贵州高原水稻引种生态气候指标研究

从水稻品种与生态气候方面入手，详细研究了增产幅度与气候变差、高度变差、生育期变差的相互关系，得出了水稻引种的生态气候指标。初步认为：当水稻引种地与原产地的气候变差小于７．０时，水稻品种的适应性较好，引种较易成功；贵州高原水稻引进品种增产幅度与原产地的海拔高度有关，高差越小，增产幅度越大；引进水稻品种生育期变差在７ｄ左右时，引种较易成功。     

淡水渔业与水体气候的关系

以生态观战简述了淡水渔业中水体气候的若干问题；研究鱼类的生长环境应以水体的生态气候因子为可靠依据；我国淡水鱼类依温度生态型的差异有不同适宜生长分布区；各地水体因光，热差别产生不同有浮游植物气候生产力，淡水渔业气候区划主要应以水体气候资源特征及其对鱼类分布，生长和对水体初级生产力的影响为依据。     

淡水渔业与水体气候的关系

以生态观点简述了淡水渔业中水体气候的若干问题：研究鱼类的生长环境应以水体的生态气候因子为可靠依据；我国淡水鱼类依温度生态型的差异有不同适宜生长分布区；各地水体因光、热判别产生不同的浮游植物气候生产力；淡水鱼业气候区划主要应以水体气候资源特征及其对鱼类分布、生长和对水体初级和平力的影响为依据。     

河南省小麦气候生态区划及生长发育特点

对影响小麦分蘖成穗、穗粒数、千粒重的１２个气候要素，有代表性的８个地点进行模糊聚类分析，当选取λ值为０．８５７时，将河南省小麦气候生态聚为４个类区；简述了各气候生态区的小麦品种布局原则、生育特点及进一步提高产量的关键措施。     

河西走廊胡麻生育气候条件分析及适生种植区划

分析研究得出影响该地区胡麻生育状况及产量形成的关键气象因子是5-6月各旬的平均气温和7月下旬-8月下旬的旬平均气温；其次为降水，光照的影响最小。关键期是胡麻苗期和蒴果形成阶段。并以此为依据进行了河西地区胡麻生态气候适生种植分区。提出了合理利用气候资源的途径。     

武陵山区杜仲生态气候特征的初步研究

杜仲是我国特有经济林树种,其皮、叶、材和种子皆有经济价值。本文从地质史和生态气候学的观点,论证了武陵山区是杜仲的原产地。研究了在不同地形、不同海拔气象因子与杜仲生长的关系。根据数年的试验和20多年观测资料的统计分析,探讨了杜仲生态气候特征。并运用模糊相似优先比的分析方法,根据武陵山区10个试验地点的6个气象要素,计算了综合相似程度,划分了适宜种植区和较适宜种植区两类栽培地段,得出了武陵山区杜仲林的发展区划和适宜气候条件,为该地区脱贫致富,开发杜仲栽培提供科学依据。     

甘肃省油菜生态气候适应性分析与适生种植区划

采用数理统计方法分析了甘肃省甘蓝型春油菜及白菜型冬、春油菜的生理特性和要求的生态气候条件,确定了生态气候适生种植区划综合指标体系,将甘肃省油菜种植区划分为五级．并针对各地资源特点和油菜生育特性提出了提高生态气候资源利用效率的途径。     

陇中地区春小麦生态气候条件分析及气候资源利用研究

利用积分回归方法，分析陇中地区春小麦与生态气候条件的关系，建立了气候-产量模式，并提出了提高春小麦气候资源利用率的途径。     

四川盆地小麦产量形成的气候生态研究及区划

分析了四川盆地小麦产量形成与气候生态条件的关系,建立了四川盆地小麦分蘖率、成穗率、穗粒数和千粒重的气候生态模型.结果表明:小麦生育前期的湿害、中期干旱、后期的湿害和高温以及整个生育期间的光照条件不足是造成四川盆地小麦产量不高和产量分布不平衡的重要原因.用影响四川盆地小麦产量构成因子及产量分布的主要气候要素,进行模糊聚类分析,将四川盆地划分为7个不同的气候生态区域.     

甘肃中部百合气候适应性及适生种植区划

分析了百合在甘肃中部的气候适应性，及地理、气候因子对百合生产的影响，确定了百合生态气候适生种植区划指标，对甘肃中部百合种植进行了乡级适生种植区划。     

西藏茶叶稳定同位素特征与区域差异及环境因子关系分析

西藏茶叶具有高原茶品质特征,是助推西藏经济发展的重要高价值农产品。为探明西藏茶叶同位素特征,探索气象环境对茶叶同位素的影响,本研究收集了西藏不同海拔地区茶叶以及全国主产区茶叶样品,分析茶叶中稳定同位素值(δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O),同时收集部分采样点的环境气象信息,结合偏最小二乘法(PLS)探究西藏茶叶同位素特征及环境因子关联性。结果表明,西藏茶叶δ¹³C值分布于-31.9‰~-27.8‰之间,随海拔升高而降低,显著低于其他主产区样品(P<0.01),δ¹³C值主要与采样当月的日照时间和气温有关;西藏茶叶δ¹⁵N与其他主产区样品无显著差异,且与环境气象因子关联性较弱;δ²H值介于-111.5‰~-40.5‰之间,与环境气象因子关联性最强,受相对湿度等多种因素影响; δ¹⁸O值介于22.2‰ ~ 27.6‰之间,主要与气温关系密切。本研究结果为西藏茶叶产地特征挖掘提供了研究思路,为西藏茶叶品牌保护提供了一定的理论依据。     

Vulnerability of Sri Lanka tea production to global climate change

The tea industry is Sri Lanka's main net foreign exchange earner and source of income for the majority of laborers. Tea yield is greatly influenced by weather, and especially by droughts, which cause irreparable losses because irrigation is seldom used on tea plantations. At the other extreme, heavy rains erode top soil and wash away fertilizers and other chemicals. In the recently published Sri Lanka country report on climate change, it was reported that the island will experience extreme rainfall intensities and warmer temperatures as a result of climate change. The possibility of a 10% increase in the length of dry and wet seasons per year in the main plantation area was also indicated. Thus both drought damages and soil losses in tea production areas will increase in the years to come. An analysis of the results of field experiments with weather data shows that increases in temperature, soil moisture deficit, and saturation vapor pressure deficit in the low elevations will adversely affect growth and yield of tea. Reports have also shown that about 30 cm of soil has already been eroded from upland tea plantations. Under these circumstances, the tea industry in Sri Lanka is clearly vulnerable to predicted climate changes, and subsequently greater economic, social, and environmental problems. This paper discusses the various aspects of the adverse effects of climate change on Sri Lanka's tea industry.     

基于GIS和改进型土地生态适宜性评价模型的茶叶适宜性综合评价

Tea(Camellia sinensis) is one of the most valuable cash crops in southern China;however,the planting distribution of tea crops is not optimal and the production and cultivation regions of tea crops are restricted by law and custom.In order to evaluate the suitability of tea crops in Zhejiang Province,the annual mean temperature,the annual accumulated temperature above 10 C,the frequency of extremely low temperature below 13 C,the mean humidity from April to October,slope,aspect,altitude,soil type,and soil texture were selected from climate,topography,and soil factors as factors for land ecological evaluation by the Delphi method based on the ecological characteristics of tea crops.These nine factors were quantitatively analyzed using a geographic information system(GIS).The grey relational analysis(GRA) was combined with the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) to address the uncertainties during the process of evaluating the traditional land ecological suitability,and a modified land ecological suitability evaluation(LESE) model was built.Based on the land-use map of Zhejiang Province,the regions that were completely unsuitable for tea cultivation in the province were eliminated and then the spatial distribution of the ecological suitability of tea crops was generated using the modified LESE model and GIS.The results demonstrated that the highly,moderately,and non-suitable regions for the cultivation of tea crops in Zhejiang Province were 27 552.66,42 724.64,and 26 507.97 km 2,and accounted for 28.47%,44.14%,and 27.39% of the total evaluation area,respectively.Validation of the method showed a high degree of coincidence with the current planting distribution of tea crops in Zhejiang Province.The modified LESE model combined with GIS could be useful in quickly and accurately evaluating the land ecological suitability of tea crops,providing a scientific basis for the rational distribution of tea crops and acting as a reference to land policy makers and land use planners.     

亚热带红壤丘陵茶区茶-杉复合系统生态经济效应探析

定位试验研究结果表明,亚热带红壤丘陵区茶-杉复合茶园比单一茶园光照强度降低31.1%~50.1%,且园内气温、地表与土壤温度、茶树叶面温度及其高温危害产生的频率等均低于单一茶园,园内湿度和土壤含水量分别高于单一茶园,茶树主要害虫天敌种群数量比单一茶园多118.75%,而其害虫数量仅为单一茶园的45.4%,且茶叶产量提高,其品质亦明显改善。     

基于高光谱图像的茶树LAI与氮含量反演

为了对茶树进行实时、快速、无损的叶面积指数LAI和氮含量检测,该文以英红九号茶树为试验对象,利用便携式高光谱成像仪采集光谱数据、人工破坏性采摘叶片进行叶面积指数的计算以及传统化学方法测量叶片氮含量,比较不同高光谱特征变换形式与LAI和氮含量之间的相关性,并选择其中相关系数较高的高光谱特征变量作为自变量,分别采用线性、指数、对数和抛物线表达式建立LAI和氮含量的回归模型。结果显示:在多种高光谱数据变量建立的模型中,以绿峰反射率R_g为自变量的对数拟合模型最佳,其拟合样本的决定系数R~2和验证样本的均方根误差RMSE值分别为0.9和0.087 6。以植被指数变量VI_4(红边面积/黄边面积)与氮含量建立的指数模型为最佳建模效果,拟合样本的决定系数R~2和验证样本的均方根误差RMSE值分别为0.830 3和0.102 9,研究结果可为茶树叶面积指数LAI和营养成分的无损检测提供参考。     

不同土地利用类型下土壤-作物铅的积累特征及其健康风险分析

潜在有毒污染物对人体的暴露及其健康风险是当前环境研究中的一个主要问题,重金属Pb对人体具有较大毒性,为此通过对研究区菜地、稻田、果园、旱地、茶园等5种典型土地利用类型402个土壤和同步采集的作物样品的测试分析,探讨了不同土地利用方式对土壤及其种植作物Pb积累的影响。研究结果表明,不同土地利用方式下,土壤Pb积累的程度不同,菜地土壤Pb积累程度最高,果园土壤Pb积累程度最低。方差分析结果表明,菜地土壤与茶园、果园土壤之间,茶园土壤与菜地、稻田、旱地土壤之间Pb含量存在显著差异性。研究区不同土地利用方式对作物Pb积累的影响较大,水稻Pb平均含量最高,水果Pb平均含量最低。不同作物之间Pb含量也存在显著性差异,水稻Pb含量显著高于其他4种作物,水果和蔬菜Pb含量则远低于其他3种作物。利用定性风险分析技术,对不同土地利用类型下土壤Pb对人体健康的风险商值进行了计算。结果表明,不同土地类型土壤Pb对人体健康的风险商值为稻田〉菜地〉旱地〉果园,尤其是稻田和菜地土壤Pb对人体健康的风险较大,均存在土壤Pb含量对人体健康造成危害、处于不可接受的样点,居民面临较大健康风险,应采取积极措施对这两种土地利用类型下土壤Pb污染进行治理和修复。     

泰安市茶树种植气候条件分析

利用泰安市5个气象台站1970-2004年的气候资料,结合茶树的生态学特性,探讨了泰安市气候条件对茶树生长发育和茶叶品质的影响,系统分析了有利和不利的气候因素,由此提出了泰安市茶园栽培管理技术措施和对茶叶产业发展的建议.     

The effect of tea plantation age on soil water-stable aggregates and aggregate-associated carbohydrate in southwestern China

Soil carbohydrates constitute an important component of soil organic matter (SOM), and substantially contribute to the stabilization of soil aggregates. Here, we aimed to investigate the distribution of water-stable aggregates and carbohydrates within water-stable aggregates of soil in tea plantations located in Zhongfeng Township of Mingshan County, Sichuan, which is in southwest China. Samples were collected from tea plantations of different ages (18, 25, 33, and 55 years old) and an area of abandoned land was used as a control(CK). We also examined correlations between soil carbohydrates fractions and aggregate stability. The results showed that the mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates in the tea plantations was significantly higher than that the control. Furthermore, the soil aggregate stability was significantly enhanced in tea plantations, with the 25-year-old plantation showing the most pronounced effect. Soils in the plantations were also characterized by higher concentrated acid-extracted carbohydrate content, and carbohydrate content in both surface and sub-surface layers were higher in the 25-year-old plantation. We also detected a significant positive correlation between the carbohydrate content of soil and MWD after tea plantation (P < 0.01). Notably, the association between dilute-acid extracted carbohydrate and the aggregate stability showed the highest correlation, indicating this carbohydrate fraction could be used as an index to reflect changes in soil quality during tea plantation development. We should develop a potential fertilisation programme to maintain SOM- Carbohydrates within aggregates and the appropriate pH for preventing soil structure degradation after 25 years of tea planting.     

我国茶园施肥现状与减施潜力分析

【目的】茶树是我国重要的经济作物之一,合理施肥是保证茶叶高产优质的重要措施,受茶树品种、采摘模式、栽培水平的影响,我国不同地区茶园间施肥量存在较大的差异。厘清我国茶园施肥现状,分析不同茶区施肥水平的差异,寻求差异化的减肥途径,对实现我国茶园化肥减施增效,促进茶产业可持续发展具有重要意义。【方法】依托国家茶产业技术体系试验站,本研究于2010—2014年期间在我国主要茶区调查了5000多个茶树种植单元,约占我国茶园总面积的5%。调查内容包括氮磷钾肥料品种、用量、施用时间、施用方式以及茶园面积、茶树品种、施肥成本等信息。根据肥料养分含量计算不同种植单元的氮磷钾养分投入量,有机养分替代比例,并以现行的茶园推荐施肥标准作为施肥评价依据,对不同区域茶园的施肥水平进行了评价。【结果】我国茶园的养分投入总量 (N + P₂O₅ + K₂O) 为796 kg/hm2,施用有机肥的茶园样本比例为46%,按纯养分计,茶园有机养分投入量平均占总养分投入量的15%。各省茶区年均养分投入量为N 281～745 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 72～485 kg/hm2、K₂O 76～961 kg/hm2。参照目前的推荐肥料用量,我国有30%左右茶园存在化肥过量施用问题,其中山东、湖北、湖南、江西、四川、福建等地过量施肥问题较为突出。复合肥已成为茶园的重要肥料品种,80%的茶园施用的是等养分比例的复合肥,茶园中磷肥或者钾肥过量施用现象开始凸显,福建、江西、湖南等地过半茶园磷、钾养分投入过量。根据过量施肥茶园的现有施肥水平,通过总量控制和增加有机肥比例等途径,大约可削减30%～40%的化肥用量。【结论】我国30%的茶园化肥过量施用,80%的茶园施用的化肥氮磷钾比例不完全符合茶叶养分需求,有机肥养分所占比例偏低,只有15%。依据不同茶区养分具体管理方式、茶叶栽培特点以及土壤条件,因地制宜采取差异化的茶园化肥减施策略,大约可削减30%～40%的化肥用量。     

不同树龄茶树根际土壤酶活性的变化分析

以不同种植年限黄金桂茶树根际土壤为研究对象,分析茶树树龄对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,茶树根际土壤中与养分循环相关的酸性磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性随着茶树树龄的增加而上升,且与茶树树龄呈显著正相关,中性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶则相反;茶树根际土壤中与抗性相关的多酚氧化酶活性随着茶树树龄的增加而上升且与茶树树龄呈显著正相关,而过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶活性则呈下降趋势,与茶树树龄呈显著负相关。土壤酶对茶树树龄的敏感性分析结果表明,不同土壤酶响应茶树树龄变化的趋势为过氧化氢酶脲酶脱氢酶蔗糖酶过氧化物酶多酚氧化酶酸性磷酸酶中性磷酸酶碱性磷酸酶。可见,在茶树生产管理过程中应适当提高磷肥的施用量,老茶树应当加强土壤松耕,以提高土壤中抗性酶活性。