤水分蒸发过程进行了研究。试验设置秸秆单层覆盖埋深80 mm (CK)、上层埋深0 mm下层埋深300 mm秸秆双层覆盖(C1)、上层埋深80 mm下层埋深220 mm秸秆双层覆盖(C2)、上层埋深80 mm下层埋深300 mm秸秆双层覆盖(C3)、上层埋深80 mm下层埋深380 mm秸秆双层覆盖(C4) 5种模式,结果表明:不同覆盖模式下,蒸发量显著不同,实验数据显示蒸发过程可分为3段,1～10、11～18、19～24 d的规律分别为CKC4C2C1C3、CKC1C4C3C2、C2C1CKC4C3。CK的累积蒸发量为3.154 2 kg,与CK相比C1、C2、C3、C4处理的抑蒸率分别为2%、3.97%、8.6%、2.3%。综合分析来看,双层秸秆覆盖较单层秸秆可有效减小土壤水分蒸发。可得不同层位秸秆埋深对土壤累计蒸发的抑制作用由大到小排列为:C3C2C4C1CK。在整个蒸发过程中,不同秸秆覆盖下土壤水分累积蒸发量与时间的关系符合Y=a x~b。     

膜下滴灌棉田土壤水分空间变异规律研究

2009年,在新疆库尔勒包头湖农场智能化棉花膜下滴灌工程示范区,选择典型的一膜一管4行种植的棉花为试验区(共计20个测点),测定了各个采样点以及3个不同深度的土壤含水率。运用地统计学和经典统计学方法,分析了棉花4个生育期内土壤水分的空间变异特性。结果表明,土壤质地为砂壤土时,土壤含水率的空间变异性属于弱变异;随着棉花的生长,土壤水分的分布越来越趋于均匀化;在棉田主要生育期内,研究土壤含水率空间分布最好的半方差函数模型是球形模型;土壤含水率的大小基本上和该点与滴灌带的垂直间距成反比例关系;棉花行对棉田土壤水分的再分布起到了很大的影响,距离棉花行越远,受到的影响就越小。     

垄植沟灌夏玉米棵间蒸发试验研究

为了探明沟灌夏玉米农田棵间蒸发规律,采用自制不同直径的棵间蒸发皿在夏玉米全生育期内分别于每天早上8点加以观测,对不同水分下限条件下沟灌夏玉米大田总蒸发量及垄面、沟面蒸发量进行了试验研究.结果表明沟灌夏玉米棵间蒸发量随着土壤水分下限降低呈减少的趋势,在全生育期内棵间蒸发在拔节前占很大比例,苗期和拔节期农田棵间蒸发量各占蒸腾量的90%和40%左右;拟合不同水分处理沟面和垄面蒸发的线性方程,相关系数在0.8以上;最后对比苗期和抽雄后期垄沟蒸发过程,两者都随着时间推移呈减小的趋势.垄面蒸发和沟面蒸发的比例约为20∶13,这为以后沟灌夏玉米农田土壤水分循环模拟提供了数据参考,在沟灌夏玉米农田蒸发中,应在拔节期前控制棵间蒸发量达到节水的目的.     

地表覆砂对季节性冻融土壤蒸发影响的试验研究

地表土壤的无效蒸发加剧了干旱半干旱地区农业用水短缺,为了揭示季节性冻融期地表覆砂对土壤蒸发的影响,进行了地表无覆盖(LD)、覆盖厚度均为1 cm覆砂粒径为0.5～1.5 mm(XS)和1.5～2 mm(CS) 3种地表处理条件下的大田土壤蒸发量、土壤温度和土壤含水率跟踪监测试验。结果表明:冻融期地表土壤覆砂可有效改变土壤蒸发的日变化幅度,不稳定冻结阶段覆砂处理抑制蒸发效果不明显,稳定冻结阶段地表覆砂可有效抑制土壤蒸发,消融解冻阶段地表覆砂加剧了表层土壤水分蒸发;冻融期LD、XS和CS累积土壤蒸发量分别为29.87、34.32和33.43mm,土壤累积蒸发量随时间较好地符合幂函数关系。研究成果可为冻融期制定科学合理的保墒措施和有效抑制土壤蒸发提供依据。     

可降解膜覆盖对一维土柱水分蒸发的影响

为解决残膜污染问题、探讨降解膜覆盖对土壤水分蒸发过程的影响规律,开展室内土柱蒸发试验,研究了在2种辐射方式(连续、间断)下5种覆盖层(CK:无膜;PE:普通地膜厚0.008 mm;BD1:A型降解地膜厚0.010 mm,诱导期45 d;BD2:B型降解地膜厚0.010 mm,诱导期60 d;BD3:C型降解地膜厚0.012 mm,诱导期60 d)对土壤水分蒸发特性的影响.结果表明:地膜覆盖对土壤蒸发影响显著,连续辐射蒸发下,处理CK的累积蒸发量为34.2 mm,与 CK 相比处理PE,BD1,BD2,BD3的抑蒸率分别为31.22%,15.61%,15.94%和15.35%;间断辐射蒸发下,处理CK的累积蒸发量为32.5 mm,与 CK 相比处理PE,BD1,BD2,BD3的抑蒸率分别为25.84%,15.69%,16.74%和12.15%,抑制作用从大到小依次为PE,BD2,BD1,BD3,CK.在相同的辐射方式下,降解膜处理累积蒸发量的Rose模型拟合效果优于其他处理.从2种辐射方式下降解膜的蒸发特性和其拟合效果得出,B型完全生物降解地膜相对于A,C型完全生物降解地膜,能更有效地抑制水分的蒸发散失,其模型拟合效果更好.     

不同覆盖模式对土壤水分蒸发的影响

为了揭示不同覆盖模式抑制土壤水分蒸发的效果,通过模拟试验,对不同覆盖模式抑制土壤水分蒸发的效果进行了分析.试验设置无覆盖(CK)、覆砂(S)、覆砂+覆膜(SM)、覆秸秆+覆膜(JM)和覆秸秆+覆砂(JS)5种模式.结果表明:土壤表层不同覆盖处理的土壤日蒸发量不同,在蒸发初期,土壤水分蒸发量从大到小依次为CK,JS,JM,S,SM,之后基本保持CK,JS,S,SM,JM的变化趋势.当有降雨发生时,土壤水分蒸发量从大到小由CK,JM,SM,JS,S变为CK,JS,S,SM,JM的趋势;土壤表层的不同覆盖处理可有效减少土壤水分的蒸发,CK,JS,JM,S,SM处理的土壤水分累积蒸发量分别为1823.6,712.2,473.3,450.6,375.1 g,与对照相比,CK,JS,JM,S,SM处理的土壤水分累积蒸发量分别减少了60.9%,74.0%,75.3%,79.4%;在整个蒸发过程中,不同覆盖模式下土壤水分累积蒸发量与时间的关系符合W=at^b,综合分析可知,覆砂(S)处理是最符合试验区域的覆盖模式.     

不同粒径砾石覆盖对土壤水分蒸发

2007年在水利部水土保持监测中心采用花盆整体称重法，对5种不同粒径砾石覆盖下的土壤水分蒸发效应进行了研究。结果表明，不同粒径砾石覆盖可以有效减少土壤蒸发，与CK相比，2-4mm粒径的土壤日蒸发量降低最多，降幅可达44%，粒径越大，土壤蒸发越多。蒸发过程中，日均蒸发量2-4mm＜4-6mm＜6-8mm＜8-10mm＜CK，砾石覆盖对土壤累积蒸发量影响显著（p=0.01）。砾石覆盖后土壤蒸发分为两个阶段，第一阶段蒸发速度由覆盖物的特性决定；第二阶段对蒸发速度起主要影响的是土壤含水量，土壤蒸发总体上表现出前期快、后期慢的趋势。不同粒径砾石覆盖可以降低土壤温度的变幅，2-4mm砾石覆盖地表温差降低幅度最大，为对照的66%，砾石覆盖的降温速率整体上低于CK。     

石羊河流域膜下滴灌土壤水盐空间分布特征

通过田间试验,研究了膜下滴灌条件下,不同灌溉定额对春玉米生育期土壤水盐空间分布特征的影响.结果表明土壤含水量的时空分布受灌溉水量的影响.在灌溉期,0~20 cm土层土壤水分含量明显增加.随灌水定额的增加,土壤脱盐深度呈增大的趋势,其中,0~20 cm土层土壤脱盐现象明显,40~100 cm土层土壤积盐现象明显.在春玉米生育后期,灌水定额对滴灌带间的土壤淋洗作用较前期明显.在非灌溉期,由于较强烈的蒸发蒸腾作用,土壤含水量持续降低,作物的主要根系吸水层0~60 cm土层土壤水分含量阶段性变化明显.土壤盐分随土壤水分向上运移,在0~40 cm土层发生积盐现象,40~100 cm土层发生脱盐现象,畦灌方式在0~100 cm土层内均发生脱盐现象.膜下滴灌条件下,春玉米在拔节期前0~100 cm土层土壤含水率和含盐率变异系数分别属于中等变异和弱变异强度,之后两者均属于中等变异强度,且土壤含盐率变异强度始终低于土壤含水率.     

不同覆盖条件对土壤水分蒸发的影响

通过对景泰县兰州理工大学大规模荒漠改良工化试验基地土壤在不同覆盖条件下的水分蒸发量进行了对比试验研究。试验结果表明:土壤表面增加覆盖物可以有效的降低土壤蒸发;随覆盖物厚度的增加,土壤水分蒸发量逐渐降低;1、3、57、cm麦秸覆盖条件下土壤水分蒸发量比纯土分别降低20.9%、51.5%、67.5%、74.5%;1、3、5、7cm沙石覆盖条件下土壤水分蒸发量分别比纯土降低25.9%、48.9%、60.6%、70.8%;同时,连续17天测定结果表明,相同厚度情况下,麦秸覆盖下土壤蒸发量明显小于砂石覆盖的土壤水分蒸发量,5 cm厚覆盖物时,砂石是纯土的60.6%,麦秸是纯土的67.5%。试验表明同一时间段内不同覆盖条件下的土壤水分蒸发差异明显。     

Irrigation for crops in a sub-humid environment

Summary The water use of two soybean cultivars (Bragg and Ruse) was measured for three seasons for a range of irrigation treatments. The seasonal totals of plant and soil evaporation ranged from 450 to 750 mm or from 36 to 64% of class A pan evaporation for the same period. Both cultivars extracted approximately 60% of the total extractable soil water in the top 1.2 m of soil before actual evaporation (Ea) dropped below potential evaporation (Eo). Up to this point the ratio between Ea and class A pan evaporation averaged 0.8. Ruse used water at a faster rate than Bragg but Ruse was not as effective in extracting the deep (below 1.0 m) soil water as Bragg. Water use efficiency (kg seed ha^–1 mm^–1 water) showed a small but general increase with decreasing irrigation water application. Runoff losses varied from zero for non-irrigated Ruse in 1977/78 to 352 mm for frequently-irrigated Bragg in 1976/77, generally increasing with the number of irrigations.     

基于溴离子示踪的干旱地区潜水蒸发规律研究

【目的】定量研究干旱地区潜水蒸发规律。【方法】以河套灌区义长灌域为研究区,采用人工示踪剂溴离子示踪法研究了盐荒地潜水蒸发规律,通过获取试验期间研究区内6个试验点不同土层深度土壤溴离子质量浓度、含水率、含盐量数据,分别利用化学示踪法、水均衡法及经验公式法计算了潜水蒸发量,对比了3种方法的结果及适用性并分析了潜水蒸发量与不同土质、不同土壤含盐量的关系。【结果】利用溴示踪方法得到研究区7月6日—8月18日潜水蒸发总量为35.20 mm,平均潜水蒸发系数为0.28;水均衡法所得结果为32.29 mm,与示踪法所得结果的相关系数达到0.96;由于研究区域土壤异质性强,且干旱区水文地质资料较为匮乏,经验公式法参数获取难,水均衡法所需实测资料多,在研究区适用性不高。而溴示踪法操作简单、经济实用,适用性强,较其他2种方法更为可靠。研究区潜水蒸发量随黏粒质量分数的增加而不断减小,二者之间的相关系数达到了0.80,尤其当土壤中存在黏土夹层时,将降低潜水蒸发速率。【结论】研究区土壤含盐量的变化量随潜水蒸发量增加而不断增加,表明盐荒地强烈的蒸发作用是造成耕地与荒地水盐交换的驱动力,直接影响灌区的水循环过程。     

分散流控制壁对无压渗漏计收集效率影响的定量评价

无压渗漏计(Zero-tension lysimeter,ZTL)多用于非饱和带土壤溶质通量的监测,但由于ZTL安装时与原状土壤相接触会存在毛管障碍界面,易形成分散流使其土壤溶液收集效率降低。为准确描述田间水分渗漏量或土壤溶质的运移过程与规律,基于HYDRUS模型模拟结果,对ZTL不同设计(加装不同高度分散流控制壁)和不同适用环境条件(土壤质地、灌水量、土壤蒸发量和初始土壤含水率)的土壤渗漏水收集效率及影响因素进行数值模拟和定量评价。结果表明,无分散流控制壁的ZTL(ZTL0),在0.35 cm3/cm3土壤初始含水率、0.2 cm/d蒸发量和1 000 mm灌水量条件下的砂壤土、壤土和粉土处理,收集效率分别仅为11%、13%和26%,而在相同环境条件下安装分散流控制壁的ZTL(ZTLd),当控制壁高度为20 cm时可使收集效率提升到50%以上。安装的分散流控制壁高度随灌水量的降低、土壤持水能力的提高和土壤蒸发量的增大而升高,初始土壤含水率降低会使偏砂性土壤中安装的ZTLd收集效率降低,但在壤土和粉土中安装时可使其收集效率增大。增加ZTLd安装深度可能会导致其收集效率降低,在某一特定安装深度对ZTL收集效率计算的结果并不适用于其他深度。     

Gel-conditioned barriers for water management of sandy soils

Summary A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the effect of gel-forming conditioner (Jalma) at rates of 0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8% at four depths of gel-conditioned barriers: 0–0.05, 0.10–0.15, 0.15–0.20 and 0.20–0.25 m, on infiltration, intermittent evaporation, water conservation and soil moisture distribution for calcareous sandy soil (Typic Torripsamments) at two moisture regimes. Addition of 0.8% Jalma on surface significantly increased the time required for 50 mm to infiltrate (t₅₀) into the soil. However, with deeper subsurface barriers the rate of Jalma application had no significant affect on t₅₀ for the first cycle. Time required for 50 mm to infiltrate for any Jalma rate increased with the number of irrigation cycles due to cumulative increase of moisture of soil columns. The times required for 100 mm to infiltrate (t₁₀₀) increased with increased rate of Jalma application and decreased with the depth of the treated barrier. Surface treatment significantly reduced cumulative evaporation and thus increased the amount of water conserved (PWC). Sub-surface Jalma-treated barriers promoted evaporation and hence reduced the amount of water conserved. Soil moisture profile of the columns showed that Jalma-treated barriers may be used to establish zones of maximum water storage at various depths in a sand profile.     

Hydraulic properties and water balance of a clay soil cropped with cotton

A field study was carried out in the Cukurova Region, Southern Turkey to investigate the magnitude of the components of water balance, and the water uptake by cotton roots in relation to hydraulic properties of a clay soil. A plot cropped with cotton and with bare soil only were equipped with tensiometers, gypsum blocks, and access tubes for neutron probe to monitor soil water potential and water content.The hydraulic conductivity values, evaporation and drainage rates, and water withdrawal of roots were determined from field data with numerical calculations based on water flow equations.Results showed that the evaporation from bare soil was generally high during the three month period May to July varying between 4.5 and 1.0 mm/day. However, when soil water potential at 10 cm depth had decreased to -0.065 and -0.070 MPa in the drying phase, the evaporation from the soil decreased to 0.4 mm/day. The drainage rates were influenced by rainfall.The highest values of capillary flux toward the surface layer, and drainage rate from the cropped soil, were 2.0 and 1.8 mm/day respectively. Rates of water uptake by roots from the soil profile, not including the 0–10 cm layer, were high when compared with drainage and upward fluxes, changing between 7.7 and 1.4 mm/day during the experimental period. A good agreement between root length densities and water uptake was found; up to 80% of all roots were in the top 50 cm of the soil and 78% of the total water uptake was extracted from the same layer. Evapotranspiration was found to decline as a cubic function of the available water content of the top 120 cm of the soil profile.     

黄河三角洲盐渍土蒸发对土壤盐分变化的响应特征

为了探明黄河三角洲盐渍土蒸发对土壤盐分变化的响应特征,采用矿化度分别为5,10,30,50,70,90 g/L的咸水灌溉黄河三角洲0~40 cm土壤,获得不同盐分梯度的盐渍土处理,依次标记为处理T1—T6,并测定各处理的土壤含水率和电导率、蒸发强度和累积蒸发量等指标.结果表明,蒸发过程中表层土壤含水率和电导率均随土壤含盐量增加呈逐渐增加趋势;蒸发结束时,处理T1—T6的土壤表层平均含水率比试验初期降低了80.0%~95.8%,表层含水率的降低幅度随着含盐量增加而逐渐降低;土壤表层电导率分别增加135%~330%,且蒸发前期表层电导率增加幅度明显高于蒸发后期.土壤含盐量对土壤剖面含水率及电导率分布影响差异具有统计学意义,蒸发结束时,处理T1—T6表层0~2 cm比3~6 cm土壤含水率低了8.3%~30.5%,土壤电导率则高了82%~196%,且随着土壤含盐量增加,盐分对土壤剖面盐分分布的影响逐渐增强,表层与深层土壤含盐量差异逐渐增大.蒸发过程中,土壤平均蒸发强度和累积蒸发量随土壤含盐量增加呈降低趋势,处理T1—T6的平均蒸发强度为3.5×10^-4,3.5×10^-4,3.4×10^-4,3.2×10^-4,3.0×10^-4和2.7×10^-4 mm/d,土壤累积蒸发量分别为26.13,26.20,25.50,24.26,22.50和20.58 mm,且蒸发前期各处理的土壤平均蒸发强度及累积蒸发量均高于蒸发后期,土壤含盐量对土壤蒸发的抑制作用主要在蒸发前期.研究表明土壤含盐量可影响土壤剖面含水率与电导率分布以及土壤蒸发强度和累积蒸发量.     

贵州喀斯特峡谷花椒林地生态需水规律研究

以实地定点观测为基础,对贵州省典型喀斯特峡谷区花椒林地的生态需水进行了定量研究,分析了叶面蒸腾T与土面蒸发E作用的相互关系及蒸腾作用的分摊系数口,阐述了生态需水的一般规律.结果表明:全年蒸腾量均大于蒸发量,其分摊系数α总体维持在0.45～O.75之间,二者呈现明显的互为消长关系.蒸腾蒸发日变化与年变化曲线均表现为单峰曲线,一天中中午最大,一年中夏季最大.叶面系数和温度的影响作用较大,土壤含水量和相对湿度次之.花椒林地全年平均蒸散量为1.58 mm,夏半年日平均2.07 mm,冬半年1.09mm,年总耗水量为575.19mm,占年降雨总量的60.23%.     

Integrated effect of transplanting date, cultivar and irrigation on yield, water saving and water productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Indian Punjab: Field and simulation study

Individual effect of different field scale management interventions for water saving in rice viz. changing date of transplanting, cultivar and irrigation schedule on yield, water saving and water productivity is well documented in the literature. However, little is known about their integrated effect. To study that, field experimentation and modeling approach was used. Field experiments were conducted for 2 years (2006 and 2007) at Punjab Agricultural University Farm, Ludhiana on a deep alluvial loamy sand Typic Ustipsamment soils developed under hyper-thermic regime. Treatments included three dates of transplanting (25 May, 10 June and 25 June), two cultivars (PR 118 inbred and RH 257 hybrid) and two irrigation schedules (2-days drainage period and at soil water suction of 16 kPa). The model used was CropSyst, which has already been calibrated for growth (periodic biomass and LAI) of rice and soil water content in two independent experiments. The main findings of the field and simulation studies conducted are compared to any individual, integrated management of transplanting date, cultivar and irrigation, sustained yield (6.3-7.5 t ha⁻¹) and saved substantial amount of water in rice. For example, with two management interventions, i.e. shifting of transplanting date to lower evaporative demand (from 5 May to 25 June) concomitant with growing of short duration hybrid variety (90 days from transplanting to harvest), the total real water saving (wet saving) through reduction in evapotranspiration (ET) was 140 mm, which was almost double than managing the single, i.e. 66 mm by shifting transplanting or 71 mm by growing short duration hybrid variety. Shifting the transplanting date saved water through reduction in soil water evaporation component while growing of short duration variety through reduction in both evaporation and transpiration components of water balance. Managing irrigation water schedule based on soil water suction of 16 kPa at 15-20 cm soil depth, compared to 2-day drainage, did not save water in real (wet saving), however, it resulted into apparent water saving (dry saving). The real crop water productivity (marketable yield/ET) was more by 17% in 25th June transplanted rice than 25th May, 23% in short duration variety than long and 2% in irrigation treatment of 16 kPa soil water suction than 2-days drainage. The corresponding values for the apparent crop water productivity (marketable yield/irrigation water applied) were 16, 20 and 50%, respectively. Pooled experimental data of 2 years showed that with managing irrigation scheduling based on soil water suction of 16 kPa at 15-20 cm soil depth, though 700 mm irrigation water was saved but the associated yield was reduced by 277 kg ha⁻¹.     

Responses of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) evapotranspiration and yield to sprinkler irrigation regimes

The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the main productive regions for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) in China. However, water-saving irrigation technologies (WSITs), such as sprinkler irrigation technology and improved surface irrigation technology, and water management practices, such as irrigation scheduling have been adopted to improve field-level water use efficiency especially in winter wheat growing season, due to the water scarcity and continuous increase of water in industry and domestic life in the NCP. As one of the WSITs, sprinkler irrigation has been increasingly used in the NCP during the past 20 years. In this paper, a three-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the responses of volumetric soil water content (SWC), winter wheat yield, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) to sprinkler irrigation regimes based on the evaporation from an uncovered, 20-cm diameter pan located 0-5 cm above the crop canopy in order to develop an appropriate sprinkler irrigation scheduling for winter wheat in the NCP. Results indicated that the temporal variations in SWC for irrigation treatments in the 0-60-cm soil layer were considerably larger than what occurred at deeper depths, whereas temporal variations in SWC for non-irrigation treatments were large throughout the 0-120-cm soil layer. Crop leaf area index, dry biomass, 1000-grains weight and yield were negatively affected by water stress for those treatments with irrigation depth less than 0.50E, where E is the net evaporation (which includes rainfall) from the 20-cm diameter pan. While irrigation with a depth over 1.0E also had negative effect on 1000-grains weight and yield. The seasonal ET of winter wheat was in a range of 206-499 mm during the three years experiments. Relatively high yield, WUE and IWUE were found for the irrigation depth of 0.63E. Therefore, for winter wheat in the NCP the recommended amount of irrigation to apply for each event is the total 0.63E that occurred after the previous irrigation provided total E is in a range of 30-40 mm.