城市不同功能区绿地土壤理化性质及微生物生物量的分布特征

为提高城市绿地生态系统服务功能和促进城市可持续发展，本文研究了南京市不同功能区绿地表层土壤养分和微生物量的分布特征。结果显示，土壤pH整体呈碱性且容重偏大；公园绿地土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量显著高于道路绿地；不同功能区绿地土壤有机质含量无显著差异，但公园绿地土壤微生物量碳含量和微生物熵显著高于居住区和道路绿地；公园绿地土壤结构和养分均优于道路绿地。土壤微生物量碳含量与有机质、全氮和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关，与速效磷含量呈显著正相关，与容重呈极显著负相关；土壤有机质与全氮和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关，与速效磷含量和pH无显著相关性，与容重呈显著负相关。因此，勤松土，合理施肥，增加枯枝落叶等凋落物覆盖，提高土壤养护管理水平对修复城市土壤生态和建设生态城市具有重要意义。     

扬州市土壤有机质和速效磷钾的分布研究

研究表明，我市土壤有机质和速效P含量总体上处于中等偏低水平，速效K含量处于中等水平；90％以上的土壤有机质含量在10～40g/kg之间，速效P含量在2～29mg/kg之间，速效K含量在25～125mg/kg之间；在集中分布区，土壤有机质和速效P近似于呈偏正态分布，速效K近似于呈正态分布：各养分的变异程度以速效P最大，速效K最小。各县(市、区)中，以宝应、高邮两地的土壤肥力较高。     

成都平原区土壤速效磷时空变化特征

根据1982年173个样点和2002年117个样点的分析数据，利用地统计学方法和GIS技术对成都平原耕层（0～20cm）土壤速效磷含量的时空变异特征进行了研究。结果表明，成都平原耕层土壤样点间速效磷平均含量由1982年的7.1mg／kg增至2002年的14.3mg／kg，平均增加了103.40％。20年间由于受区域间农业管理措施、土地利用方式和土壤颗粒组成差异的影响，占平原耕地面积75.86％的土壤速效磷含量增加，且区域增加幅度呈由东向西逐渐降低的趋势。土壤速效磷含量与土壤颗粒组成的相关性分析表明，1982年土壤速效磷含量与土壤砂粒（2～0.02mm）之间呈极显著的负相关，与土壤粉粒（0.02～0.002mm）之间相关未达到显著水平，与土壤粘粒（〈0.002mm）之间呈显著正相关；2002年土壤速效磷含量与土壤砂粒之间呈显著的负相关，与土壤粉粒之间呈极显著正相关，与土壤粘粒之间相关未达到显著水平。     

烤烟烟叶的氮、钾含量与土壤氮、钾含量的相互关系及其平衡研究

通过对烤烟中期中部烟叶与土壤的大田调查，研究氮、钾含量及其平衡的相互关系，结果表明：(1)烟叶含氮量与土壤全氮、土壤碱解氮含量之间呈显著正相关，当土壤含氮量过高时，烟叶含氮量与土壤含氮量(全氮或碱解氮)的规律性不明显；(2)烟叶含钾量与土壤全钾、土壤速效钾含量呈显著的正相关；(3)烟叶氮／钾比与土壤全氮／全钾比、土壤碱解氮／速效钾比和土壤全钾含量呈显著的相关性。     

红壤有机无机复合状况及氮素形态分布与肥力的关系

不同肥力红壤有机无机复合状况及氮素形态分布的研究结果表明，土壤肥力水平提高，有机无机复合量增大，复合量与土壤有机质，全氮，碱解氮，速效磷和ＣＥＣ呈显著或极显著正相关，与速效钾、缓效钾的相关性不显著；复合度与上述肥力性状的相关性均不显著。     

长期施肥对红壤旱地土壤活性有机碳和酶活性的影响

以江西进贤长期肥料定位试验为平台,研究了红壤旱地不同施肥措施对土壤微生物生物量、活性有机C、C库管理指数以及土壤酶活性的影响。研究结果表明:与不施肥和单施化肥土壤相比,施有机肥处理土壤的pH、CEC、有机C、全N、全P、无机N、速效P、速效K及土壤微生物生物量均显著增加,土壤活性有机C和C库管理指数也较试前土壤和其他处理土壤明显提高,此外,土壤的转化酶、脱氢酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性也较其他处理显著增加。土壤微生物生物量、活性有机C以及4种土壤酶活性之间的相关关系显著,且它们均与土壤有机C、全N、全P、无机N、速效P等土壤养分呈显著正相关。因此,红壤旱地通过长期施用有机肥或与无机肥配施,不仅能显著提高土壤有机质的数量和质量,而且能增加土壤微生物生物量和酶活性,从而显著提高土壤肥力和土壤持续生产力。     

盐胁迫对棉田土壤微生物量和土壤养分的影响

以耐盐品种中棉所44为材料,模拟滨海混合盐土成分,研究了正常灌水(土壤相对含水量保持在75±5%)和轻度干旱(55±5%)下,不同程度盐胁迫(0,0.35%,0.60%,0.85%,1.00%)对棉田土壤微生物量和土壤养分的影响。结果表明,棉花产量及产量构成(铃数和铃重)、生物量、根重均随着盐浓度的升高而显著递减。棉田土壤微生物量C和N在棉花各个生育期内均随着盐浓度的升高而显著降低,花铃期达到最大,土壤有机质、全氮、速效N、有效P、速效K等养分含量的变化趋势与土壤微生物量C和N基本一致,但降幅较小。土壤微生物量碳与土壤有机碳的比值、土壤微生物量氮与全氮的比值均随着盐浓度的升高而呈现逐渐下降的趋势,表明了土壤微生物量碳氮受盐胁迫的影响大于土壤有机碳和全氮,也表明了土壤微生物对土壤有机碳和全氮转化效率的显著减低。正常灌水条件下各盐分处理的棉花生物量、铃数、铃重、根重、土壤微生物量和土壤养分含量均显著高于相应干旱处理,干旱加重了盐分对土壤微生物量和土壤养分的抑制效应。土壤微生物量C和N与土壤pH值之间存在显著负相关,与土壤有机质、全氮、速效N、有效P、速效K之间均存在显著正相关。     

加工番茄连作对土壤理化性状及微生物量的影响

通过在石河子大学农学院试验站开展加工番茄连作定点微区试验,研究了不同连作处理(种植1 a、连作3 a、5 a和7 a)对新疆加工番茄土壤理化性状、微生物生物量和酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着连作年限的延长,土壤p H升高,全磷、速效磷及全钾含量呈先升后降的趋势,土壤容重无明显变化。连作7 a时土壤有机质、全氮及速效钾含量较对照分别下降了8%、21%和29%(p0.05)。土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)和微生物商(q MB)呈显著下降趋势,与对照相比分别降低了52.3%、78.8%和48.2%(p0.01);微生物量磷(SMBP)呈先升后降趋势,连作3a时,SMBP含量达到最大值,是对照的1.65倍(p0.01)。土壤过氧化氢酶活性呈显著升高趋势,而脲酶、蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶及磷酸酶活性的变化则相反。连作导致加工番茄产量显著下降,连作7 a时产量下降达34%(p0.01)。相关分析表明,p H、微生物量、q MB、酶活性及养分之间相关性极为密切,说明土壤微生物量和酶活性相结合,可以反映土壤质量的变化。加工番茄连作导致土壤p H和电导率升高,显著抑制了土壤微生物活性,降低了土壤肥力,最终造成产量下降,连作障碍明显。     

浙江低丘红壤供钾强度和容量关系及其应用

采用多点玉米田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了浙江省20个低丘红壤钾素供应的强度和容量关系,并求得相应的参数。供钾强度指标(AR0)变幅为0.0004499～0.006579,平均为0.002001(molL-1)0.5;供钾容量指标(-△K0)变幅为0.3153～4.057,平均为1.578cmolkg-1;钾素供应的缓冲容量(PBC)变幅为442.2～941.2,平均为680.3cmolkg-1(molL-1)0.5。以20个玉米田间试验子粒相对产量、总干物质相对产量、无钾处理玉米吸钾量以及土壤速效钾、酸溶性钾和缓效钾作为参比标准,与AR0、-△K0和PBC作相关分析,结果表明:AR0、-△K0与土壤速效钾、酸溶性钾、玉米子粒相对产量,总干物质相对产量和无钾处理玉米吸钾量之间达极显著相关(P=0.01),与缓效钾呈显著相关(P=0.05)。PBC与玉米子粒和总干物质相对产量之间达极显著相关、与土壤速效钾之间达显著相关。因此,AR0和-△K0能很好地反映土壤供钾能力,PBC在一定程度上也能表征土壤钾肥力。6个参比标准与AR0、-△K0和PBC之间的多元回归分析结果比简单地一元回归分析结果要好,把AR0、-△K0和PBC结合起来综合说明土壤供钾能力和钾素的生物有效性是可行的。     

双季稻—绿肥种植系统下长期施肥对赤红壤性状的影响

为阐明双季稻-绿肥种植模式下长期施肥对赤红壤肥力性状的影响,探讨土壤持续利用的培肥模式。通过长期定位田间试验,研究了长期不同施肥处理对赤红壤性水稻土土壤养分、酶活性及微生物性状的影响。结果表明:与不施肥相比,长期施肥显著增加了土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾等养分含量,提高了土壤蔗糖转化酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性以及土壤微生物量碳氮含量和土壤微生物群落物种丰富度、优势度、均匀度。其中土壤养分含量增加了4.5%~117.2%,酶活性提高了4.9%~68.1%,微生物多样性提高了3.2%~71.9%,微生物量碳氮的含量分别增加了7.8%~36.9%,21.4%~65.7%,且以单施有机肥(M)效果最为显著,其次为有机无机肥配施处理(NPKM)及氮磷钾肥+秸秆还田处理(NPKS)。土壤养分与土壤酶活性、微生物多样性及微生物量碳氮含量之间存在显著的相关性(P0.05)。总体上,长期单施有机肥或有机无机配施对于双季稻-绿肥种植系统土壤具有良好的培肥效果。     

Microbial biomass phosphorus and its significance in predicting phosphorus availability in red soils

Abstract

Red soils are widespread in Southern China and other subtropical regions in the world. An improved management of phosphorus (P) is crucial for sustainable agriculture and environmental quality in red soil regions. Plant‐availability of P in red soils mainly depends on fertilization and biological cycling. Both laboratory analyses and greenhouse experiments were conducted to examine the relationships between plant P uptake, chemical index of P, and microbial biomass P in red soils with different fertility levels. Microbial biomass P ranged from 2.1 to 43 mg kg^‐1 in the red soils and was significantly correlated with total P (r=0.84*), organic P (r=0.87*), or Bray I extractable P (r=0.94**). Extractable P plus organic carbon accounted for >85% of the variation in microbial biomass P in the red soils. The significant relationship between microbial biomass P and extractable P suggests that microbial biomass P has a great potential in predicting P‐supply ability in soil. Greenhouse experiments showed that there were close relationships between ryegrass dry matter yield, plant P uptake or tissue P concentration and microbial biomass P in the red soils. The corresponding correlation coefficients were 0.79*, 0.90*, and 0.91*, respectively. These results imply that microbial biomass P plays an important role in the availability of P to plants, and is a potential biological index of P availability in the red soils.     

铅和苯并[a]芘混合污染酸性土壤上黑麦草生长及对污染物的吸取作用

设置铅(Pb)处理浓度为0、5001、0002、000 mg kg-1(烘干土计),苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)处理浓度为0、12.5、255、0 mg kg-1(烘干土计),完全组合设计,对每一处理通过种植和不种植黑麦草盆栽试验,研究了B[a]P和Pb混合污染酸性红砂土上黑麦草(Lolium perenneL.)的生长及对污染物积累的吸取作用。试验表明,铅是抑制黑麦草株高和产量的主要因素,在低Pb处理浓度下,B[a]P对黑麦草生长有一定的促进作用。在试验61 d内,黑麦草吸收的铅占土壤铅添加量的4.7%,黑麦草吸收的B[a]P占土壤B[a]P添加量的0.023%;种植黑麦草的土壤B[a]P残留率平均为42.6%;而未种植黑麦草的土壤B[a]P平均残留率为50.9%。该研究结果表明,当Pb-B[a]P混合污染土壤时,在一定的浓度范围内黑麦草能吸收土壤中的Pb和B[a]P,黑麦草对Pb-B[a]P混合污染土壤有一定的吸取修复作用。     

Growth and nitrogen fixation by Medicago littoralis in pot experiments: Effect of plant density and competition from Lolium multiflorum

The legume Medicago littoralis cv. Harbinger, was grown either alone (1–4 plants per pot) or with Lolium multiflorum (ryegrass) at a total of 4 plants per pot, using two soils of contrasting N status. An ¹⁵N dilution technique was used to distinguish the amounts of plant N due to N₂ fixation and to N uptake from soil. Medic outyielded (dry weight and total plant N) ryegrass in a soil which released low amounts of inorganic N (Roseworthy) but ryegrass outyielded medic in a soil of higher N availability (Avon).For both soils, all combinations of medic and ryegrass plants utilized 70–73% of the inorganic N released on incubation. Competition from ryegrass invariably reduced yields of dry matter, total N, and fixed N of the medic plants, especially in the Avon soil. For both soils, the percentage reduction in the amounts of fixed N resulting from competition from ryegrass was directly proportional to the percentage increase of plant dry matter due to ryegrass. Medic plants grown in Roseworthy soil contained much higher proportions of N due to N₂-fixation than did medic plants grown in Avon soil. The amounts of plant N, fixed N and plant dry weight increased with increasing numbers of medic plants, when grown alone in Roseworthy soil, but not in the Avon soil containing more than two plants per pot. Nevertheless, irrespective of the soil used, medic numbers per pot, or competition from ryegrass, the amounts of fixed N correlated well with total N and with dry matter yields of medic plants. The proportions of fixed N to total N varied consistently in each of the medic plant parts (roots < = leaves < stems < pods).     

赤红壤有效磷分级指标的研究

用盆栽试验方法得到玉米幼苗干物质相对积累量与赤红壤土壤有效磷含量的关系曲线可以用一元二次响应方程来拟合,土壤Olsen P含量的响应方程为:y=-0.4831x2+13.88x+2.664,决定系数为0.9555**;土壤Mehlich 3 P含量的响应方程为:y=-0.2621x2+9.4821x+18.891,决定系数为0.9400**。赤红壤区的土壤有效磷分级指标为:Olsen P,小于4.0 mg kg-1为"极低",4.0~6.8 mg kg-1为"低",6.8~10.5 mg kg-1为"中",大于10.5 mg kg-1为"高";Mehlich 3 P,小于3.6mg kg-1为"极低",3.6~7.5 mg kg-1为"低",7.5~12.0 mg kg-1为"中",大于12.0 mg kg-1为"高"。     

Influence of phosphorus-solubilizing compounds on soil P and P uptake by perennial ryegrass

Found throughout the world, phosphorus (P)-fixing soils have long been studied for their effect on the availability of P fertilizers for crop production. It is known that organic acids in the rhizosphere affect P solubilization and uptake, although effectiveness has been shown to vary with acid, crop, and soil characteristics. Regardless, commercial products have been developed that include some formulation of organic acids intended to increase P solubility and uptake. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the ability of the commercial P-solubilizing products Avail (maleic-itaconic copolymer) and P Miner (organic acid-based product) to maintain a greater pool of plant-available P for uptake by perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Greenhouse experiments were conducted with P fertilization (0, 17, 34, and 50 kg P ha^?1) and P solubilization materials in an incomplete 4?×?5 factorial design. Treatments were added to a soil with a high P-fixing capability and perennial ryegrass planted. Collected data included plant dry matter and P content, and acid (Mehlich-I) and labile (CaCl₂) extractable soil P concentrations. Results are not definitive, but they indicate that both Avail and P Miner have the potential to improve available forms of P in the soil that are available to ryegrass. In these greenhouse trials, the application of P Miner at four times the recommended rate (480 kg ha^?1) resulted in highest labile and acid-extractable P, while application of Avail and P Miner at the recommended rate (120 kg ha^?1) resulted in the highest P uptake.     

Plant biomass, soil water content and soil N:P ratio regulating soil microbial functional diversity in a temperate steppe: A regional scale study

Soil microorganisms are influenced by various abiotic and biotic factors at the field plot scale. Little is known, however, about the factors that determine soil microbial community functional diversity at a larger spatial scale. Here we conducted a regional scale study to assess the driving forces governing soil microbial community functional diversity in a temperate steppe of Hulunbeir, Inner Mongolia, northern China. Redundancy analysis and regression analysis were used to examine the relationships between soil microbial community properties and environmental variables. The results showed that the functional diversity of soil microbial communities was correlated with aboveground plant biomass, root biomass, soil water content and soil N: P ratio, suggesting that plant biomass, soil water availability and soil N availability were major determinants of soil microbial community functional diversity. Since plant biomass can indicate resource availability, which is mainly constrained by soil water availability and N availability in temperate steppes, we consider that soil microbial community functional diversity was mainly controlled by resource availability in temperate steppes at a regional scale.     

The effects of N and P additions on soil microbial properties in paired stands of temperate secondary forests and adjacent larch plantations in Northeast China

The conversion of secondary forests to larch plantations in Northeast China has resulted in a significant decline in soil available nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and thus affects plant productivity and ecosystem functioning. Microbes play a key role in the recycling of soil nutrients; in turn, the availability of soil N and P can constrain microbial activity. However, there is little information on the relationships between available soil N and P and the microbial biomass and activity in larch plantation soil. We studied the responses of soil microbial respiration, microbial biomass and activity to N and P additions in a 120-day laboratory incubation experiment and assessed soil microbial properties in larch plantation soil by comparing them with the soil of an adjacent secondary forest. We found that the N-containing treatments (N and N + P) increased the concentrations of soil microbial biomass N and soluble organic N, whereas the same treatments did not affect microbial respiration and the activities of β-glucosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase in the larch plantation. In addition, the concentration of microbial biomass P decreased with N addition in larch plantation soil. In contrast, N and N + P additions decreased microbial respiration, and N addition also decreased the activity of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase in the secondary forest soil. The P treatment did not affect microbial respiration in either larch plantation or secondary forest soils, while this treatment increased the activities of β-glucosidase and acid phosphatase in the secondary forest soil. These results suggested that microbial respiration was not limited by available P in either secondary forest or larch plantation soils, but microbial activity may have a greater P demand in secondary forest soil than in larch plantation soil. Overall, there was no evidence, at least in the present experiment, supporting the possibility that microbes suffered from N or P deficiency in larch plantation soil.     

土壤微生物量作为土壤肥力指标的探讨

对不同利用方式19个黑土样品的微生物量和养分进行了分析,结果表明林地的微生物量明显高于玉米地和大豆地,但玉米地和大豆地之间未表现出显著差异,土壤微生物量和土壤养分含量大体上都呈现出林地>大豆地>玉米地的一致的趋势;同时土壤微生物量与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效钾和碱解氮呈现出显著或极显著正相关关系,分析结果还表明土壤微生物量碳作为评价土壤肥力指标比土壤微生物量氮更为灵敏。因此,土壤微生物量可以作为评价不同利用方式的黑土肥力水平的一个生物指标。     

Seasonal responses in microbial biomass carbon, phosphorus and sulphur in soils under pasture

The response of the soil microbial biomass to seasonal changes was investigated in the field under pastures. These studies showed that over a 9-month period, microbial biomass carbon, phosphorus and sulphur (biomass C, P, S), and their ratios (C:P, C:S, and P:S) responded differently to changes in soil moisture and to the input of fresh organic materials. From October to December (1993), when plant residues were largely incorporated into the soils, biomass C and S increased by 150–210%. Biomass P did not increase over this time, having decreased by 22–64% over the dry summer (July to September). There was no obvious correlation between biomass C, P, and S and air temperature. The largest amounts of biomass C and P (2100–2300μg and 150–190μgg^–1 soil, respectively) were found in those soils receiving farmyard manure (FYM or FYM+NPK) and P fertilizer, whereas the use of ammonium sulphate decreased biomass C and P. The C:P, C:S, and P:S ratios of the biomass varied considerably (9–276:1; 50–149:1; and 0.3–14:1, respectively) with season and fertilizer regime. This reflected the potential for the biomass to release (when ratios were narrow) or to immobilize (wide ratios) P and S at different times of the year. Thus, seasonal responses in biomass C, P, and S are important in controlling the cycling of C, P, and S in pasture and ultimately in regulating plant availability of P and S. The uptake of P in the pasture was well correlated with the sum of P in the biomass and soil available pools. Thus, the simultaneous measurement of microbial biomass P and available P provide useful information on the potential plant availability of P. Received: 25 May 1996