广州地区澳洲坚果抽梢与坐果的关系

广州地区澳洲坚果一年主要抽生三次梢，以多年生枝和春梢为主要结果母枝，分别占４３．１％和３９．１％。结果能力以夏梢母枝最强，平均每枝坐果３．０个，其次为多年生枝（２．０个）。平均花坐果率０．２２％。     

“国庆1号”温州蜜柑结果母枝状况与结果的关系

选用20 a生“国庆一号”温州蜜柑盛果多花中庸树,随机取样调查结果母枝粗度、长度、其上有叶结果枝和无叶结果枝数量、有叶结果枝叶数、长度以及它们的坐果率.结果表明:有叶结果枝及无叶结果枝数不随结果母枝粗度的增加而有规律的增减,但随母枝长度的增加有减少的趋势.结果母枝粗度在0.4～0.5 cm范围内,有叶结果枝和无叶结果枝坐果率都最高,分别为7.8％和27.5％.结果母枝长度在0.1～10 cm范围内,有叶结果枝和无叶结果枝坐果率都最高,分别为7.0％和21.5％.结果母枝粗度与有叶结果枝及无叶结果枝坐果率无显著相关关系.母枝长度与有叶结果枝坐果率无显著相关关系,但与无叶结果枝坐果率呈显著正相关.有叶结果枝叶片数越少的有叶结果枝数反而越多,有叶结果枝叶数与有叶结果枝数呈显著正相关;总的来说,叶数越多,有叶结果枝坐果率越高.以短有叶结果枝数量大,但有叶结果枝长度与有叶结果枝坐果率呈显著正相关.     

早熟温州蜜柑的开花坐果规律研究

以早熟温州蜜柑为试材,连续4a(2008～2011)调查早熟温州蜜柑的开花结果习性,对其开花坐果动态影响因素进行研究。结果表明:各类结果母枝的开花量和坐果率有明显差异,早秋梢结果母枝、夏梢结果母枝和晚秋梢结果母枝的效果之间,有叶花的坐果率与有叶花的坐果量之间存在显著差异水平,而晚秋梢结果母枝与春梢结果母枝的效果之间不存在显著差异水平;1a有4次落花落果高峰期:第1次发生在5月13～27日;第2次发生在6月9～16日;第3次发生在8月11～18日;第4次发生在10月6～13日;在结果母梢上不同营养梢比例直接影响坐果率,营养梢的比例越小,其坐果率越高;栽植密度大或蛆花率大的果园,坐果率都较低;不同结果母枝长度能够影响坐果率;有叶花枝的叶片数量影响坐果率,4片叶的坐果率最高;留梢的位置在母枝的顶端和控制营养梢的数量越大,其效果越明显;建议生产上提高树体有叶花的比例和调节营养梢的发生量,从而缓解梢果矛盾和提高坐果率。     

山楂树扭梢效果好

1998年以来 ,在临朐县五井镇村山楂园进行扭梢试验 ,取得较好效果。供试验品种为敞口山楂 ,树龄 7～ 8年生 ,生长势旺盛。扭梢后改善了树体光照条件 ,抑制了旺枝的生长势 ,促进分枝和成花 ,还可提高扭梢枝的坐果率。据调查 ,一个扭梢平均能发枝2 5个 ,其中 5 0 %左右可以成花。外围枝扭梢效果明显优于内膛枝 ,一个外围枝扭梢后平均发枝数为2 75个 ,其中有 6 1%的分枝成花 ,营养枝仅占 30 % ,而内膛枝扭梢后所发的枝全部为营养枝。由于山楂枝条质脆易折 ,扭梢应在枝条刚刚开始木质化时进行 ,一般为花期。扭曲部位距枝条基部15～ 2 0ｃｍ。…     

石榴花果管理技术

<正>1开花结果习性石榴是在结果母枝抽生的结果枝上结果,结果母枝多为粗壮的短枝或发育充分的二次枝,第2年春季其顶芽或腋芽抽生出短小新梢,在新梢上形成一至数朵小花。一般顶生花芽容易坐果,凡坐果者顶端停止生长(腋花芽除外)。石榴的花可分为正常花、中间型花和退化花(雄花)。正常花的花冠较大,子房肥大,也叫葫芦状花或果花。中间型花介于正常花和退化花之间,部分也可坐果,花萼呈圆筒形,称为筒     

三月红荔枝培育结果母枝的几个关键技术

１ 合理修剪 合理修剪，可以调节结果母枝的抽生期，减少无效枝对养分消耗，以利培养出健壮的结果母枝，为实现三月红荔枝高产打下基础。根据我们多年实践观察，三月红荔枝结果母枝末次梢有8月15日～9月15日抽生的，一般在10月老熟，枝梢生长中庸，能有效地控制冬梢，在11月下旬～12月中旬抽花穗，雌花多，坐果率高，产量高. １.１ 采果后第一次修剪 为了调节结果母枝的抽生期,按放梢次数不同决定采果后的第一次修剪时间。树势强壮,结果少或无果的青年树,抽梢较快,采果后放三次梢,并在采果后尽快进行修剪,将荫枝、重叠枝、交叉枝、病虫…     

水晶梨引种表现及管理技术

1999年 7月从西安农校引进水晶梨 (新高芽变 )接穗 ,在 2年生金花梨上用“Ｔ”形芽接法高接换头。经 3年观察结果表现良好。高接树长势中庸 ,萌芽力强 ,成枝力弱 ,短截后一般只发一个长枝 ,一个中枝 ,其余为短枝。平均节间长5 .6ｃｍ ,新梢年平均生长量 73ｃｍ。高接后第 2年结果株率 1 0 0 % ,以腋花芽结果为主。腋花芽占全树中、长枝总芽数的 60 %以上 ,产量占总产量的 67%。自然授粉条件下 ,花序坐果率高达 99%以上 ,花朵坐果率43 .7% ,平均每花序坐果 3 .4个。平均每果台抽枝 1 .5个 ,其中中短枝占 93 % ,连续结果能力强。在山东费县3月…     

杏杂种一代群体产量形成因素的研究

 以5～6年生的‘凯特’ ב新世纪’F₁ 代群体52个株系为试材, 对株系的自交坐果率、有效花比率、平均单果质量及单株坐果数等性状的变异及其与单株产量的相关性进行了研究, 结果表明, ①杏自交坐果率、有效花比率、平均单果质量、单株坐果数及单株产量等性状在F₁ 代广泛变异, 其中单株坐果数及自交坐果率的变异系数最大, 分别为102.0%和99.5% , 说明这两个性状的选择潜力较大; ②单株坐果数、自交坐果率及有效花比率均与单株产量极显著正相关, 相关系数( r) 分别为0.945、0.541和0.439, 且自交坐果率、有效花比率与单株坐果数的相关性亦达到极显著水平, 说明自交坐果率及有效花比率均是株系产量形成的主要因素; ③平均单果质量与单株产量的相关系数虽然为负值( r = - 0.176) , 但相关性不显著, 出现这种结果主要是由于在多因素相关分析系统中, 其他因素相互影响造成的。因此, 在本试验体系中, 果实大小不是产量形成的主要因素; ④依据上述相关性的研究结果, 初步提出并讨论了丰产选择与品质选择的“二次选择法”。     

花后温度和湿度条件对台农1号杧坐果率的影响

为探索杧果坐果率与开花后温度和湿度条件的关系,以台农1号杧为试材,应用生物统计学方法计算分析了80个温度和湿度自变量与不同时期坐果率的相关关系。结果表明:(1)花后14d的坐果率受温度和湿度条件影响最大。(2)花后7d两性花坐果率与花后1～6d平均空气相对湿度呈显著直线线性负相关,与花后1～2d、1～4d、1～6d的平均最高温度、平均温度、平均最低温度、>10℃积温无显著相关关系。(3)花后14d坐果率与花后6～10d的平均最高温度、4～10d平均温度、2～10d平均最低温度、4～14d>10℃积温呈显著或极显著的直线相关;与花后1～14d平均最高温度、平均温度呈显著的多项式线性相关;与花后1～14d平均空气相对湿度呈极显著的直线线性负相关。(4)花后25d坐果率与花后1～10d的平均最高温度、平均温度、>10℃积温以及花后1～14d平均最高温度呈显著的多项式线性相关。(5)有利于花后14d坐果的花后4～14d的下限平均温度为20.6℃,最适温度为24.7℃。     

塔罗科血橙在福建永安的生长结果习性及简要栽培技术

针对永安市进峰坑果场塔罗科血橙结果迟、产量低的问题,对其生长结果习性进行了调查.结果表明,塔罗科血橙春梢生长中庸,数量多,是形成结果母枝的主要枝梢.夏梢和秋梢强枝多,刺多而长,宜用中弱枝梢.结果母枝多弱生,以一次梢为主,春梢母枝多于秋梢母枝,约有1/4的结果母枝会着果.母枝基枝的生长势和树体营养水平影响结果母枝的形态和质量.有叶花枝和无叶花枝的数量基本相等,成为结果枝的花枝占15.02%,结果枝主要是有叶果枝.着果率达到6%,结果性状优良.生产上表现结果迟、产量低,是生长强旺、晚秋梢多、花量少所致.采取平衡施肥、多施有机肥、除去强梢、适期放梢、促进末次梢成熟、应用成花技术等,可实现花多果多的目标.     

Influence of shoot age on floral development and early fruit set in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cv. Hass

Floral bud development, early fruit set, bud size, leaf nitrogen and shoot starch content were recorded in spring, summer and autumn shoots of ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill.). Floral initiation occurred in late autumn, but only in buds on terminal shoots (the last-formed shoot module on a terminal or axillary growth axis). In branching systems with three growth flushes, more flowers were produced and more fruit set on autumn and summer, than on spring flush terminal shoots. Floral development and leaf nitrogen accumulation occurred later in autumn than in summer shoots, but leaf numbers, dry and fresh weights, starch content of wood, mean floral status at anthesis and anthesis date were similar. The results suggest that nitrogen and starch were present in excess during floral development, and that shoot age did not influence the ability of a shoot to flower and set fruit, provided the shoot had sufficient vigour to produce new shoot growth in spring.     

施肥时期对杨梅大小年的影响

将采后（７月）施肥提前到春、夏梢发生前施用，能显著地缩小杨梅大小年幅度（变异指数春、夏肥为１２．０４，采后肥为３３．９８）；夏梢停长前（７月上旬）喷布５００ｍｇ·１~(-１)多效唑，增产效果显著；施春、夏肥与采后肥相比，果实单果重、可溶性固形物含量显著提高，果实含酸量显著降低。     

Response of secondary bloom of ‘Bartlett’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) to pruning

Summary

Type V secondary bloom of pear (Pyrus communis L.) is associated with pruning and is frequently infected by fire blight (Southwick et al., 2000). The goal of this research was to determine which pruning practices would most likely be associated with subsequent Type V secondary bloom. Pruning date, shoot age, type of pruning cut and shoot orientation were varied and effect on Type V secondary bloom assessed. In both 1998 and 1999, dormant pruning was more likely to result in Type Vs than summer pruning or pruning one month after harvest. Pruning one week after harvest in 1998 was as likely to lead to Type Vs as dormant pruning, but was less likely in 1999. The likelihood that Type Vs would occur was lowest from 49 to 89.d from full bloom (DFB) and at 175 DFB in 1998. The lowest likelihood of Type Vs in 1999 was found on shoots pruned at 83 or 185 DFB. The likelihood for Type Vs rose with increasing shoot age from one to four years, but there was no difference between three- and four-year old shoots. In 1998, stub cuts (severe heading) were more likely to have Type Vs than head cuts when pruning two year old shoots, but not for one year old shoots. In 1999, type of pruning cut had an inconsistent effect on the likelihood for Type Vs and was not the same for each shoot age. NAA applied to summer pruned shoots completely prevented Type Vs from occurring and almost completely stopped Type Vs when applied to dormant pruning cuts. Summer pruning from 50 to 90 DFB or pruning one month after harvest and the application of NAA to pruning wounds may be strategies for reducing the occurrence of Type V secondary bloom.     

Effect of part-tree flower thinning on fruiting,vegetative growth and leaf photosynthesis in ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’ apple

Flower clusters were removed at full bloom from ten year old ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’ trees on M.9 rootstocks, over the whole tree, on alternate branches or on whole sides. Mean fruit weight per tree at harvest was linearly dependent on leaf area per fruit and on light interception per fruit, both relationships accounting for over 90% of the variance. These relationships did not differ between treatments, implying either a mobile pool of carbohydrate or photosynthetic adjustment within the tree to crop load. Measurements of leaf photosynthesis in July and September showed no statistically significant differences in photosynthetic rate of spur or extension shoot leaves on bearing or non-bearing branches. Although the treatments caused no overall effects on shoot growth or leaf area per tree, sides of trees without fruit had greater leaf area and shoot growth than did sides bearing fruit. Fruit mineral composition and percentage dry weight were not affected by treatment except where the treatments significantly altered fruit size. In the following spring, although the treatments did not affect the total number of flower buds produced, branches that were deflowered in the previous spring carried significantly more flower buds than did branches which had cropped.     

巨峰葡萄主梢和副梢坐果与内源激素的关系

巨峰葡萄副梢坐果率、有种子果粒率、果粒的平均种子数明显高于主梢。在小花发育过程中主梢的小花重、小花纵径、横径明显重于或大于副梢。主梢花的子房壁明显厚于副梢，子房壁的细胞层数也多于副梢，但子房壁的细胞大小两者之间没有差异。另外胚珠、珠心大小也没有差异。主梢小花中的IAA与细胞分裂素水平较高，ABA水平较低，副梢小花中的GA水平较高。开花前2～3周用高浓度的NAA与CPPU处理副梢小花则加重落花落果。由此可见，开花前小花中较高水平的IAA与细胞分裂素很可能是加快小花发育和引起落花落果的原因。     

Effects of fruit thinning,pollination and paclobutrazol on fruit set and size of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) in subtropical Australia

Summary

A factorial combination of three cultural factors (± hand-pollination, ± growth retardant, ± fruit thinning) were evaluated for their effects on fruit set and fruit size of ‘Fuyu’ persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) in subtropical Australia (Lat. 27° S). Treatments were applied to individual shoots on mature seven year old trees. Fruit set of pollinated flowers was high compared with non-pollinated flowers (91% vs. 47%). Pollinated fruit also grew faster at all stages of fruit development and, at harvest, fresh weights were 25% heavier. Palcobutrazol significantly (P<0.05) increased fruit weight by 7% compared with controls but did not increase fruit set. Irrespective of treatment, fruit weight was not correlated (r<0.3, n.s.) with shoot length, number of nodes per shoot, fruit nodal position, shoot dry weight, leaf area per shoot, and number of leaves per shoot. Fruit fresh weight was only poorly correlated with shoot base diameter (r = 0.41*). Pollinated fruit had significantly (P<0.05) higher concentrations of nutrients (N, K, Ca, and Zn).     

The Influence of Shoot Competition on Fruit Retention and Cropping of Apple Trees

Fruit set was increased by removing all shoots 5 days after full bloom and at weekly intervals thereafter from trees of Sunset and Laxton’s Fortune, but removing shoots from Fortune trees 25 days after full bloom produced no beneficial effect on fruit retention. All treatments resulted in a heavier rate of fruit shedding during the ‘June drop’ period than occurred from control trees, and at harvest the trees without shoots had fewer fruits, and lower yields, than the controls. In a comparison of shoot removal and shoot tip removal starting 15 days after full bloom on Fortune trees, both treatments improved set, but whereas shoot removal caused a heavier ‘June drop’ compared with untreated trees, shoot tip removal increased the number of fruits retained to harvest and produced a yield increase. The difference between the two treatments in their influence on fruit retention, during and after the ‘June drop’, is accounted for by the beneficial effect of a relatively small number of leaves on each tipped shoot. Studies on the pattern of distribution of photosynthates, using ¹⁴CO₂ and autoradiography, produced results supporting the concept of competition between fruits and shoots and also showed changes in the pattern of assimilate movement brought about by shoot tip removal. It is concluded that competition between fruits and shoots, occurring during blossoming and the following 2–3 weeks, may limit fruit set, but the presence of shoot leaves is beneficial to fruit retention in the later part of the season, particularly during the ‘June drop’ period.     

Fruit set is inversely related to flower and fruit weight in olive (Olea europaea L.)

Fruit weight is strongly correlated to ovary weight in olive as big-fruited cultivars have larger ovaries and flowers at bloom. We tested the hypothesis that larger ovaries imply stronger sinks and therefore reduce fruit set, expressed as number of fruits. Flower/fruit load per centimeter of shoot was assessed every month from flowering to harvest, on sample shoots of many different olive cultivars differing in fruit size. Data were taken for two years: 2007 and 2008. Additionally, in 2008, a fruit thinning experiment was carried out by leaving a single fruit per shoot, to assess the maximum potential fruit weight achievable by each cultivar. Results indicated that fruit size was mostly genetically determined as thinned fruits of small-fruited cultivars, although bigger than control fruits, never got as big as fruits from large-fruited cultivars, confirming that large ovaries are a prerequisite for large fruits. Among all cultivars, the number of flowers per inflorescence, the number of inflorescences, and the number of flowers per centimeter of shoot were not correlated to average flower weight while total flower mass per centimeter of shoot was positively correlated to average flower weight (i.e. large flowered/fruited cultivars had greater total flower mass). However, one month after bloom and thereafter, all parameters were negatively and exponentially correlated with fruit average weight across cultivars, except fruit mass per centimeter of shoot which was generally not correlated to fruit average weight, except in one year, at harvest, when fruit mass per centimeter of shoot was positively correlated to fruit average weight. These results suggest that fruit set is a consequence of, and inversely proportional to flower/fruit size in olive.     

Effects of inflorescence removal on the fruit set of the remaining inflorescences and development of the laterals on one year old apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) branches

Summary

Inflorescences are known to be important physiological sinks especially when they set fruit. The effect, over two successive years, of inflorescence removal on one year old wood was investigated on apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). The study was carried out on medium vigour (around 30 cm) branches of cv. Granny Smith. On one set of branches (control) the inflorescences were untreated, while on two other sets, one-third and two-thirds of inflorescences (spur leaves, bourse-shoot and flower cluster) were removed at full bloom. The first analysis investigated the fruit setting ability of remaining inflorescences. The results generally confirmed previous results on the positive correlation between the number of leaves and flowers of the inflorescence and fruit set, and also the higher fruit set on two year old wood as compared with one year old wood. On one year old wood, inflorescence removal treatments tended to increase the fruit set of inflorescences with a low number of leaves and flowers leading to a level of fruit set similar to that of inflorescences with a larger number of leaves and flowers. On two year old wood, in the following year, only the two-thirds treatment increased fruit set consistently compared with the control. A second analysis investigated the effect of inflorescence removal on lateral shoot development. It was shown that the treatments had a little effect on quantitative growth (length, diameter) of the laterals per se. On the other hand, the removal of two-thirds of the inflorescence significantly stimulated the development of fruitful inflorescences the following year. Results are discussed in relation to the local versus global physiological integration at the branch level.     

磷对板栗结实性能及产量的影响

试验结果表明,磷对板栗(Castanea mollissima Blume)雌花的形成数量有重要影响,结果母枝含磷量与母枝抽生结果枝数量和着生雌花数量呈显著正相关。板栗结果母枝含磷量比雄花母枝和营养枝分别高5.19％和5.27％。树体磷素含量水平与板栗雌、雄花枝比例和结果枝结栗苞数量也存在密切的相关性。在不同施磷水平下,结果枝粗度与果枝结栗苞数均具有显著的回归关系,但b值差异大。本研究结果在鄂东大别山区进行了大面积施磷肥示范,生产实践证明,施磷肥对板栗具有一致的增产效益。