河北省土壤有机碳密度的估算与不确定性来源研究

In order to improve the precision of soil organic carbon (SOC) estimates, the sources of uncertainty in soil organic carbon density (SOCD) estimates and SOC stocks were examined using 363 soil profiles in Hebei Province, China, with three methods: the soil profile statistics (SPS), GIS-based soil type (GST), and kriging interpolation (KI). The GST method, utilizing both pedological professional knowledge and GIS technology, was considered the most accurate method of the three estimations, with SOCD estimates for SPS 10% lower and KI 10% higher. The SOCD range for GST was 84% wider than KI as KI smoothing effect narrowed the SOCD range. Nevertheless, the coefficient of variation for SOCD with KI (41.7%) was less than GST and SPS. Comparing SOCD's lower estimates for SPS versus GST, the major sources of uncertainty were the conflicting area of proportional relations. Meanwhile, the fewer number of soil profiles and the necessity of using the smoothing effect with KI were its sources of uncertainty. Moreover, for local detailed variations of SOCD, GST was more advantageous in reflecting the distribution pattern than KI.     

利用化学和生物指标评价不同来源土壤铜的生物有效性

Bioavailability is a key parameter in assessing contaminant transfer to biota. However, the input patterns and soil use types may impact the metal bioavailability. Several soil parameters were measured including chemical properties, such as pH, organic C, and Cu solution/solid speciation, and biological properties, such as soil microbial biomass C （SMBC）, seed germination, and root elongation, to evaluate the bioavailability of Cu contaminated soils from three different sources, i.e., non-ferrous metal mining, Cu-based fungicides, and Cu-smelting. The results revealed that free Cu2＋ ion in soil solution and the ratios of Cu fractions to total Cu content in the solid phase could not be used to predict total Cu content in soils. The indexes of seed germination and root elongation appeared not to be good biomonitors of Cu contamination in soils, which were more sensitive to soil pH and soil organic carbon （SOC）. Relationships between SMBC and soil Cu forms or the ratio of SMBC/SOC and soil Cu forms showed that free Cu2＋ ion and humie acid-complexed Cu could significantly inhibit soil microbial activities. Our findings suggested that both metal chemical forms and biological bioassays should be considered as a complementary technique rather than an alternative to evaluate the metal bioavailability from different pollution sources.     

玉米秸秆质量和土壤水分对土壤活性有机碳组分和微生物性质的影响

Investigating the effects of residue chemical composition on soil labile organic carbon(LOC) will improve our understanding of soil carbon sequestration.The effects of maize residue chemical composition and soil water content on soil LOC fractions and microbial properties were investigated in a laboratory incubation experiment.Maize shoot and root residues were incorporated into soil at 40%and 70% ?eld capacity.The soils were incubated at 20?C for 150 d and destructive sampling was conducted after 15,75,and 150 d.Respiration,dissolved organic carbon(DOC),hot-water extractable organic carbon(HEOC),and microbial biomass carbon(MBC)were recorded,along with cellulase and β-glucosidase activities and community-level physiological pro?les.The results showed that the cumulative respiration was lower in root-amended soils than in shoot-amended soils,indicating that root amendment may be bene?cial to C retention in soil.No signi?cant differences in the contents of DOC,HEOC and MBC,enzyme activities,and microbial functional diversity were observed between shoot- and root-amended soils.The high soil water content treatment signi?cantly increased the cumulative respiration,DOC and HEOC contents,and enzyme activities compared to the low soil water content treatment.However,the soil water content treatments had little in?uence on the MBC content and microbial functional diversity.There were signi?cantly positive correlations between LOC fractions and soil microbial properties.These results indicated that the chemical composition of maize residues had little in?uence on the DOC,HEOC,and MBC contents,enzyme activities,and microbial functional diversity,while soil water content could signi?cantly in?uence DOC and HEOC contents and enzyme activities.     

蔬菜连作对铜尾矿土壤中有机碳、腐殖质碳以及可溶性有机碳的影响

Carbon of humus acids （HSAC） and dissolved organic carbon （DOC） are the most active forms of soil organic carbon （SOC） and play an important role in global carbon recycling. We investigated the concentrations of HSAC, water-soluble organic carbon （WSOC）, hot water-extractable organic carbon （HWOC） and SOC in soils under different vegetation types of four copper mine tailings sites with differing vegetation succession time periods in Tongling, China. The concentrations of HSAC, WSOC, HWOC and SOC increased with vegetation succession. WSOC concentration increased with the accumulation of SOC in the tailings, and a linearly positive correlation existed between the concentrations of HSAC and SOC in the tailings. However, the percentages of HSAC and DOC in the SOC decreased during vegetation succession. The rate of SOC accumulation was higher when the succession time was longer than 20 years, whereas the speeds of soil organic matter （SOM） decomposition and humification were slow, and the concentrations of HSAC and DOC increased slowly in the tailings. The percentage of carbon of humic acid （HAC） in HSAC increased with vegetation succession, and the values of humification index （HI）, HAC/carbon of fulvic acid, also increased with the accumulation of HSAC and SOC in soils of the tailings sites. However, the HI value in the each of the tailings was less than 0.50. The humification rate of SOM was lower than the accumulation rate of SOM, and the level of soil fertility was still very low in the tailings even after 40 years of natural restoration.     

长期施肥对中国亚热带水稻土土壤稳定性和机械属性的影响

Wet stability, penetration resistance （PR）, and tensile strength （TS） of paddy soils under a fertilization experiment for 22 years were determined to elucidate the function of soil organic matter in paddy soil stabilization. The treatments included no fertilization （CK）, normal chemical fertilization （NPK）, double the NPK application rates （2NPK）, and NPK mixed with organic manure （NPK＋OM）. Compared with CK, Fertilization increased soil organic carbon （SOC） and soil porosity. The results of soil aggregate fragmentation degree （SAFD） showed that fast wetting by water was the key fragmentation mechanism. Among the treatments, the NPK＋OM treatment had the largest size of water-stable aggregates and greatest normal mean weight diameter （NMWD） （P ≤ 0.05）, but the lowest PR and TS in both cultivated horizon （Ap） and plow pan. The CK and 2NPK treatments were measured with PR 〉 2.0 MPa and friability index 〈 0.20, respectively, in the Ap horizon, suggesting that the soils was mechanically unfavourable to root growth and tillage. In the plow pan, the fertilization treatments had greater TS and PR than in CK. TS and PR of the tested soil aggregates were negatively correlated to SOC content and soil porosity. This study suggested that chemical fertilization could cause deterioration of mechanical properties while application of organic manure could improve soil stability and mechanical properties.     

Denitrification Rate and Controlling Factors for Accumulated Nitrate in the Deep Subsoil of Intensive Farmlands: A Case Study in the North China Plain

Denitrification in subsoil(to a depth of 12 m) is an important mechanism to reduce nitrate(NO_3~-) leaching into groundwater.However, regulating mechanisms of subsoil denitrification, especially those in the deep subsoil beneath the crop root zone, have not been well documented. In this study, soil columns of 0–12 m depth were collected from intensively farmed fields in the North China Plain. The fields had received long-term nitrogen(N) fertilizer inputs at 0(N0), 200(N200) and 600(N600) kg N ha~(-1) year~(-1). Main soil properties related to denitrification, i.e., soil water content, NO_3~-, dissolved organic carbon(DOC), soil organic carbon(SOC),pH, denitrifying enzyme activity(DEA), and anaerobic denitrification rate(ADR), were determined. Statistical comparisons among the treatments were performed. The results showed that NO_3~- was more heavily accumulated in the entire soil profile of the N600 treatment, compared to the N0 and N200 treatments. The SOC, DOC, and ADR decreased with increasing soil depth in all treatments,whereas considerable DEA was observed throughout the subsoil. The long-term fertilizer rates affected ADR only in the upper 4 m soil layers. The ADRs in the N200 and N600 treatments were significantly correlated with DOC. Multiple regression analysis indicated that DOC rather than DEA was the key factor regulating denitrification beneath the root zone. Additional research is required to determine if carbon addition into subsoil can be a promising approach to enhance NO_3~- denitrification in the subsoil and consequently to mitigate groundwater NO_3~- contamination in the intensive farmlands.     

土壤有机碳活性组分沿中国长白山海拔坡度的分布情况

Understanding the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) fractions to altitudinal gradient variation is important for understanding changes in the carbon balance of forest ecosystems.In our study the SOC and its fractions of readily oxidizable carbon(ROC),water-soluble carbon(WSC) and microbial biomass carbon(MBC) in the soil organic and mineral horizons were investigated for four typical forest types,including mixed coniferous broad-leaved forest(MCB),dark coniferous spruce-fir forest(DCSF),dark coniferous spruce forest(DCS),and Ermans birch forest(EB),along an altitudinal gradient in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve in Northeast China.The results showed that there was no obvious altitudinal pattern in the SOC.Similar variation trends of SOC with altitude were observed between the organic and mineral horizons.Significant differences in the contents of SOC,WSC,MBC and ROC were found among the four forest types and between horizons.The contents of ROC in the mineral horizon,WSC in the organic horizon and MBC in both horizons in the MCB and EB forests were significantly greater than those in either DCSF or DCS forest.The proportion of soil WSC to SOC was the lowest among the three main fractions.The contents of WSC,MBC and ROC were significantly correlated(P < 0.05) with SOC content.It can be concluded that vegetation types and climate were crucial factors in regulating the distribution of soil organic carbon fractions in Changbai Mountain.     

Priming effect and its regulating factors for fast and slow soil organic carbon pools: A meta-analysis

The priming effect (PE) plays a critical role in the control of soil carbon (C) cycling and influences the alteration of soil organic C (SOC) decomposition by fresh C input.However,drivers of PE for the fast and slow SOC pools remain unclear because of the varying results from individual studies.Using meta-analysis in combination with boosted regression tree (BRT) analysis,we evaluated the relative contribution of multiple drivers of PE with substrate and their patterns across each driver gradient.The results showed that the variability of PE was larger for the fast SOC pool than for the slow SOC pool.Based on the BRT analysis,67%and 34%of the variation in PE were explained for the fast and slow SOC pools,respectively.There were seven determinants of PE for the fast SOC pool,with soil total nitrogen (N) content being the most important,followed by,in a descending order,substrate C:N ratio,soil moisture,soil clay content,soil pH,substrate addition rate,and SOC content.The directions of PE were negative when soil total N content and substrate C:N ratio were below 2 g kg~(-1)and 20,respectively,but the directions changed from negative to positive with increasing levels of this two factors.Soils with optimal water content (50%–70%of the water-holding capacity) or moderately low pH (5–6) were prone to producing a greater PE.For the slow SOC pool,soil p H and soil total N content substantially explained the variation in PE.The magnitude of PE was likely to decrease with increasing soil pH for the slow SOC pool.In addition,the magnitude of PE slightly fluctuated with soil N content for the slow SOC pool.Overall,this meta-analysis provided new insights into the distinctive PEs for different SOC pools and indicated knowledge gaps between PE and its regulating factors for the slow SOC pool.     

基于不同地表曲面模型预测土壤有机碳含量

Local terrain attributes,which are derived directly from the digital elevation model,have been widely applied in digital soil mapping.This study aimed to evaluate the mapping accuracy of soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration in 2 zones of the Heihe River in China,by combining prediction methods with local terrain attributes derived from different polynomial models.The prediction accuracy was used as a benchmark for those who may be more concerned with how accurately the variability of soil properties is modeled in practice,rather than how morphometric variables and their geomorphologic interpretations are understood and calculated.In this study,2 neighborhood types (square and circular) and 6 representative algorithms (Evans-Young,Horn,Zevenbergen-Thorne,Shary,Shi,and Florinsky algorithms) were applied.In general,35 combinations of first-and second-order derivatives were produced as candidate predictors for soil mapping using two mapping methods (i.e.,kriging with an external drift and geographically weighted regression).The results showed that appropriate local terrain attribute algorithms could better capture the spatial variation of SOC concentration in a region where soil properties are strongly influenced by the topography.Among the different combinations of first-and second-order derivatives used,there was a best combination with a more accurate estimate.For different prediction methods,the relative improvement in the two zones varied between 0.30％ and 9.68％.The SOC maps resulting from the higher-order algorithms (Zevenbergen-Thorne and Florinsky) yielded less interpolation errors.Therefore,it was concluded that the performance of predictive methods,which incorporated auxiliary variables,could be improved by attempting different terrain analysis algorithms.     

Effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematode community structure and metabolic footprints in soybean phase of a soybean-maize rotation on Mollisols

It has been well documented that organic amendment affects soil nematode community structure. However, little is known about the effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematodes. To assess the effect of the amount of organic amendments on soil nematode community structure and metabolic activity, the community composition, abundance, and metabolic footprints of soil nematodes were determined in a long-term field experiment with various amounts of organic amendment in Northeast China. Fertilization treatments included an unfertilized control (CK), chemical fertilizer without manure amendment (OM₀), manure applied at 7.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₁), and manure applied at 22.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₂). A total of 46 nematode genera were found. Treatments with the largest amount of organic amendment had the smallest number of plant parasite genera (5), but a largest number of dominant genera (7). Soil nematodes, bacterivores, and fungivores were the most abundant in OM₂, followed by OM₁, and the lowest in OM₀ and CK. Organic amendment increased the enrichment index (EI), and the large amount of organic amendment increased the metabolic footprints of bacterivore (Baf) and fungivore (Fuf) and enrichment footprint (Ef). The relationships between Baf (or Fuf) and the increases in soil organic carbon (ΔSOC) and total nitrogen (ΔTN) were stronger than those of bacterivore (or fungivore) abundance with ΔSOC and ΔTN, except for the relationship between bacterivore abundance and ΔSOC. The EI and Ef were positively correlated with ΔSOC and ΔTN. These findings suggest that the amount of organic amendment affects soil nematode activity and function at entry levels in soil food web, and that metabolic footprints of soil nematodes may be better indicators than their abundances in assessing their relationships with soil nutrients.     

河岸带土壤溶解性有机质垂直分布特征及其性质研究

河岸带有机质（Soil organic matter,SOM）的迁移转化在有机碳从陆地生态系统向水域生态系统中迁移转化及污染物的迁移转化中起到了重要的作用。以崇明岛典型河岸带为研究对象,分析了不同区域河岸带土壤有机碳（Soil organic carbon,SOC）、土壤溶解性有机碳（Soil dissolved organic carbon,SDOC）垂直分布特征和三维荧光光谱（Excitation—Emission matrix,EEM）特征,探讨了河岸带对土壤溶解性有机质（Soil dissolved organic matter,SDOM）性质及其潜在环境影响。结果表明：表层土壤（0—30cm）SOC储量占采样深度土壤SOC的40％左右,SDOC占SOC的5％左右,从陆上区域到缓冲区域表层土壤SDOC呈累积效应。河岸带有机质主要来自河岸带植物残体及其代谢产物,地下水也可能是河岸带土壤DOM的另一来源,河岸带土壤中大部分类腐殖质被表层矿物质所吸附。在土壤系统中,综合应用荧光指纹指数[荧光指数（Fluorescence index,FI）,生源指数（The index of recent autochthonous contribution,BIX）和腐殖化指数（Humification index,HIX）]可以有效地揭示其来源和特性,但在土壤体系中单独应用指纹指数需审慎。     

红壤侵蚀退化地土壤对不同来源可溶性有机碳的吸附特征

选取南方典型红壤侵蚀退化地恢复后的马尾松林为研究对象,通过在室内模拟芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)和马尾松(Pinus massoniana)的鲜叶与凋落叶的浸提液在侵蚀退化地原状土柱的淋溶过程,分析了植被恢复过程中马尾松林土壤对不同来源可溶性有机碳(DOC)吸附特征及影响因素。结果表明:(1)红壤侵蚀退化地对不同来源DOC的吸附作用具有明显差异,来自马尾松鲜叶的DOC平均截留量最大为2.39mg/kg,来自芒萁鲜叶的DOC平均截留量最小为1.67mg/kg,说明马尾松鲜叶的DOC更易被表层土壤吸附,芒萁鲜叶的DOC更易进入深层土壤,不同来源DOC组成和性质的差异是其主要原因。(2)随着退化地的植被恢复,土壤渗滤液的DOC浓度增加,土壤截留DOC能力下降。土壤DOC截留量与粉粒和土壤pH呈正相关,与土壤DOC含量、土壤有机碳含量和砂粒呈负相关,其中土壤有机碳含量可以解释DOC截留量变化的51.4%,是影响土壤DOC截留能力的关键因素。(3)光谱特征表明芳香类化合物、腐殖类物质易被土壤吸附,吸附能力更强的物质可以解吸土壤中亲水性腐殖类物质。淋溶后DOC光谱特征的变化由不同来源DOC的化学组成和土壤有机碳的性质共同决定。红壤侵蚀退化地对不同植物来源的DOC吸附作用特征主要受DOC和土壤SOC性质的共同调控,对进一步认识退化红壤的固碳机制具有重要参考价值。     

生物炭添加对旱作农田土壤溶解性有机质及其

为揭示生物炭添加对旱作农田土壤溶解性有机质（DOM）及其动态的影响,通过定位试验,探讨了不同生物炭施用量小区土壤在2012—2017年间溶解性有机碳、溶解性无机碳和DOM的荧光光谱组分及其紫外光谱特征的变化特征。结果表明：添加生物炭总体上能够提高土壤DOC和DIC含量,且随着添加量的增加而递增。相同生物炭添加量处理中,DOC含量随施用时间增加显著降低,而DIC含量呈逐渐升高的趋势。DOM芳香化程度随施用时间延长而显著增大,施用3年后3%和5%添加量处理的芳香化程度较CK显著降低,而1%添加量处理与CK无显著差异。DOM分子量在不同施用年限之间呈增大趋势。随着生物炭添加量的增加,分子量在不同施用年限间的差异逐渐减小。土壤DOM主要由UVC类腐殖酸（C1）、UVA类腐殖酸（C2）、土壤富里酸（C3）和类色氨酸（C4）4种物质组成,其中以C1和C2为主。整体而言,除添加1%生物炭时C2随施用年限增加而降低之外,不同处理中C1及C2均随着施用年限的增加而逐渐增加,而C3和C4则显著降低。不同处理下DOM的来源以外源输入为主,微生物内源输入为辅,添加生物炭在一定程度上增强了DOM的生物可利用性。生物炭的长期施入会引起旱作农田土壤DOM组分变化,总体趋势是大分子量腐殖酸类物质在增加,而小分子量蛋白类物质在减少。     

水稻土中水溶性有机碳对铁还原过程的贡献

【目的】 淹水稻田中Fe (Ⅲ) 还原过程与有机质的厌氧分解和氮、磷、硫等营养元素的有效性密切相关。通过探讨水溶性有机碳 (DOC) 对Fe (Ⅲ) 还原过程的贡献,以期为深入理解淹水稻田中铁循环耦联的碳、氮、磷、硫循环提供理论基础。 【方法】 采集我国不同植稻区的20个典型水稻土,通过有机碳分析仪及三维荧光光谱扫描比较分析不同水稻土DOC的含量及荧光特性;并模拟稻田淹水过程对水稻土进行厌氧淹水培养,采用微生物生长模型对不同水稻土厌氧培养过程中Fe (Ⅲ) 还原特征进行表征;依据相关分析和冗余分析,明确水稻土DOC与Fe (Ⅲ) 还原过程的关系。 【结果】 不同水稻土DOC含量为0.250～1.082 g/kg,仅占土壤有机碳的2.06%～6.86%。三维荧光光谱扫描鉴定得到不同水稻土DOC中4个共有的类腐殖酸荧光组分,其中陆源的UVC类腐殖酸和UVC+UVA类腐殖酸组分在不同水稻土中具有较高荧光强度,分别为0.799～4.570和0.830～5.273。水源的可见光区类腐殖酸和UVA腐殖酸的含量相对较低。各类腐殖酸来源以外源输入为主,内源输入为辅。不同水稻土铁还原潜势a、最大Fe (Ⅲ) 还原速率 (V_max) 及达到最大Fe (Ⅲ) 还原速率对应的时间 (T_Vmax) 间均差异显著,淹水5 d时水稻土中易被还原的非晶态氧化铁已基本被还原。DOC的腐殖化系数与Fe (Ⅲ) 还原特征参数存在显著相关性。其中以陆源的大分子量UVC类腐殖酸对a和V_max的贡献最高,陆源的UVC+UVA类腐殖酸和水源的UVA腐殖酸与a和V_max的相关关系也达到显著或极显著水平,而DOC含量的贡献最小。 【结论】 水稻土DOC的腐殖化程度及其中陆源腐殖酸类组分的荧光强度与Fe (Ⅲ) 还原潜势和Fe (Ⅲ) 还原反应速率呈正相关。水稻土DOC除了作为Fe (Ⅲ) 还原过程的电子供体外,其还以电子穿梭体的形式在Fe (Ⅲ) 还原过程中起重要作用。      

土壤吸附可溶性有机碳研究进展

可溶性有机碳(DOC)是土壤有机碳(SOC)中最活跃的部分,虽然所占土壤总有机碳比例仅为0.04%~0.22%,但土壤对于DOC的吸附却被认为是深层土壤固定有机碳的主要过程。由此可见,土壤对DOC的吸附行为对于全球碳循环的研究有着深远的意义。文章以土壤对DOC的吸附行为为主体,综述了土壤对DOC的吸附特征,在此基础上总结出其吸附机理,并提出了目前研究的不足之处及对未来研究方向的展望,旨在为深入了解DOC在土壤环境中的迁移转化行为提供依据。     

Experimental nitrogen deposition alters the quantity and quality of soil dissolved organic carbon in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a central role in driving biogeochemical processes in soils, but little information is available on the relation of soil DOM dynamics to microbial activity. The effects of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ deposition in grasslands on the amount and composition of soil DOM also remain largely unclear. In this study, a multi-form, low-dose N addition experiment was conducted in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau in 2007. Three N fertilizers, NH₄Cl, (NH₄)₂SO₄ and KNO₃, were applied at four rates: 0, 10, 20 and 40 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Soil samples from surface (0–10 cm) and subsurface layers (10–20 cm) were collected in 2011. Excitation/emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (EEM) was used to assess the composition and stability of soil DOM. Community-level physiological profile (CLPP, basing on the BIOLOG Ecoplate technique) was measured to evaluate the relationship between soil DOC dynamics and microbial utilization of C resources. Nitrogen (N) dose rather than N form significantly increased soil DOC contents in surface layer by 23.5%–35.1%, whereas it significantly decreased soil DOC contents in subsurface layer by 10.4%–23.8%. Continuous five-year N addition significantly increased the labile components and decreased recalcitrant components of soil DOM in surface layer, while an opposite pattern was observed in subsurface layer; however, the humification indices (HIX) of soil DOM was unaltered by various N treatments. Furthermore, N addition changed the amount and biodegradability of soil DOM through stimulating microbial metabolic activity and preferentially utilizing organic acids. These results suggest that microbial metabolic processes dominate the dynamics of soil DOC, and increasing atmospheric N deposition could be adverse to the accumulation of soil organic carbon pool in the alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

生物炭连续施用对油菜产量及旱地红壤溶解性有机碳光谱特征的影响

【目的】揭示生物炭连续添加对旱地红壤溶解性有机碳的影响。【方法】通过定位试验,探讨了低剂量(0.75～1.5 t hm^-2)生物炭连续施用7年后油菜产量、土壤理化性质和溶解性有机碳荧光光谱组分及参数变化特征。【结果】与对照(CK)相比,生物炭施用降低了土壤交换性Al3+含量(0.69～0.87 cmol kg^-1),提高了土壤pH(0.13～0.21个单位)、有机质含量(11.7%～18.1%)和可溶性碳含量(127.5%～127.8%);油菜单株角果数提高了39.8%～45.2%,油菜产量增加了3.5%～20.3%,其产量随着生物炭添加量呈递增趋势。连续施用生物炭有利于增加溶解性有机碳中类酪氨酸和类富里酸的比例,且显著降低了微生物代谢产物的比例。与CK相比,连续施用生物炭后土壤溶解性有机碳荧光指数降低了4.4%～10.6%,新鲜度指数降低了17.4%～18.4%,自生源指数降低了0.26(22.6%),而腐殖化指数增加了1.2%～5.1%。相关分析表明溶解性有机碳与pH呈显著正相关,而与交换性Al3+呈显著负相关;微生物代谢产物与pH呈显著...     

有机物料添加对内蒙古河套灌区碱化土壤可溶性有机碳的影响

通过研究不同有机物料添加对内蒙古河套灌区碱化土壤可溶性有机碳含量变化的影响，寻找合理高效的增碳方式，降低碱化土壤有机碳损失。以内蒙古河套灌区轻度、中度盐碱土为对象进行田间试验，设置生物炭（BC）添加、羊粪（GM）添加，对照（CK）3个处理，对比和分析不同有机物料添加后土壤有机碳（SOC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）、土壤理化性质的变化。结果表明：（1）与CK相比，轻度碱化土壤BC、GM处理土壤DOC含量分别增加3.28%，20.66%，SOC含量增加5.40%，10.30%，中度碱化土壤BC和GM处理下可溶性碳增加41.32%，74.10%，土壤SOC含量增加60.24%，79.16%；（2）轻度碱化土壤BC和GM处理土壤DOC含量与SOC含量呈负相关，中度碱化土壤BC和GM处理下呈正相关；（3）盐碱土壤SOC、DOC含量主要与土壤pH、电导率的变化有关；BC处理较GM处理相比土壤电导率低约1.93%~29.15%，而GM处理土壤pH、碱化度比BC处理低0.31%~1.53%，7.10%~24.63%。总体来看，有机物料添加后均能使土壤中SOC、DOC含量提高，不同程度地降低土壤碱化程度，且羊粪添加较生物炭略好，因此羊粪添加对河套灌区碱化土壤碳含量的提高比生物炭添加更有效，土壤改良效果更好，土壤理化性质改善更明显。     

施用畜禽粪便和化肥对土壤活性有机碳库和团聚体稳定性影响

活性有机碳含量和土壤团聚体的形成与稳定在长期人为扰动土壤上有重要作用。通过分析稻麦轮作土壤上长期(20年)施用畜禽粪便和化肥土壤活性有机碳含量、团聚体稳定性及活性有机碳与团聚体稳定性的关系,研究了人为扰动下土壤施肥管理对土壤活性碳和团聚体稳定性的影响。研究结果显示,与施用化肥比较,施用畜禽粪便显著提高了土壤总有机碳(SOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、热水提取态有机碳(HWOC)及土壤碳水化合物态碳(SCC)等活性有机碳库含量(p0.05),其中HWOC含量是施用化肥处理的1.7～2.4倍。施用畜禽粪便土壤团聚体稳定性指数大团聚体颗粒百分含量(PMI)、抗糊化指数(ASI)和标准化平均重量直径(NMWD)指数分别是施用化肥土壤的1.31,3.39,2.14倍,显著高于施用化肥土壤(p0.05),其中施用猪粪处理土壤团聚体稳定性最高。稳定性评价指数PMI、ASI以及NMWD间有极显著相关(p0.01)。SOC和POC含量与土壤团聚体稳定性指数间没有相关性(p0.05);SCC与团聚体稳定性指数间相关性较弱;DOC和HWOC与团聚体稳定性指数间则表现为显著或极显著相关。研究结果说明,施用畜禽粪便比化肥更有利于提高人为扰动土壤中总有机碳和活性有机碳含量及土壤团聚体稳定性,土壤活性有机碳是团聚体形成与稳定过程中重要影响因素,但受土壤发育母质等因素影响,不同土壤上其作用效果有一定差异。