真桑钝绥螨捕食朱砂叶螨的实验种群生命表及捕食作用

为评价真桑钝绥螨Amblyseius makuwa Ehara防治害螨的可能性,本试验在(25±1)℃、RH 80%±5%、光周期16L:8D的条件下,组建了真桑钝绥螨以朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduv为食的实验种群生命表,研究了真桑钝绥螨雌成螨对朱砂叶螨卵、若螨和雌成螨的捕食作用。结果表明,真桑钝绥螨以朱砂叶螨为食,未成熟期发育历期分别为卵期1.90 d,幼螨期0.62 d,前若螨期0.82 d,后若螨期1.26 d。试验条件下真桑钝绥螨净增殖率为11.80,内禀增长率为0.175,世代平均周期为14.12 d,周限增长率为1.191,种群倍增时间为3.96 d,雌成螨日均产卵量为1.22粒,平均总产卵量为22.12粒。真桑钝绥螨对朱砂叶螨3个螨态的捕食功能反应均属于HollingⅡ型圆盘方程,拟合圆盘方程显示真桑钝绥螨对朱砂叶螨卵的捕食数量最大,其次为若螨和雌成螨,a/Th值分别为12.5162、5.8730和4.4009。综上研究结果,真桑钝绥螨具备优良天敌的基本特性,是朱砂叶螨的潜在天敌之一。     

拟长毛钝绥螨的生物学特性研究

拟长毛钝绥螨在18、22、26、30和34℃5种恒温下,卵和若螨的发育历期随温度的上升而加快,依次为12.58、8.79、5.72、3.66和3.54天。成螨的产卵前期,产卵期和寿命亦随温度的升高而缩短。成螨一生中有多次交配习性,产卵置随交配次数而增加,交尾3次的产卵68.24粒。在26℃下,该螨一生能捕食372.79粒叶螨卵,其中成螨期捕食量占总捕食量的98％,以产卵期捕食量最高。雌成螨发育和繁殖的最适温度为30℃,卵在90％高湿下孵化率达100％。温度为30、34℃时,卵完全致死的湿度范围为70％以下,而在18～26℃则为60％以下。致死低温对卵的临界作用期位于幼螨即将破壳而出的发育阶段。     

柳牡蛎蚧的天敌柳牡蛎蚧半疥螨初步研究

在我国首次发现捕食柳牡蛎蚧的半疥螨,其若螨和成螨对柳牡蛎蚧的卵、若虫、雄蛹和雌成虫均能捕食,捕食率达40％。该螨生育力较强,每雌螨平均产卵12.8粒,最高为20粒。卵经7天左右孵化。在沈阳地区全年发育,世代交替。种群出现高峰在6月中旬到8月下旬,在此期间发生3代。     

胡瓜新小绥螨对B型烟粉虱的控制能力

为明确胡瓜新小绥螨Neoseiulus cucumeris Oudermans对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Gennadius的控害潜能，在（26±1）℃、相对湿度65%±5%、光周期16L：8D条件下，研究了各螨态胡瓜新小绥螨对不同发育阶段烟粉虱的捕食作用。结果表明，胡瓜新小绥螨幼螨期较短，不取食烟粉虱，其他不同螨态的胡瓜新小绥螨可捕食除4龄若虫和成虫以外的其他各虫态的烟粉虱，捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型；胡瓜新小绥螨雌成螨对烟粉虱卵的日捕食量最大（8.5粒/雌），对烟粉虱3龄若虫的日捕食量最小（2.1头/雌）；雌成螨对烟粉虱卵具有较高的瞬间攻击率（0.038）和寻找效应（0.025）。研究表明，胡瓜新小绥螨对烟粉虱卵及低龄若虫的捕食能力较强，是烟粉虱发生初期的有效天敌。     

江原钝绥螨发育历期及雌成螨生殖特性的初步观察

本文报道了江原钝绥螨室内发育历期及雌成螨生殖特性。在室温25±1℃及相对湿度75～85％的实验条件下,该螨的发育历期为5天,计卵期2天,幼螨期、前若螨期和后若螨期各1天。产卵量为41.6粒/雌。雌成螨寿命平均为55.5天;雄成螨39.9天。并对控制桔全爪螨的能力作了讨论。     

史氏始叶螨生物学特性及其防治初步研究

本文报道了史氏始叶螨的生物学特性及其防治。结果表明,史氐始叶螨完成一代需12～16,5天.卵历期5～6天,第一若螨期1.5天,第二若螨期1～1.5天。雌螨寿命10～13天,雄螨寿命6～7天。雌螨产卵期13～17天,总产卵量36～40粒。雌雄性比例为8:1。该螨发育起点温度为6.82℃,完成一代的总积温为204.67日度。在防治方面,使用12.290久效磷颗粒剂效果显著。     

巴氏钝绥螨对芦笋上烟蓟马捕食效能研究

本文研究巴氏钝绥螨Amblyseius barkeri（Hughes）对芦笋上烟蓟马Thrips tabaci Lindeman 1龄若虫的捕食功能反应及干扰作用。结果表明：巴氏钝绥螨雌成螨对烟蓟马1龄若虫的日捕食量随温度的升高和猎物数的增加而增加。在猎物密度为3～24头.皿-1范围内,15、20、25、30、35℃下日均捕食量分别为2.00～3.75、2.67～4.75、2.75～5.25、3.00～11.50、3.00～18.33头。5种温度下的功能反应符合Holling-Ⅱ和Holling-Ⅲ模型。处于产卵期的雌成螨捕食能力最强,产卵期雌成螨、第2若螨、第1若螨、雄成螨和产卵结束后的雌成螨的日捕食量分别为3.00～16.00、1.74～12.92、1.75～6.93、2.60～6.25、2.75～5.00头。巴氏钝绥螨个体间存在干扰反应,平均捕食量和捕食率均随捕食螨数量的增加而减少。在蓟马数按比例随捕食螨数量增加或不变的情况下的干扰反应模型分别为E=0.5316P-1.1177、E=0.1550P-0.3614。     

捕食性天敌黑纹透翅花蝽的生物学特性

以榕母管蓟马为猎物,研究了黑纹透翅花蝽(Montandoniola moraguesi)的历期及捕食量.该蝽发育历经卵、1～5龄若虫、成虫;在15～35℃,发育历期随温度升高而呈逻辑斯蒂递减;卵期发育起点温度为7.9℃,有效积温为107.4日度;若虫期发育起点温度为10.0℃,有效积温为298.0日度.该蝽未成熟期在15℃及35℃时的死亡率较20～25℃时高.在25℃下,黑纹透翅花蝽各龄若虫及雌成虫对蓟马卵的日捕食量为1.8～10.4粒/头,对蓟马成虫的日捕食量为1.1～2.6蓟马/头.该蝽雌成虫对蓟马卵、一龄若虫的捕食量无显著差异,平均每雌捕食10.2～10.4粒(头)/d;对蓟马二龄若虫、"蛹"、成虫之间的捕食量亦相似(2.6～3.7头/d).     

低温贮藏对加州新小绥螨生物学特性和捕食能力的影响

为探究加州新小绥螨国内种群的最佳贮藏方法,在4、7、10℃下,以叶片+叶螨和花粉2种冷藏基质及不同冷藏时间为参试因子,研究了低温贮藏对其雌成螨存活、产卵和捕食的影响,并测试了其卵冷藏后的存活及发育情况。结果显示,温度、基质和时间3个因子均显著影响冷藏处理后加州新小绥螨雌成螨的存活率、产卵量和捕食率。在4、7、10℃下,以花粉为基质冷藏超过10 d后雌成螨存活率均低于50%,不适宜长期贮藏;以叶片+叶螨为基质冷藏分别超过20、25、30 d后雌成螨存活率显著降低,超过30 d后产卵前期较对照的1.05 d显著延长,分别达到3.07、3.14、2.29 d。在2种基质中,所有冷藏处理的单雌1周日均产卵量为1.55~2.96粒,均低于对照的2.97粒,且随冷藏时间的增加呈下降趋势;冷藏后雌成螨产卵期捕食率为每12 h 11.60~15.84头,均高于对照的11.60头。冷藏温度和时间显著影响卵的孵化率和发育历期,短期冷藏后孵化的雌螨比例与对照差异不显著。表明加州新小绥螨雌成螨适宜以叶片+叶螨为冷藏基质,短期冷藏的最适温度为4~7℃,长期冷藏最适温度为10℃;卵以4℃冷藏7 d最佳,在10℃下冷藏不宜超过2周。     

东方钝绥螨与津川钝绥螨对烟粉虱卵及1龄若虫的功能反应比较

烟粉虱是农作物、瓜果蔬菜以及观赏植物上的重要害虫,往往发生重、防治难。采用天敌防治针对性强且无毒无害,植绥螨作为防治烟粉虱较好的捕食性天敌,国际商品化程度高,但引进存在风险,希望发掘我国本土防治烟粉虱植绥螨优势种。在试验中发现,本地植绥螨优势种津川钝绥螨和东方钝绥螨对烟粉虱的卵及1龄若虫都具有一定捕食作用,为评价其捕食能力,本文研究了两者雌、雄成螨对烟粉虱的功能反应。结果表明,两种螨对烟粉虱的功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型。津川钝绥螨雌成螨对烟粉虱卵及1龄若虫的理论最大捕食量分别为19.6粒/d、10.7头/d,分别高于东方钝绥螨雌成螨53.5%、2.6%;其雄成螨对烟粉虱卵的理论最大捕食量为3.6粒/d,对烟粉虱1龄若虫几乎不取食,东方钝绥螨雄成螨的理论最大捕食量分别为3.3粒/d、4.3头/d。总体来说,津川钝绥螨比东方钝绥螨具有更强的捕食能力,有较好的应用前景。     

Transovarial biotransference of etoxazole through a terrestrial trophic web

BACKGROUND: Transovarial transport is defined as the passage of chemicals from the maternal body to eggs within the ovaries. Little is known about the effects of transovarial transport on non‐target species. This study evaluates etoxazole (a transovarial acaricidal compound) on a terrestrial trophic web consisting of a ubiquitous phytophagous mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and three species of predatory mites. RESULTS: Predatory mite females that consumed eggs laid by etoxazole‐treated T. urticae also produced infertile eggs. There was a negative relationship between the proportion of etoxazole‐treated T. urticae females and the instantaneous rate of predatory mite increase at the population level (r² = 0.86). Reduced fertility of etoxazole‐treated T. urticae females continued for 18 days following application. Eggs laid by etoxazole‐treated T. urticae females remained toxic to predatory mite females for 42 days after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Transovarial transport could lead to magnification in the ecosystem by enhancing both bioavailability and movement of an active ingredient. The potential for enhancement of residual activity by terrestrial organisms and its significance once reaching the food web should be taken into account for new classes of acaricides and insecticides. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Predator–prey Systems with Mites1)

Population models of fruit tree red spider mite and predatory mite are given, which are used to explain the regulation of spider mites by predatory mites and may be used to manage spider mite systems in apple orchards. The models are based on extensive experimental knowledge of the bionomics of prey and predator. A detailed analysis of the prey–predator relations on the individual level paved the way for the development of prey–predator models on the population level. These models, based on the state variable approach, simulate the population fluctuations: of prey and predator in dependence of the changing abiotic factors during the season using time steps of a quarter of an hour and trace all state variables, as the number of eggs, larvae, adult females and gut content of the adult female predator. Verification of the models at different levels of integration showed good agreement between model output and the results of independent experiments, and this enabled a sensitivity analysis with the model. This sensitivity analysis showed the relative importance of different factors, so that management strategies to achieve tolerable prey–predator levels throughout the year may be developed.     

用杂交方法鉴定我国三种常见叶螨

本文报道通过杂交试验,连代隔离饲养观察和阳具端锤的形状区别将北京花卉上发现的绿色种叶螨、红色种叶螨和菜豆上发现的红色种叶螨作了鉴定。绿色种与两红色种之间均存在着生殖隔离,杂交产生不育后代或不能交配,因此它们是各自独立的种。绿色叶螨应是二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae),连代隔离饲养证明雌成螨始终体呈绿色(滞育型除外),其遗传性是稳定的,这可以作为二斑叶螨和其近似种相区别的直观特征。从阳具端锤的形状差别可以区分两种红色螨分别是硃砂叶螨(T.cinnabarinus)(采自花卉)和截形叶螨(T.truncatus)(采自菜豆)。据此,作者对国内目前通行的有关棉叶螨(T.urticae)和红叶螨(T.cinnabarinus)的学名和中文名称的混乱问题,进行了讨论。认为棉叶螨不是T.urticae,红叶螨不一定全是T.cinnabarinus。     

三种杀螨剂对双尾新小绥螨后代生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确杀螨剂对双尾新小绥螨Neoseiulus bicaudus后代生长发育及繁殖的影响,采用联苯肼酯、三唑锡和哒螨灵对土耳其斯坦叶螨Tetranychus turkestani的致死中浓度处理双尾新小绥螨雌成螨,测定其后代各发育阶段的存活率、发育历期、寿命、雌性比例及繁殖力,构建亚致死条件下双尾新小绥螨后代的年龄-龄期两性生命表并模拟其种群增长模型,分析不同杀螨剂亚致死效应对捕食螨后代的影响。结果表明,联苯肼酯处理能显著缩短双尾新小绥螨后代的未成熟期（4.81 d）,显著延长双尾新小绥螨后代雌成螨的寿命（45.43 d）,且对存活率、产卵前期、雌性比例和净增殖率无显著影响。三唑锡处理降低了双尾新小绥螨后代雌性比例（0.37）并显著降低了其后代净增殖率（15.91）,对未成熟期、产卵前期和雌雄成螨寿命均无显著影响。哒螨灵处理对双尾新小绥螨后代的未成熟期、存活率、雌成螨寿命、产卵前期、和雌性比例均未产生显著影响,仅显著延长了雌雄成螨寿命（51.22 d和44.23 d）。经所建Timing种群模型模拟,3种杀螨剂处理后双尾新小绥螨后代种群均可以继续增殖,经过60 d无限制增殖后,联苯肼脂处理的双尾新小绥螨后代种群数量是对照的1.62倍,达4 976头;哒螨灵处理（2 101头）和三唑锡处理（983头）的种群数量较对照分别减少了31.43%和67.92%。表明联苯肼脂对双尾新小绥螨后代影响较小,是较为安全的杀螨剂。     

Effects of azadirachtin on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its compatibility with predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on strawberry

BACKGROUND: The spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is the major strawberry pest in Brazil. The main strategies for its control comprise synthetic acaricides and predatory mites. The recent register of a commercial formula of azadirachtin (Azamax^® 12 g L^?1) can be viable for control of T. urticae. In this work, the effects of azadirachtin on T. urticae and its compatibility with predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus macropilis in the strawberry crop were evaluated. RESULTS: Azadirachtin was efficient against T. urticae, with a mortality rate similar to that of abamectin. In addition, the azadirachtin showed lower biological persistence (7 days) than abamectin (21 days). Azadirachtin did not cause significant mortality of adult predatory mites (N. californicus and P. macropilis), but it did reduce fecundity by 50%. However, egg viability of the azadirachtin treatments was similar to that of the control (>80% viability). The use of azadirachtin and predatory mites is a valuable tool for controlling T. urticae in strawberry crop. CONCLUSIONS: Azadirachtin provided effective control of T. urticae and is compatible with the predatory mites N. californicus and P. macropilis. It is an excellent tool to be incorporated into integrated pest management for strawberry crop in Brazil. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

西方盲走螨防治苹果树叶螨的研究

通过室内个体饲养观察,明确西方盲走螨捕食山楂叶螨和李始叶螨生长发育情况良好。1983～1985年,兰州田间试验表明:5月下旬到6月中旬,根据苹果树的不同树龄和叶螨的虫口基数,以1:36～64的益、害比,每株释放西方盲走螨雌成螨350～2,750头,经过45～60天,释放树上山楂叶螨和李始叶螨的种群数量发展缓慢,渐趋衰亡,达到完全控制。释放西方盲走螨不仅当年控制李始叶螨为害,可减少用药3～4次;其效果可持续两年。     

两种花粉对巴氏钝绥螨生长发育与繁殖的影响

在实验室条件下测定了两种花粉对巴氏钝绥螨生长发育与繁殖的影响。结果表明,在温度25 ℃、相对湿度72%,光照L∥D=12 h∥12 h条件下,油菜花粉饲养的巴氏钝绥螨幼螨、前若螨、后若螨历期分别为0.98、3.23、430 d。幼螨发育到成螨共需8.52 d,存活率为83.33%,雌虫不产卵。丝瓜花粉饲养的巴氏钝绥螨卵、幼螨、前若螨、后若螨、产卵前期、世代历期分别为2.55、0.97、2.38、2.07、3.20、11.17 d。平均每头雌螨日产卵量1.78粒,总产卵量58.60粒,产卵持续时间33.53 d,无不产卵个体。其日产卵量呈二次抛物线趋势,回归方程为y=0.155 4t-0.002 80t2(R2=0.951 5,p<0.000 1)。取食丝瓜花粉的巴氏钝绥螨的种群趋势指数I=28.13,净生殖率为R0=26.813,种群平均世代周期T=30.139 d,内禀增长率rm=0.109,周限增长率λ=1.115,种群加倍时问t=6.352 d。由以上试验结果可知,丝瓜花粉比油菜花粉更适合饲养、繁殖巴氏钝绥螨。     

Prey consumption rates and compatibility with pesticides of four predatory mites from the family Phytoseiidae attacking Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

BACKGROUND: Predatory mites (Amblyseius swirskii Athias‐Henriot, Typhlodromips montdorensis Schicha, Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) and Iphiseius degenerans Berlese) were investigated for their potential to act as control agents for Thrips palmi Karny. Prey consumption rates and compatibility with pesticides were assessed. RESULTS: Second‐instar larvae were the preferred life stage. Typhlodromips montdorensis consumed the most larvae (2.8) and also an average of 1.2 adult T. palmi per 5 day period. Both 24 and 48 h assessments following application of abamectin, spinosad and imazalil demonstrated mortality of predatory mites (across all species), which was significantly higher than with the other treatments (P < 0.001). Spraying with pymetrozine did not provide any increased mortality when compared with the water control. Application of thiacloprid proved detrimental only to I. degenerans. Following indirect exposure of predatory mites to pymetrozine and imazalil, no significant differences in mite mortality were obtained. Indirect exposure to spinosad was identified as the most detrimental treatment (P < 0.001) to all mites. Abamectin also proved detrimental, with only T. montdorensis showing any potential tolerance. CONCLUSION: All predatory mites investigated offer potential for controlling T. palmi. Compatibility with chemicals varied between the mites. The potential of incorporating the mites into eradication strategies for T. palmi is discussed. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Testing banker plants for biological control of mites on roses

We tested whether plant species used in a banker plant system influence the success of a biological control program with predatory mites. Banker plants (BP) may sustain a reproducing population of predators and provide long-term pest suppression. In an experiment lasting 12 weeks, we analyzed the responses of the predatory mite Amblyseius californicus and the pest mite Tetranychus urticae to eight species of potential BP with different morphological structures. Every BP was paired with a rose plant and infested with pest and predatory mites. The measured parameters were vitality and growth of the plants and numbers of predators, pests and their eggs. Reproduction and establishment of the pest and predatory mites differed among plant species as well as plant growth and vitality. Vitis riparia and Viburnum tinus were the most efficient BP in this combination of pest–predator species. Their presence resulted in best health of the rose crops, highest number of predatory mites and lowest number of pests. Both these BP possess domatia which may be responsible for the efficiency in hosting predatory mites. Overall, the species which fulfilled the requirements of a BP best was the local shrub V, tinus, which bore no pests and a very large number of predators and has a compact growth form suited for application in greenhouses. Although our study gives only evidence for an artificial system with a high BP:crop ratio, high numbers of introduced predators and short distances between plants, this study contributes to knowledge of BP systems and to improve the understanding of the criteria for the choice of local plant species to be used as BP for biological control in IPM.