盐渍条件下丛枝菌根真菌对番茄营养吸收及离子毒害的影响

为探究盐渍条件下丛枝菌根真菌对番茄营养吸收及离子毒害的作用,采用盆栽试验研究了不同浓度NaCl(0.5％和1％)胁迫下,接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae-2对番茄营养吸收的影响.结果表明:在盐胁迫下,番茄接种Glomus mosseae-2,显著提高了地上部及根系N、P、K+和Ca2的含量,显著降低Na+含量,对Cl-含量虽有减少但无显著影响.接种后还显著影响盐胁迫下植株的营养吸收及平衡,增加地上部及根系K+/Na+、P/Na+、Ca2+/Na+及根系P/Cl-值.这些比值与植株总干质量均呈显著正相关,其中与K+/Na+、P/Na+、Ca2 +/Na+相关性最大.接菌番茄耐盐性提高与AMF改善植株营养状况尤其是提高K、P含量,保持较高K+/Na+、P/Na+、Ca2 +/Na+比值、降低植株Na+含量从而降低Na+对植株的毒害作用有关.     

盐碱胁迫对小冰麦种子萌发和早期幼苗生长的影响

分别将两种中性盐(NaCl和Na2SO4)与两种碱性盐(NaHCO3和Na2CO3)均按摩尔比9∶1混合,在模拟出不同强度的盐碱胁迫条件。比较了盐碱胁迫对小冰麦种子萌发、早期幼苗生长及幼苗中Na+、K+离子含量的影响。结果表明,碱胁迫对小冰麦种子萌发的抑制作用明显大于盐胁迫,而碱胁迫对萌发的抑制可能是致死的。碱胁迫对早期幼苗生长的抑制作用也明显大于盐胁迫,尤其对幼根的抑制作用。碱胁迫明显破坏根的结构和功能,导致根活力急剧下降。盐碱胁迫均造成芽和幼根Na+含量上升而K+含量下降,Na+/K+也随之升高。但若两种胁迫相比,碱胁迫下Na+含量及Na+/K+比值上升幅度和K+含量下降幅度均大于盐胁迫。小冰麦的Na+、K+含量变化特点表明,碱胁迫造成的高pH干扰了根系选择性吸收K+、Na+的能力,而造成了植物体内Na+、K+不均衡,这可能是碱胁迫对小冰麦的伤害作用大于盐胁迫的原因所在。     

盐胁迫对将军菊苣生长及离子吸收的影响

旨在了解盐胁迫对将军菊苣的生长及Na+、K+、Ca2+吸收和分配的影响。用Hoagland溶液配制不同浓度的NaCl (70、140、210、280 mmol/L)并处理将军菊苣幼苗15天,测定其生物量、生长速率、新生叶参数和矿物质离子。结果表明：与对照组相比,随着盐浓度升高,菊苣生长速率明显减缓(P<0.05);叶长、宽和面积以及鲜重均显著下降,而70 mmol/L组植株根系干重显著增高(P<0.05);处理组根和叶的Na+含量均明显升高而K+含量降低,其中根部显著降低(P<0.05),Ca2+含量变化不明显;根和叶的K+/Na+以及叶的Ca2+/Na+比值均显著降低。这说明盐胁迫造成菊苣植株的离子失衡,促使K+和Ca2+的选择性吸收而耗能,从而使植株生长受到抑制。     

小麦耐盐性鉴定指标和方法的研究

本文中的小麦耐盐性鉴定指标是指种子发芽率、幼苗存活率、根长、苗高及苗重、分蘖数、籽粒重和产量、植株地上部的K+/Na+比率。常用的生理生化指标包括:细胞膜透性、ATP酶活性、羟脯氨酸(Hyp)和糖蛋白中糖分含量、甜菜碱含量、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量等。本文主要研究二者与小麦的盐胁迫反应具有非常密切的关系,反映小麦的耐盐能力。小麦耐盐性鉴定的方法:芽期耐盐性的鉴定方法、苗期耐盐性的鉴定方法和全生育期耐盐性的鉴定方法,可用于小麦种质资源耐盐鉴定评价和耐盐品种选育。     

盐胁迫下棉花K~+和Na~+离子转运的耐盐性生理机制

为了探究棉花的耐盐机制,以中棉所49、中棉所35和中51504为材料,研究了盐胁迫对棉花幼苗的生长及K+/Na+平衡生理的影响。结果表明,150 mmol·L-1 Na Cl处理对幼苗的生长具有明显抑制作用,降低了叶片的光合速率(Pn)、PSⅡ实际光量子产额(ΦPSII)和电子传递速率(ETR),增加了非光化学荧光猝灭系数(q N)。与中棉所49和中棉所35相比,中51504的干物质累积受盐胁迫影响最小,且保持较高的Pn、ΦPSII、ETR和q N值及较低的ETR/Pn值。盐胁迫提高了棉花组织中Na+的浓度,降低了K+的浓度;但中51504组织中保持了相对较低的Na+浓度和较高的K+浓度,维持了较高的K+/Na+比;通过非损伤微测技术(NMT)测定的离子流结果也表明,中51504的根系对Na+有较强的外排能力,而对K+有较强的保留和向地上部转运能力。能够有效地调节Na+和K+的跨膜转运进而维持K+/Na+平衡是棉花耐盐的重要生理机制之一。     

NaCl胁迫对燕麦与小麦幼苗生长及其营养吸收的影响

采用水培的方法,研究了NaCl胁迫对燕麦和小麦幼苗生长及其营养吸收的影响,旨在为全面比较两种作物的耐盐性以及高效利用内蒙古地区的盐碱地提供基础信息。结果表明:与对照相比,低浓度NaCl处理(40 mmol/L)促进了燕麦的株高、生物量的增加,当NaCl浓度分别达到60 mmol/L与80 mmol/L时,明显降低了小麦与燕麦的株高、生物量,其中小麦较燕麦下降幅度大;随着NaCl浓度的增加,燕麦幼苗茎叶、小麦幼苗根中全N含量有所下降,而燕麦与小麦植株中全P含量有所增加;燕麦与小麦植株中K+、Ca2+含量、K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+比值随NaCl浓度的增加迅速降低,且小麦的降低效应大于燕麦,在同一处理NaCl胁迫下燕麦的K+/Na+高于小麦。     

NaCl胁迫下棉花幼苗的离子平衡

采用水培法 ,研究了 Na Cl胁迫对耐盐性不同的两个棉花 (Gossypium hirsutum L .)品种 (枝棉 3号 ,耐盐性较强 ;泗棉 2号 ,耐盐性较弱 )幼苗叶片及根系 Ca、K、Mg、P、Mn、Cu、Fe、Zn等矿质元素含量的影响。用 ICP- AES法测定结果表明 ,经 1 0 0和 2 0 0 mmol· L- 1Na Cl分别处理 1 4d后 ,两品种棉花幼苗叶片及根系 Ca、K、Mg、P、Mn等元素含量均明显下降 ,其中尤其以 Mn、Ca、K元素含量下降最为显著。而 Fe、Zn、Cu等三种微量元素含量却有不同程度增加。随盐处理浓度增加 ,根系 Na+增加量趋于饱和 ,而叶片 Na+仍持续大量积累 ,导致植株体内阳离子含量显著增加 ,破坏了植株体内的离子平衡。耐盐性不同的两个棉花品种 ,叶片及根系 Ca、K、Mg、Mn、Zn等元素含量变化均无明显差异 ,而在叶片 Cu、Fe元素及根系P元素含量变化方面存在差异     

盐胁迫下不同基因型棉花萌发生长和离子吸收特性

在 0、1 0 0、2 0 0 mmol· L- 1Na Cl处理下 ,对棉花耐盐性差异较大的两个基因型枝棉 3号和泗棉 2号的萌发特性、盐分吸收以及棉花幼苗性状进行了研究。结果表明 ,在 2 0 0 mmol· L- 1Na Cl胁迫 7d后 ,两基因型种子的含水量和子叶 K+含量没有显著差异 ,但耐盐较强品种枝棉 3号 Na+、Cl- 含量和电导率明显低于耐盐较弱品种泗棉 2号。盐胁迫下枝棉 3号幼苗性状显著好于泗棉2号     

萝卜幼苗在盐胁迫下的生理响应研究

旨在研究不同强度的盐胁迫对萝卜幼苗的影响及其生理响应机制,为萝卜的抗盐机制研究和耐盐品种的选育做一些前期研究。在人工基质培养条件下,通过往营养液中加入Na Cl,配置成不同浓度盐溶液(0、50、100、150、200 mmol/L),以此模拟盐胁迫逆境。在幼苗生长方面,随盐分的升高,叶片鲜重、地上部鲜重等7个指标出现明显下降,在盐浓度超过100 mmol/L以后,这些指标都与对照有显著性差异;而地下部鲜重、地下部干重2个指标随盐分增加出现了先升高后下降的趋势。幼苗期的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随盐分升高表现为先降低,后升高,最后再降低的规律。相对叶绿素含量呈现下降趋势,丙二醛(MDA)呈现升高趋势,可溶性蛋白含量呈现升高趋势,但在200 mmol/L浓度下,迅速下降。盐胁迫抑制萝卜幼苗的生长,并且逆境强度越强,抑制越明显。抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量在盐胁迫下起到了维持细胞膜稳定的作用;相对叶绿素、丙二醛的含量能较好地反映出幼苗受盐害的程度。     

KNO3、K2SO4及其混盐胁迫对辣椒幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

为探讨日光温室土壤主要盐分对作物生长和光合特性的影响,以辣椒品种亮剑为研究试材,比较研究了50,100,150,200mmol/L的KNO,、K2SO4及其混盐(1:1)对辣椒幼苗株高、根长、叶片数、地上地下部鲜干质量、叶绿素含量、光合作用指标的影响.结果表明:随着盐胁迫浓度的逐渐增加,辣椒幼苗的株高、根长、叶片数、生...     

甘薯苗期耐盐性鉴定及其指标筛选

以18个甘薯品种(系)为试验材料, 设置对照和200 mmol L ^-1 NaCl浓度处理, 通过苗期盐土栽培胁迫方式, 对各处理下各品种(系)的茎叶鲜重、根系鲜重、茎叶干重、根系干重、叶片相对电导率、F_v/F_m、SPAD值、SOD酶活性、MDA含量、脯氨酸含量、根系活力、根系Na ⁺和K ⁺含量、Na ⁺/K ⁺比值等14个生理指标进行测定, 通过对各单项指标的耐盐系数进行相关分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和逐步回归等方法对品种(系)耐盐性进行综合评价。通过主成分分析, 将盐胁迫处理下甘薯苗期的14个单项指标转换成5个彼此独立的综合指标; 通过隶属函数分析, 得到不同品种(系)苗期耐盐性综合评价值(D值), 并通过聚类分析, 将18个甘薯品种(系)划分为4种耐盐类型, 其中盐敏感型4个、弱耐盐型3个、中度耐盐型7个和高度耐盐型4个。在此基础上, 利用逐步回归方法建立了可用于甘薯苗期耐盐性评价的回归方程, 同时筛选出茎叶鲜重、根系鲜重、茎叶干重、叶片SPAD值、SOD酶活性、MDA含量、脯氨酸含量、根系Na ⁺/K ⁺比值等8个可用于甘薯苗期耐盐性评价的生理指标。本研究可为甘薯耐盐新品种选育提供种质并为甘薯苗期耐盐性评价及耐盐机制研究提供理论依据。     

Using Growth and Ionic Contents of Wheat Seedlings as Rapid Screening Tool for Salt Tolerance

High germination percentage with vigorous early growth is preferred for harvesting good wheat stand under saline soils. Therefore, an attempt for rapid screening of wheat genotypes for salt tolerance was made in this study. Eleven wheat genotypes including salt tolerant check Kiran-95were subjected to salinity (120 and 160 mMNaCl) along with non-saline control. Results showed a gradual decrease in seed germination and restricted seedling growth in tested wheat genotypes in response to increasing NaCl concentration in nutrient solution. Among the genotypes, NIA-AS-14-6 and NIA-AS-14-7 exhibited more sensitivity towards the salt stress at the germination stage but NIA-AS-14-6 performed quite satisfactorily later on at the seedling stage. Wheat genotypes NIA-AS-14-2, NIA-AS-14-4, NIA-AS-14-5, NIA-AS-14-10, and Kiran-95 showed better performance in term of root-shoot length, plant biomasses (fresh and dry), K⁺:Na⁺ ratio with least Na⁺ content, and high accumulation of K⁺ at higher levels of NaCl stress. On the basis of overall results, the categorization of genotypes was carried out as sensitive, moderately tolerant, and tolerant. Wheat genotypes NIA-AS-14-2, NIA-AS-14-4, NIA-AS-14-5, NIA-AS-14-10, and Kiran-95 grouped as tolerant, moderately salt tolerant group comprised of NIA-AS-14-1, NIA-AS-14-3, NIA-AS-14-6, and NIA-AS-14-8, whereas, NIA-AS-14-7 and NIA-AS-14-9 were found sensitive to salt stress. Principal component analysis revealed that components I and II contributed 70 and 16.5%, respectively. All growth parameters are associated with each other except RDW. In addition to growth traits, low Na⁺ and improved K⁺ content with better K⁺:Na⁺ ratio may be used for screening of salt tolerance in wheat as potential physiological criteria.     

绿豆种质资源苗期耐盐性鉴定及耐盐种质筛选

土壤盐渍化已成为影响中国农业生产的重要问题,筛选耐盐绿豆种质资源对于盐渍化土地利用具有重要意义。本研究对346份国内外绿豆种质苗期用150 mmol L–1 NaCl进行胁迫处理,测定了株高、地上部鲜重、根鲜重、地上部干重、根干重、根长、根体积等12个指标,采用主成分分析和隶属函数分析、耐盐性综合评价分析及聚类分析对各样本的耐盐性进行了综合评价和归类,并采用逐步回归分析建立了耐盐性预测回归方程。结果表明,处理组与对照组各性状评价指标存在极显著差异,且12个指标的耐盐系数间均存在着不同程度的相关性。结合盐害症状等级划分与耐盐性综合评价结果,筛选到苗期高耐盐(1级)绿豆26份,耐盐(3级)绿豆65份,对盐分敏感(7级)绿豆74份,对盐分极敏感(9级)绿豆18份。其中来自江西的C04125、菲律宾的C06310等10份耐盐能力最强,可作为绿豆耐盐育种的优异种质资源。地上部鲜重、根鲜重、根干重、根长、根体积和根分枝数可以作为绿豆苗期耐盐性评价指标。     

Salinity Effects on the Growth and Ion Contents of Some Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) Varieties

The effect of salinity on seed germination, plant yield parameters, and plant Na, Cl and K concentrations of chickpea and lentil varieties was studied. Results showed that in both crops percentage emergence was significantly reduced by increasing NaCl levels (0–8dSm^?1). From the plant growth studies it was found that differences existed among chickpea and lentil varieties in their response to NaCl application. In chickpea, the variety Mariye showed the comparatively lowest germination percentage and the lowest seedling shoot dry weight in response to salinity and was also among the two varieties which had the lowest relative plant height, shoot and root dry weight and grain yield at maturity. Similarly, variety DZ-10-16-2, which was the second best in germination percentage and the highest in terms of seedling shoot dry weight, also had the highest relative plant height, shoot and root dry weights, and grain yield at maturity. In lentil, however, such relationships were less pronounced. Chloride concentration (mg g^?1) in the plant parts at salt levels other than the control was about 2–5 times that of Na. K concentration in the plants was significantly reduced by increasing NaCl levels. Chickpea was generally more sensitive to NaCl salinity than lentil. While no seeds were produced at salinity levels beyond 2dSm^?1 in chickpea (no seeds were produced at this salt level in the most sensitive variety, Mariye), most lentil varieties could produce some seeds up to the highest level of NaCl application. Overall, varieties R-186 (lentil) and Mariye (chickpea) were the most sensitive of all varieties. On the other hand, lentil variety NEL-2704 and chickpea variety DZ-10-16-2 gave comparatively higher mean relative shoot and root dry weights, and grain yield, thus showing some degree of superiority over the others. The observed variations among the varieties may be useful indications for screening varieties of both crops for salt tolerance.     

两个小麦新品种的耐盐性分析

为了研究不同浓度NaCl胁迫对小麦生理特性及TaNHX1基因表达的影响,以鲁原502和青麦6号2个小麦新品种为试验材料,50,100,150,200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下测定2个小麦品种种子发芽率、幼苗鲜质量、根系活力、质膜透性、MDA含量、Na~+含量等生理指标,并通过荧光定量PCR方法对小麦耐盐基因TaNHX1在根部和茎基部的表达量进行了比较。结果表明,100 mmol/L以上浓度NaCl胁迫下青麦6号种子发芽率显著高于鲁原502;低浓度NaCl胁迫对青麦6号幼苗生长具有显著促进效应,150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下青麦6号幼苗鲜质量显著降低,而鲁原502幼苗鲜质量在100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下就开始显著降低;高浓度NaCl胁迫下鲁原502根系活力下降幅度显著大于青麦6号;相同浓度NaCl胁迫下鲁原502叶片质膜透性和MDA含量均显著高于青麦6号,说明NaCl胁迫对青麦6号叶片细胞质膜伤害较小;高浓度NaCl胁迫下青麦6号根部和茎基部Na+含量均显著高于鲁原502,说明青麦6号根部和茎基部的拒Na+能力显著大于鲁原502,可以有效限制Na+向地上部运输;鲁原502和青麦6号的TaNHX1基因分别在100,150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下达到最高表达量。以上结果说明青麦6号比鲁原502更耐盐,鲁原502的最高耐盐浓度为100 mmol/L,青麦6号的最高耐盐浓度为150 mmol/L。     

锌胁迫对不同耐低磷玉米生长及磷、锌养分吸收的影响

用营养液培养方法研究了不同耐低磷玉米幼苗对缺锌胁迫的适应性差异.结果表明,低磷敏感基因型在缺锌时植株各部位锌含量和吸收量显著下降,且变幅均明显高于耐低磷基因型.缺锌处理影响玉米幼苗的磷含量,低磷敏感基因型地上部磷含量较对照显著上升,根系磷含量变幅不大;耐低磷基因型地上部磷含量变幅较小,根系磷含量则显著下降.低磷敏感基因型在缺锌时地上部磷利用率显著下降,根系磷利用率无明显变化,而耐低磷基因型的变化情况正好相反,根系磷利用率受影响的程度大于地上部.     

Vigour/tolerance trade‐off in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) response to salinity stress is linked to leaf elemental composition

Developing more stress‐tolerant crops will require greater knowledge of the physiological basis of stress tolerance. Here, we explore how biomass declines in response to salinity relate to leaf traits across 20 genotypes of cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Plant growth, leaf physiological traits and leaf elemental composition were assessed after 21 days of salinity treatments (0, 50, 100, 150 or 200 mM NaCl) in a greenhouse study. There was a trade‐off in performance such that vigorous genotypes, those with higher biomass at 0 mM NaCl, had both a larger absolute decrease and proportional decrease in biomass due to increased salinity. More vigorous genotypes at control were less tolerant to salinity. Contrary to expectation, genotypes with a low increase in leaf Na and decrease in K:Na were not better at maintaining biomass with increasing salinity. Rather, genotypes with a greater reduction in leaf S and K content were better at maintaining biomass at increased salinity. While we found an overall trade‐off between sunflower vigour and salt tolerance, some genotypes were more tolerant than expected. Further analysis of the traits and mechanisms underlying this trade‐off may allow us to breed these into high‐vigour genotypes in order to increase their salt tolerance.     

盐胁迫下转甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因水稻幼苗耐盐生理的研究

在NaCl浓度0，3．0，5．0，7．0g／L下，对转甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因水稻的两个品系51—22，52—7及其受体亲本中花8号进行幼苗耐盐性试验。结果表明：转BADH基因水稻比其受体亲本耐盐性强，在高NaCl浓度(5．0，7．0g／L)胁迫下，甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因可以提高盐胁迫下水稻幼苗过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性，提高根系活力和叶绿素含量，稳定细胞膜的透性，降低植株体内Na^ 的积累，从而减轻幼苗受盐害的程度。盐胁迫下水稻幼苗的CAT活性、SNa^ ／K^ 、叶Na^ ／K^ 、叶绿素含量是影响幼苗生长的主要生理指标。     

不同水稻品种幼苗期耐盐性评价

水稻是盐碱地改良利用的重要作物。水稻幼苗期对盐胁迫敏感,筛选幼苗期高耐盐水稻品种是利用水稻进行盐碱地改良的关键。通过分析收集的15个粳稻品种在盐胁迫下的形态和生理特性,综合评价不同水稻品种幼苗期的耐盐性。形态分析结果表明: 150mmol/L NaCl处理下,所有试验材料的生长均受到抑制,出现植株变矮、根长变短和叶片枯萎等表型,其中盐胁迫对宁粳44、南粳46和盐丰47（对照）生长抑制相对最弱,死叶率最低;200mmol/L NaCl处理下,宁粳44、南粳46和盐丰47的存活率最高。耐盐指数结果表明,盐丰47的综合性状最好,其次是南粳46和宁粳44。生理特性结果表明: 150mmol/L NaCl处理下所有试验材料的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及丙二醛、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量均有所增加,其中南粳46的SOD活性较其他参试材料高;南粳46、盐丰47和宁粳44的丙二醛含量增加幅度较小,脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量增加幅度大于其他参试材料。推测南粳46、盐丰47和宁粳44具有较强的过氧化物清除能力和渗透调节能力,这可能是其幼苗期具有较强盐胁迫耐性的生理机制。综上所述,筛选到的幼苗期耐盐性较强的水稻品种为南粳46和宁粳44。