The effects of compost in a rice–wheat cropping system on aggregate size,carbon and nitrogen content of the size–density fraction and chemical composition of soil organic matter,as shown by 13C CP NMR spectroscopy

We investigated whether the long‐term application of compost from agricultural waste improved soil physical structure, fertility and soil organic matter (SOM) storage. In 2006, we began a long‐term field experiment based on a rice–wheat rotation cropping system, having a control without fertilizer (NF) and three treatments: chemical fertilizers (CF), pig manure compost (PMC) and a prilled mixture of PMC and inorganic fertilizers (OICF). Following the harvest of wheat in 2010, the mean‐weight diameter (MWD) of water‐stable aggregates and the concentration of C and N in bulk soil (0–20 cm; <2 mm fraction) were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in PMC and NF plots than in CF or OICF plots. Pig manure compost significantly increased the proportion of >5‐mm aggregates, whereas CF significantly increased the proportion of 0.45‐ to 1‐mm aggregates. The C and N contents of all density fractions were greater in PMC than in other treatments with levels decreasing in the following order: free particulate organic matter (fPOM) >occluded particulate organic matter (oPOM) > mineral‐combined SOM (mineral–SOM). Solid‐state ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra showed that alkyl C/O‐alkyl C ratios and aromatic component levels of SOM were smaller in PMC and OICF plots than in CF plots, suggesting that SOM in PMC and OICF plots was less degraded than that in CF plots. Nevertheless, yields of wheat in PMC and NF plots were smaller than those in CF and OICF plots, indicating that conditions for producing large grain yields did not maintain soil fertility.     

Long‐term effect of compost and inorganic fertilizer on activities of carbon‐cycle enzymes in aggregates of an intensively cultivated sandy loam

The activities of carbon‐cycle enzymes were measured in soil and aggregates to understand compost and inorganic fertilizer amendment effects on soil organic carbon accumulation in an intensively cultivated upland field. Soil samples were collected from a long‐term field experiment with seven treatments: compost, half‐compost N plus half‐fertilizer N, fertilizer NPK, fertilizer NP, fertilizer NK, fertilizer PK and no fertilizer control. The 18‐yr continuous application of compost increased organic C content in soil and three aggregate sizes by 72–124 and 78–234%, respectively, compared with the control. Fertilization also significantly increased organic C contents in soil, macroaggregates and the silt + clay fraction, but not in microaggregates. Compost application significantly reduced the specific activities of polyphenol oxidase (activity per unit organic C) in soil and three aggregate sizes compared with control, whereas fertilization had a much weaker effect. Compost amendment also significantly lowered the specific activities of invertase in macroaggregates and the silt + clay fraction, and this effect was more pronounced than the addition of fertilizer NPK. In contrast, inorganic fertilizer and compost application significantly increased the specific activities of cellobiohydrolase in soil, macroaggregates and microaggregates (but not in the silt + clay fraction), and xylosidase in microaggregates. The application of fertilizer NPK had a more pronounced effect than compost. We considered that the increase in organic C in compost‐amended soil was therefore probably associated with the accumulation of lignocellulose and sucrose in macroaggregates, lignocellulose and hemicellulose in microaggregates and lignin (its derivative) and nonstructural carbohydrates in the silt + clay fraction. However, the application of fertilizer NPK enhanced organic C probably due to an increase in the content of lignin (its derivative) and sucrose in macroaggregates and the silt + clay fraction. Therefore, the application of compost with high lignocellulose should be effective to increase soil organic C in the North China Plain.     

连续施肥20年后棕壤团聚体分布和碳储量变化

利用两种不同分离方法(干筛法与湿筛法)对耕作施肥20年后棕壤的团聚体组成、团聚体有机碳含量以及有机碳储量进行了研究。结果表明:棕壤团聚体以0.25～1mm团聚体为主。与长期不施肥比较,除0.25～1mm粒级外长期施用氮磷化肥使风干团聚体和水稳性团聚体中较大团聚体和微团聚体数量下降,降低了各级风干团聚体中有机碳积累,增加了水稳性团聚体中有机碳积累;长期施用有机肥较大团聚体和微团聚体数量增加及其相连的有机碳含量和储量均增加;长期有机无机肥配施大团聚体数量下降,微团聚体数量增加,有机碳含量均增加,大团聚体碳库储量下降,微团聚体碳库储量增加。由此可见长期施有机肥土壤结构改善,固C潜力增加。长期高量有机肥与无机肥配施可能有利于土壤固碳,但不利于作物生长。     

Effects of long-term compost and fertilizer application on stability of aggregate-associated organic carbon in an intensively cultivated sandy loam soil

The study examined the influence of compost and mineral fertilizer application on the content and stability of soil organic carbon (SOC). Soil samples collected from a long-term field experiment were separated into macroaggregate, microaggregate, and silt + clay fractions by wet-sieving. The experiment involved seven treatments: compost, half-compost N plus half-fertilizer N, fertilizer NPK, fertilizer NP, fertilizer NK, fertilizer PK, and control. The 18-year application of compost increased SOC by 70.7–121.7%, and mineral fertilizer increased by 5.4–25.5%, with no significant difference between control soil and initial soil. The C mineralization rate (rate per unit dry mass) in microaggregates was 1.52–2.87 mg C kg⁻¹ day⁻¹, significantly lower than in macroaggregate and silt + clay fractions (P < 0.05). Specific C mineralization rate (rate per unit SOC) in silt + clay fraction amounted to 0.48–0.87 mg C g⁻¹ SOC day⁻¹ and was higher than in macroaggregates and microaggregates. Our data indicate that SOC in microaggregates is more stable than in macroaggregate and silt + clay fractions. Compost and mineral fertilizer application increased C mineralization rate in all aggregates compared with control. However, compost application significantly decreased specific C mineralization rate in microaggregate and silt + clay fractions by 2.6–28.2% and 21.9–25.0%, respectively (P < 0.05). By contrast, fertilizer NPK application did not affect specific C mineralization rate in microaggregates but significantly increased that in silt + clay fractions. Carbon sequestration in compost-amended soil was therefore due to improving SOC stability in microaggregate and silt + clay fractions. In contrast, fertilizer NPK application enhanced SOC with low stability in macroaggregate and silt + clay fractions.     

Variation of intra‐aggregate organic carbon affects aggregate formation and stability during organic manure fertilization in a fluvo‐aquic soil

The aggregate formation and stability are controlled by the dynamics of soil organic matters (SOM), but how it is related to SOM chemical composition within different‐sized aggregates is largely unknown during manure fertilization. In this study, the variations of intra‐aggregate organic carbon (OC), including intra‐particulate organic matter (iPOM) and mineral‐associated organic matter, were quantitatively and qualitatively analysed, and then, their effects on aggregate formation and stability were assessed under four treatments: control (CK), mineral fertilizer (NPK), reduced manure (30%M) and manure fertilizers (M). Manure application (M) significantly increased macroaggregate proportion, mean weight diameter (MWD), and OC contents within different‐sized aggregates compared to CK, NPK, and 30%M. The OC accumulation of macroaggregate in M was attributed to OC content increase in silt plus clay subfraction rather than iPOM with more labile organic groups; oppositely, in microaggregate it was located in the relatively stable fine iPOM. The macroaggregate formation and stability were controlled by the fine iPOM within macroaggregates, whose abundant polysaccharide‐C and aliphatic‐C after manure fertilization advanced the microbial growth except for Gram‐positive bacteria, which further promoted macroaggregate formation and stability. The free silt plus clay fraction also affected macroaggregate formation and stability, and its polysaccharide‐C derived from microorganisms or decomposing SOM was positively associated with MWD and macroaggregate proportion. Because polysaccharide‐C can be easily associated with mineral particles, further improving micro‐ or macroaggregation. We conclude that continuous manure fertilization could increase labile SOM accumulation within aggregates and then facilitate microbial growth, which collectively are responsible for aggregate formation and stabilization.     

A comparison of two methods for the isolation of free and occluded particulate organic matter

Various methods exist for the isolation of particulate organic matter (POM), one of the soil‐organic‐matter (SOM) fractions reacting most sensitive on land‐use or soil‐management changes. A combination of density separation and ultrasonic treatment allows to isolate two types of POM: (1) free POM and (2) POM occluded in soil aggregates. POM fractions are closely linked to their biochemical function for the formation and stabilization of aggregates, therefore methods using different aggregate sizes may result in different POM fractions isolated. We evaluated two physical fractionation procedures to reveal whether they yield different POM fractions with respect to amount and composition, using grassland and arable soils with sandy‐loam to sandy–clay‐loam texture and thus low macroaggregate stability. Method I used air‐dried aggregates of <2.0 mm size and a low‐energy sonication for aggregate disruption, method II used field‐moist aggregates <6.3 mm and a high‐energy–sonication procedure for aggregate disruption. POM fractions were analyzed by elemental analysis (C, N) and CPMAS ¹³C‐NMR spectroscopy. With both methods, about similar proportions of the SOM are isolated as free or occluded POM, respectively. The free‐ and occluded‐POM fractions obtained with method I are also rather similar in C and N concentration and composition as shown by ¹³C‐NMR spectroscopy. Method II isolates a free‐ and occluded‐POM fraction with significantly different C and N concentrations. NMR spectra revealed significant differences in the chemical composition of both fractions from method II, with the occluded POM having lower amounts of O‐alkyl C and higher amounts of aryl C and alkyl C than the free POM. Due to the use of larger, field‐moist aggregates with minimized sample pretreatment, two distinctly different POM fractions are isolated with method II, likely to be more closely linked to their biochemical function for the formation and stabilization of aggregates. High‐energy sonication as in method II also disrupts small microaggregates <63 µm and releases fine intraaggregate POM. This fraction seems to be a significant component of occluded POM, that allows a differentiation between free and occluded POM in sandy soils with significant microaggregation. It can be concluded, that microaggregation in arable soils with sandy texture is responsible for the storage of a more degraded occluded POM, that conversely supports the stabilization of fine microaggregates.     

Effects of Organic Amendments on Soil Physical Attributes and Aggregate-Associated Phosphorus Under Long-Term Rice-Wheat Cropping

The quantification of phosphorus(P) in bulk soil and P distribution in different size fractions of water-stable aggregates(WSAs)are important for assessing potential P loss through runoff. We evaluated available and total P distribution within WSAs of a sitty clay to clay soil in a long-term fertility experiment of a rice-wheat cropping system in India. Surface soil samples were collected from seven plots amended with NPK fertilizers in combination with or without organic amendments, farmyard manure(FYM), green manure(GM), and paddy straw(PS). The plot with no NPK fertilizers or organic amendments was set as a control. The soil samples were separated by wet sieving into four soil aggregate size fractions: large macroaggregates( 2.0 mm), small macroaggregates(0.25–2.0 mm), fine microaggregates(0.05–0.25 mm), and a silt + clay-sized fraction( 0.05 mm). Structural indices were higher in the soil receiving organic amendments than in the soil receiving inorganic fertilizer alone. Organically amended soil had a higher proportion of stable macroaggregates than the control and the soil receiving inorganic fertilizer alone, which were rich in microaggregates. Total and available P contents within WSAs were inversely related to the aggregate size, irrespective of treatment. The distribution of available and total P in the soil aggregate size fraction was as follows: silt + clay-size fraction small macroaggregates fine microaggregates large macroaggregates. Within a size class, aggregate-associated available and total P contents in the organically amended soil were in the following order: FYM PS ≥ GM. The available P content of the microaggregates( 0.25 mm) was 8-to 10-times higher than that of the macroaggregates( 0.25 mm), and the total P content of the microaggregates was 4-to 5-times higher than that of the macroaggregates. Cultivation without organic amendments resulted in more microaggregates that could be checked by the application of organic amendments such as FYM and GM, which increased the proportion of water-stable macroaggregates by consolidating microaggregates into macroaggregates.     

Soil organic matter distribution and microaggregate characteristics as affected by agricultural management and earthworm activity

Stable microaggregates can physically protect occluded soil organic matter (SOM) against decomposition. We studied the effects of agricultural management on the amount and characteristics of microaggregates and on SOM distribution in a marine loam soil in the Netherlands. Three long‐term farming systems were compared: a permanent pasture, a conventional‐arable system and an organic‐arable system. Whole soil samples were separated into microaggregates (53–250 µm), 20–53 µm and < 20 µm organo‐mineral fractions, sand and particulate organic matter, after complete disruption of macroaggregates. Equal amounts of microaggregates were isolated, irrespective of management. However, microaggregates from the pasture contained a larger fraction of total soil organic C and were more stable than microaggregates from the two arable fields, suggesting greater SOM stabilization in microaggregates under pasture. Moreover, differences in the relative contribution of coarse silt (> 20 µm) versus fine mineral particles in the microaggregates of the different management systems demonstrate that different types of microaggregates were isolated. These results, in combination with micromorphological study of thin sections, indicate that the great earthworm activity under permanent pasture is an important factor explaining the presence of very stable microaggregates that are relatively enriched in organic C and fine mineral particles. Despite a distinctly greater total SOM content and earthworm activity in the organic‐ versus the conventional‐arable system, differences in microaggregate characteristics between both arable systems were small. The formation of stable and strongly organic C‐enriched microaggregates seems much less effective under arable conditions than under pasture. This might be related to differences in earthworm species' composition, SOM characteristics and/or mechanical disturbance between pasture and arable land.     

Decadal Nitrogen Fertilization Decreases Mineral‐Associated and Subsoil Carbon: A 32‐Year Study

Crop residues and manure are important sources of carbon (C) for soil organic matter (SOM) formation. Crop residue return increases by nitrogen (N) fertilization because of higher plant productivity, but this often results only in minor increases of SOM. In our study, we show how N fertilization and organic C additions affected SOM and its fractions within a 32‐year‐long field‐experiment at Puch, Germany. Five organic additions, no‐addition (control), manure, slurry, straw and straw + slurry, were combined with three mineral N fertilization rates (no, medium and high fertilization), which resulted in 1·17–4·86 Mg C‐input ha^‐1 y^‐1. Topsoil (0–25 cm) SOM content increased with N fertilization, mainly because of the C in free light fraction (f‐LF). In contrast, subsoil (25–60 cm) SOM decreased with N fertilization, probably because of roots' relocation in Ap horizon with N fertilization at the surface. Despite high inputs, straw contributed little to f‐LF but prevented C losses from the mineral‐associated SOM fraction (ρ > 1·6 g cm^‐3) with N fertilization, which was observed without straw addition. Above (straw) and belowground (roots) residues had opposite effects on SOM fractions. Root C retained longer in the light‐fractions and was responsible for SOM increase with N fertilization. Straw decomposed rapidly (from f‐LF) and fueled the mineral‐associated SOM fraction. We conclude that SOM content and composition depended not only on residue quantity, which can be managed by the additions and N fertilization, but also on the quality of organics. This should be considered for maintaining the SOM level, C sequestration, and soil fertility. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

后续施肥措施改变对水稻土团聚体有机碳分布及其周转的影响

利用一个长达30 a且已进行适当变更的长期定位施肥试验,改施C4玉米秸秆以替代C3水稻秸秆,运用δ~(13)C自然丰度方法,研究长期施用高量有机肥、常量有机肥、化肥及当其施肥措施改变(化肥改为常量有机肥、常量有机肥改为高量有机肥、高量有机肥改为化肥、常量有机肥改为化肥)3 a后对红壤性水稻土团聚体有机碳分布及其周转的影响。结果表明:在所有施肥处理条件下红壤性水稻土团聚体分布以大团聚体(0.25 mm)为主,占72.48%~86.33%。与施用化肥30 a相比,长期施用常量有机肥、高量有机肥有利于促进红壤性水稻土粗大团聚体(2 mm)的形成,并提高团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)。团聚体中有机碳含量随着团聚体粒径的增大而增大,大团聚体更有利于有机碳富集。长期常量有机肥、高量有机肥处理下红壤性水稻土中有机碳主要贮存在粗大团聚体(2 mm)中,而长期化肥处理下以细大团聚体(2~0.25 mm)对土壤有机碳贡献率最高。外源新碳施入量越多,全土和各粒径团聚体新碳含量越高,且外源新碳主要分布在大团聚中。在后续施肥措施改变3年后,增加有机肥施入量(化改常、常改高)2 mm粗大团聚体、MWD、全土及各粒径团聚体中有机碳含量将分别显著提高7.08%~73.13%、5.38%~44.22%、14.53%~38.50%、0.70%~35.86%;而减少有机肥施入量(高改化、常改化)则与之相反,分别降低28.17%~43.20%、21.17%~31.54%、17.54%~27.30%、11.49%~29.77%。因此,在我国南方红壤性稻作区的农业生产过程中应继续或加大施用有机肥,从而进一步维持或改善土壤结构,提高土壤有机碳含量。     

Effect of water and nitrogen management on aggregate size and carbon enrichment of soil in rice‐wheat cropping system

A study was carried out on a silty clay loam soil (Typic Haplustept) to evaluate the effect of farmyard manure (FYM) vis‐à‐vis fertilizer and irrigation application on the soil organic C content and soil structure. The fertilizer treatments comprised of eight different combinations of N and FYM and three water regimes. The results indicated that the application of FYM and increasing N rate increased soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Addition of FYM also increased the percentage of large sized water stable aggregates (> 5 mm) and reduced the percentage of smaller size aggregates. This was reflected in an increase in the mean weight diameter (MWD) and improved soil structure. The organic carbon content in macroaggregates (> 1 mm) was greater compared to microaggregates, and it declined with decrease in size of microaggregates. This difference in organic C content between macro‐ and microaggregates was more with higher N dose and FYM treated plots. The effect of residual FYM on MWD and organic C content of the soil after wheat harvest was not significant. The effect was less in deeper layers compared to surface layers of the soil. MWD was significantly correlated with the SOC content for the top two layers.     

Long-term fertilization and plastic film mulching modify temporal incorporation of 13C/15N-labelled particulate organic matter

Plastic film mulching (PFM) is critical for agricultural planting and maximizing production in semiarid and arid areas. Particulate organic matter (POM) is assumed to be a sensitive indicator for evaluating the effects of different agricultural practices on soil fertility and the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. Soil aggregates have the function of ‘wrap’ and protect the POM stored in them. However, there is limited information regarding how PFM and fertilization jointly influence the dynamic changes of newly added stalk-derived POM in brown earth. Consequently, an in-depth study of the fate of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) derived from maize stalk residues within the particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) fractions in soil aggregates was undertaken. Its outcome would contribute to better predictions on the active organic matter components sequestered in the soil. The dynamics and accumulation of newly added maize stalk C and N as POC and PON in different soil aggregates (using the dry sieving method divided into >2, 1–2, 0.25–1 and <0.25 mm) were analysed by an in situ ¹³C/¹⁵N-tracing technique under PFM and different fertilization treatments. Over 360 days of cultivation, the POC and PON contents were significantly (p < 0.05) larger in the nitrogen (N) and organic manure (M) treatments than in the MN (manure combined with nitrogen) and Control treatments. The PFM treatment accelerated the decomposition of maize stalk C in the N fertilizer treatment, with an increase of 64% in stalk-derived POC after the 1-day cultivation period. Stalk-derived POM tended to accumulate in <0.25 mm microaggregates in the early cultivation period and then decreased rapidly with the extension of the cultivation period affected by PFM coupled with fertilization. However, stalk-derived POM accumulation in macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) fluctuated over the 360-day cultivation period. Accordingly, PFM application and fertilization practices had important effects on the accumulation of newly added stalk-derived POM in soil aggregates. We conclude that the accumulation of maize residue POM was primarily affected by soil fertilization type, rather than by the presence or absence of PFM. These results provide new insights into agricultural management strategies for improving soil carbon sequestration capacity.     

Long‐term effects of tillage,nutrient application and crop rotation on soil organic matter quality assessed by NMR spectroscopy

Crop and land management practices affect both the quality and quantity of soil organic matter (SOM) and hence are driving forces for soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. The objective of this study was to assess the long‐term effects of tillage, fertilizer application and crop rotation on SOC in an agricultural area of southern Norway, where a soil fertility and crop rotation experiment was initiated in 1953 and a second experiment on tillage practices was initiated in 1983. The first experiment comprised 6‐yr crop rotations with cereals only and 2‐yr cereal and 4‐yr grass rotations with recommended (base) and more than the recommended (above base) fertilizer application rates; the second experiment dealt with autumn‐ploughed (conventional‐till) plots and direct‐drilled plots (no‐till). Soil samples at 0–10 and 10–30 cm depths were collected in autumn 2009 and analysed for their C and N contents. The quality of SOM in the top layer was determined by ¹³C solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. The SOC stock did not differ significantly because of rotation or fertilizer application types, even after 56 yr. However, the no‐till system showed a significantly higher SOC stock than the conventional‐till system at the 0–10 cm depth after the 26 yr of experiment, but it was not significantly different at the 10–30 cm depth. In terms of quality, SOM was found to differ by tillage type, rate of fertilizer application and crop rotation. The no‐till system showed an abundance of O‐alkyl C, while conventional‐till system indicated an apparently indirect enrichment in alkyl C, suggesting a more advanced stage of SOM decomposition. The long‐term quantitative and qualitative effects on SOM suggest that adopting a no‐tillage system and including grass in crop rotation and farmyard manure in fertilizer application may contribute to preserve soil fertility and mitigate climate change.     

长施马粪对暗棕壤团聚体腐殖质数量和质量的影响

运用元素和红外光谱分析研究了暗棕壤长期施用马粪(每3年施肥1次)、施低量化肥和马粪配施高量化肥对水稳性大团聚体(2 mm和2~0.25 mm)、微团聚体(0.25~0.053 mm)和粉/黏粒粒级(0.053 mm)中腐殖物质-胡敏酸(HA)的分布及其结构特征的影响,探讨施肥对农田土壤肥力的贡献及其团聚体的固碳机制。施用马粪和马粪配施高量化肥分别提高(49.06%)和降低(31.04%)了2~0.25 mm大团聚体比例,3种施肥措施均提高了土壤有机碳(SOC)数量,但对土壤HA数量影响不显著。不同施肥措施对不同粒级团聚体中HA的分子结构特征影响不同,3种施肥措施均降低了2~0.25 mm大团聚体HA的缩合度,芳香性增加;微团聚体HA缩合度降低,脂族性增强;施用马粪提高了粉/黏粒HA的缩合度和脂族性,马粪配施高量化肥提高了粉/黏粒HA的缩合度和芳香性,施用低量化肥,粉/黏粒HA缩合度下降,芳香性提高。因此,长施马粪提高了土壤SOC数量,促进2~0.25 mm大团聚体的形成,大团聚体中HA的稳定性提高,利于土壤固碳,而0.25~0.053 mm微团聚体和0.053 mm粉/黏粒HA的活性增强,利于土壤肥力供给,这些团聚体是评估长施马粪对腐殖质质量产生影响的重要粒级。     

Aggregation and organic matter in subarctic Andosols under different grassland management

Quantity and quality of soil organic matter (SOM) affect physical, chemical, and biological soil properties, and are pivotal to productive and healthy grasslands. Thus, we analyzed the distribution of soil aggregates and assessed quality, quantity, and distribution of SOM in two unimproved and improved (two organic and two conventional) grasslands in subarctic Iceland, in Haplic and Histic Andosols. We also evaluated principal physicochemical and biological soil properties, which influence soil aggregation and SOM dynamics. Macroaggregates (>250 µm) in topsoils were most prominent in unimproved (62–77%) and organically (58–69%) managed sites, whereas 20–250 µm aggregates were the most prominent in conventionally managed sites (51–53%). Macroaggregate stability in topsoils, measured as mean weight diameter, was approximately twice as high in organically managed (12–20 mm) compared with the conventionally managed (5–8 mm) sites, possibly due to higher organic inputs (e.g., manure, compost, and cattle urine). In unimproved grasslands and one organic site, macroaggregates contributed between 40% and 70% of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen to bulk soil, whereas in high SOM concentration sites free particulate organic matter contributed up to 70% of the SOC and nitrogen to bulk soil. Aggregate hierarchy in Haplic Andosols was confirmed by different stabilizing mechanisms of micro- and macroaggregates, however, somewhat diminished by oxides (pyrophosphate-, oxalate-, and dithionite-extractable Fe, Al, and Mn) acting as binding agents for macroaggregates. In Histic Andosols, no aggregate hierarchy was observed. The higher macroaggregate stability in organic farming practice compared with conventional farming is of interest due to the importance of macroaggregates in protecting SOM and soils from erosion, which is a prerequisite for soil functions in grasslands that are envisaged for food production in the future.     

化肥配施不同剂量有机肥对黑土团聚体中有机碳与腐殖酸分布的影响

【目的】 团聚体的形成为土壤有机碳的稳定提供了重要的物理保护,施用有机肥影响着土壤团聚体的形成,量化有机肥施用剂量与团聚体有机碳稳定性之间的关系对于阐明农田土壤有机碳的固碳机制具有重要意义。 【方法】 以黑龙江省海伦市国家野外科学观测研究站为平台,选择连续10年进行化肥配施不同剂量有机肥处理[0、7.5、15、22.5 t/(hm2·a)]的黑土为研究对象,将团聚体分组与腐殖酸提取相结合,分析了不同粒径团聚体中有机碳和腐殖酸的含量与光学特性。 【结果】 1)与单施化肥相比,化肥配施有机肥增加了大团聚体( > 0.25 mm)的分配比例与团聚体的平均重量直径,二者均随着有机肥剂量的增加而逐渐升高,回归拟合分析表明,团聚体的平均重量直径与有机肥剂量之间呈现显著的正相关关系(P=0.03)。2) 2~0.25 mm团聚体是黑土有机碳的主要贮存场所,约占有机碳总量的64.8%~68.8%,大团聚体中有机碳的含量与储量均随着有机肥剂量的增加而逐渐升高, < 0.053 mm团聚体中有机碳含量与储量则维持在较稳定的水平。3)各粒级团聚体中腐殖酸碳含量以0.25~0.053 mm团聚体最高,各粒级团聚体中腐殖酸碳占有机碳百分比之间的差异不显著。化肥配施有机肥提高了各粒级团聚体中腐殖酸碳的含量,使团聚体对有机碳的固持能力增加,且各粒级团聚体中腐殖酸碳的含量随着有机肥剂量的增加逐渐升高。4)化肥配施有机肥增加了各粒级团聚体中腐殖酸的E4/E6比值,表明其分子结构简单化,且以 > 2 mm和0.25~0.053 mm团聚体中腐殖酸E4/E6比值的增加最显著。 【结论】 在黑土中,长期连续进行化肥配施有机肥,促进了团聚体的形成,改善了耕层土壤结构,增加了团聚体中有机碳的积累与固持能力,并使各粒级团聚体中腐殖酸的结构“年轻化”,这种促进作用在高剂量有机肥施用下更为显著。实际生产中,在短期内可通过适当提高有机肥的施用量以提高黑土肥力及其固碳能力。     

Content and composition of free and occluded particulate organic matter in a differently textured arable Cambisol as revealed by solid‐state 13C NMR spectroscopy

The composition of functional light soil organic matter pools of arable Cambisols with a gradient in clay content was investigated. Soil texture differences originate from increasing loess admixture to the parent material (coarse‐grained tertiary sediments). Using density fractionation in combination with ultrasonic dispersion, two types of particulate organic matter (POM) were obtained: (1) free POM and (2) POM occluded in soil aggregates. Both POM fractions were analyzed by elemental analysis (C, N) and CPMAS ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. With increasing clay content the amount of organic carbon stored in the occluded POM fraction increased considerably, whereas the amounts of free POM were not related to the soil clay content. With increasing soil clay contents increasing proportions of O‐alkyl C and decreasing proportions of aryl C were found for both POM fractions. The occluded POM fraction showed a higher degree of degradation as indicated by lower amounts in O‐alkyl carbon. A lower degree of POM degradation was associated with higher clay contents. Higher soil clay contents promoted the conservation of POM with a low degree of alteration. This effect of soil texture was found to be highly significant when the aryl C : O‐alkyl C ratio was used as indicator for POM decomposition rather than the alkyl C : O‐alkyl C ratio.     

Long-term effects of mineral and organic fertilization on soil organic matter fractions and sorghum yield under Sudano-Sahelian conditions

Abstract. Knowledge of changes in soil organic matter (SOM) fractions resulting from agricultural practice is important for decision‐making at farm level because of the contrasting effects of different SOM fractions on soils. A long‐term trial sited under Sudano‐Sahelian conditions was used to assess the effect of organic and inorganic fertilization on SOM fractions and sorghum performance. Sorghum straw and kraal manure were applied annually at 10 t ha^?1, with and without urea at 60 kg N ha^?1. The other treatments included fallowing, a control (no fertilization), and inorganic fertilization only (urea, 60 kg N ha^?1). Fallowing gave significantly larger soil organic carbon and nitrogen (N) levels than any other treatment. Total soil SOM and N concentrations increased in the following order: urea only < straw < control < straw+urea < manure with or without urea < fallow. Farming had an adverse effect on SOM and N status; however, this mostly affected the fraction of SOM >0.053 mm (particulate organic matter, POM). The POM concentrations in the control, straw and urea‐only treatments were about one‐half of the POM concentrations in the fallow treatment. POM concentrations increased in the following order: urea only < control < straw with or without urea < manure with or without urea < fallow. The fraction of SOM <0.053 mm (fine organic matter, FOM) was greater than POM in all plots except in fallow and manure+urea plots. Total N concentration followed the same trend as SOM, but cultivation led to a decline in both POM‐N and FOM‐N. Crop yield was greatest in the manure plots and lowest in the straw, control and urea‐only plots. Results indicate that under Sudano‐Sahelian conditions, SOM, POM and FOM fractions and crop performance were better maintained using organic materials with a low C/N ratio (manure) than with organic material with a high C/N ratio (straw). Urea improved the effect of straw on crop yield and SOM concentration.     

施肥措施对复垦土壤团聚体碳氮含量和作物产量的影响

研究复垦后不同施肥措施下有机碳（OC）和全氮（TN）在水稳性团聚体及粉黏粒组分中的分布特征,以期深入理解不同施肥措施下土壤有机碳的固持机制。以生土和连续6年不同施肥措施的复垦土壤为研究对象,采集0～20 cm耕层土壤样品,利用湿筛法进行土壤粒径分组,分析大粒径大团聚体（> 2 mm）、小粒径大团聚体（0.25～2 mm）、微团聚体（0.053～0.25 mm）和粉黏粒组分（< 0.053 mm）中OC和TN含量,判断各粒径团聚体及粉黏粒组分中有机碳储量的驱动因素,探究团聚体及粉黏粒组分中有机碳含量与作物产量之间的关系。试验设不施肥（CK）、施氮磷钾化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）和有机无机肥配施（MNPK）4个处理。结果表明：1）整个试验周期（2008-2013年）,同CK相比, NPK、M以及MNPK处理均显著提高了玉米籽粒产量,且以MNPK处理的效果最显著,分别提高了79.49%、116.07%和113.85%。     

不同种类有机肥施用对黑土团聚体有机碳及腐殖质组成的影响

以吉林省农业科学院黑土有机培肥定位试验基地为平台,研究了不同种类有机肥(堆腐肥、鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪)施用对土壤及不同粒级团聚体中有机碳和腐殖质组成的影响。结果表明:与不施肥(CK)和单施化肥(NPK)相比,有机肥配施化肥显著(P0.05)增加了土壤有机碳、胡敏酸碳(HAC)和胡敏素碳(HUC)含量;同时,有机肥配施化肥也增加了不同粒级团聚体中有机碳和腐殖质碳含量,其中施用堆腐肥显著增加了各粒级团聚体中有机碳、HAC和HUC含量。不同种类有机肥相比,施用堆腐肥处理的土壤有机碳、HAC和HUC含量均高于其他有机肥处理,并与牛粪处理之间差异显著;施用堆腐肥和牛粪后,0.25mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量高于其他有机肥处理,且2~0.25mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量显著高于鸡粪处理;从不同粒级团聚体中腐殖质组分的分布来看,施用堆腐肥后,2~0.25mm粒级团聚体中HAC和HUC含量显著高于猪粪处理,而0.25~0.053,0.053mm粒级团聚体中HAC含量显著低于鸡粪处理。上述结果说明,有机肥配施化肥提高了土壤团聚体中有机碳和腐殖质碳含量,但不同有机肥的效应不同。