玉米大豆播期衔接对间作大豆干物质积累及产量的影响

为完善玉米/大豆间作的播期衔接技术,在西南地区寻求合适的玉米、大豆播期。试验在田间采用二因素裂区设计,以玉米/大豆间作模式下3个玉米播期:早播(A1:5月15日)、中播(A2:5月30日)、晚播(A3:6月14日)与3个大豆播期:早播(B1:5月30日)、中播(B2:6月14日)、晚播(B3:6月29日)为对象,研究不同玉米、大豆播期对大豆的干物质积累、器官分配比率及产量的影响。结果表明:大豆开花后作物生长率、单株干物质积累量、荚果分配率和产量均在玉米中播时最高,开花后作物生长率较玉米晚播时高出33.2%;在R4、R6生育时期,单株干物质积累量和大豆荚果分配比率分别比玉米晚播时高32.4%,17.9%和26.3%,23.9%;大豆产量较玉米晚播时高75.7%。玉米中播时衔接不同播期的大豆,其单株干物质积累量、荚果分配比率和产量均在大豆早播时最高,在R4、R6生育时期,大豆单株干物质积累量与荚果分配比率比大豆晚播时分别高195.4%,58.5%和33.9%,26.7%;大豆产量较大豆晚播时高出128.7%。在玉米/大豆间作下,玉米中播(5月30日)间作大豆早播(5月30日),即玉米大豆同时播种时,可提高大豆开花后作物生长率,增加单株干物质累积量、籽粒分配率和产量。     

减量施氮对玉米-大豆套作系统中作物产量的影响

通过田间试验,研究了种植模式(玉米单作、大豆单作、玉米-大豆套作)和施氮水平(0、180、240 N kg hm^–2)对作物产量和大豆光合特性、干物质积累的影响。结果表明,大豆叶片P_n、G_s、C_i、T_r和植株干物质积累量随生育时期的推移呈先增加后降低的趋势。与单作相比,套作处理大豆的P_n、G_s、T_r在V5期(玉米大豆共生期)显著降低,但在R2、R4、R6期(玉米收获后)无显著差异,地下部、地上部及总干物质积累量在各生育时期呈降低趋势,R4~R6期的作物生长率和经济系数则显著提高。玉米-大豆套作体系下,施氮显著提高了大豆花后叶片P_n、G_s、T_r和植株地下部、地上部及总干物质积累量,增加了大豆单株荚数和产量,与习惯施氮(240 N kg hm^–2)相比,减量施氮处理(180 N kg hm^–2)大豆的P_n在R4、R6期提高了3.57%、11.82%,总干物质积累量在R6、R8期提高了5.06%、10.21%,单株荚数、产量提高了8.30%、10.15%。减量施氮处理下,玉米-大豆套作系统的总产量最高,总经济系数为0.49,LER达2.17。玉米-大豆套作减量一体化施肥有利于提高大豆光合特性和干物质积累,提高大豆产量和玉米-大豆套作系统总产。     

幼龄核桃林下带状复合间作对大豆生长及产量的影响

为探明幼龄核桃林下复合间作的大豆生长变化及营养特性，以6个大豆品种为试验材料，在5年生的幼龄核桃林下进行带状复合间作，同时单作为对照，记载各品种的生长特性，并测量不同生育期的干物质积累量和成熟后籽粒的蛋白质、脂肪含量及籽粒产量。结果表明，核桃林下带状复合间作大豆生育期延长4～8d，抗倒性降低；株高和底荚高度增加，分枝数减少，主茎节数变化不显著；干物质积累量在各生长阶段均比单作有所降低，苗期和花期影响不显著，鼓粒期和成熟期影响显著；粗蛋白含量比单作有所增加，增加量因品种不同而异，晋豆42的粗蛋白含量显著提高；脂肪含量均比单作降低，晋豆42显著降低；籽粒产量比单作降低显著，生育期最长、株高最高且倒伏的汾豆93减产最多，为59.03%，生育期短的晋豆25减产最少，为49.04%。6个品种中，汾豆78在间作模式下产量最高，为1617.5kg/hm²，其次是汾豆56，为1481.5kg/hm²。幼龄核桃林下复合间作大豆，会延缓成熟，使株高增加，分枝数减少，干物质积累量降低，粗蛋白质含量增加，粗脂肪含量降低，大豆产量显著降低。     

施肥对不同种植模式下春玉米光合特性的影响

建立了一种密度与单作相同的超大宽窄行种植模式。通过小区试验,研究了该模式下施肥对春玉米单株叶面积、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)及光响应曲线的影响,比较了该模式与单作模式玉米光合特性的异同。结果表明,随着施肥量的增加,Pn、Gs、Ci和单株叶面积都有增加趋势。间作玉米与单作玉米相比,玉米的单株叶面积表现为间作在生育前期小于单作,但在灌浆期及以后的生育时期单作下降较快,表现出间作明显大于单作;玉米叶片Pn生育前期单作较高,但生育后期间作明显高于单作。叶片光响应曲线及其拟合结果也表明,间作前期的最大净光合速率和表观量子效率均小于单作,生育后期大于单作。本试验表明,超大宽窄行种植模式有助于玉米生育后期光合条件的改善。     

大豆玉米带状种植模式对不同大豆品种产量和农艺性状的影响

为探究不同种植模式下适合间作的大豆品种,用不同大豆品种（系）与玉米间作系统研究不同种植模式对大豆产量和农艺性状的影响,以及大豆玉米间作的最适模式,为构建高产优质高效的间作模式提供理论依据。结果表明：大豆品种（系）在不同种植模式下的产量差异显著,周豆 33 、安豆 109 、周豆 34 、周豆 37 、安豆 203 、周豆 41 在 5 行大豆 2 行玉米带状种植（ S5M2 ）模式的产量显著高于 4 行大豆 2 行玉米带状种植（ S4M2 ）模式。不同大豆品种（系）与玉米带状种植的经济效益也不同, S4M2模式下濮豆 5136 的经济效益最高, S5M2 模式下安豆 203 的经济效益最高。 S5M2 模式下适合种植安豆 203 、周豆 37 、周豆 34 ;S4M2 模式下适合种植濮豆 5136 、周豆 41 、安豆 109 。     

不同栽培模式下春玉米物质积累与转运特性的研究

为解析不同栽培模式下产量形成差异,密、肥合理调控和选择最佳栽培模式提供理论指导,以‘先玉335’和‘金山27’为供试品种,在西辽河平原研究了农户模式(NH)、高产模式(GC)和再高产模式(ZGC)下春玉米物质积累与转运特性的研究。结果表明,春玉米各生育时期单株干物质积累量均表现为NH>GC>ZGC,且3种模式间的差异随着生育进程推移而增大;春玉米群体干物质积累量则表现为ZGC>GC>NH,且在成熟期不同模式间差异均达到显著或极显著水平。春玉米单株干物质最大积累速率表现为NH>GC>ZGC,群体干物质最大积累速率的大小顺序则与之相反。春玉米各营养器官干物质转移量、转移率及其对籽粒的贡献率总体上表现为NH>GC>ZGC。从各器官的转运情况来看,2个品种叶的转移率高于茎鞘和穗部营养体,且以穗部营养体最小;器官物质转运贡献率‘先玉335’表现为茎鞘>叶片,而‘金山27’则表现为叶片>茎鞘;穗部营养体物质转运对籽粒的贡献率‘先玉335’大于‘金山27’。     

黄淮海农区超高产种植模式下玉米氮营养特性的研究

初步研究了探讨了黄淮海农区冬小麦Ⅱ早春玉米／夏玉米（简称间作玉米）、春玉米单作、冬小麦－夏玉米（简称单作夏玉米）轮作3种超高产种植模式下玉米的氮营养特性，结果表明，间作提高了玉米产量，但在高脂水平氮吸收效率却低于当量面积单作，在中肥和无肥水平下，间作氮利用效率高于单作，吸收效率低于单作。在作物共生期间，养分吸收存在着竞争和补偿作用，使得间作玉米氮吸收量在每个生育期都不同同于单作。间作提高了夏玉米氮素向籽粒的转移强度，而春玉米只在不施肥时有种趋势。     

田间配置对间作大豆光合特性、干物质积累及产量的影响

为了探究带宽和大豆密度配置对大豆产量的影响,以玉米-大豆间作模式为研究对象,采用二因素裂区设计,主因素为3个带宽水平(BW_1:2.0 m、BW_2:2.2 m、BW_3:2.4 m),副因素为4个大豆种植密度(D_1:52 500株/hm~2、D_2:67 500株/hm~2、D_3:82 500株/hm~2、D_4:97 500株/hm~2),调查不同田间配置下的大豆光合特性、干物质积累、器官分配比率、籽粒灌浆及产量。结果表明:带宽增加有利于大豆光合特性、群体干物质积累、籽粒灌浆、百粒质量、单株粒数和产量的增加,BW_3的大豆产量较BW_1和BW_2显著提高了37.2%和19.6%。各密度水平下,大豆产量呈现出先增后减的趋势,D_3的大豆产量较D_1和D_4显著提高了9.4%和6.0%。在BW_3下不同密度处理间的大豆产量表现为:D_2D_3D_4D_1。在玉米-大豆间作中,带宽2.4 m,大豆种植密度在67 500～82 500株/hm~2时,大豆光合特性改善,群体干物质积累量增加,大豆产量较高。     

大豆种植密度对玉米/大豆间作系统产量形成的竞争效应分析

旱区作物间作系统是优化作物群体质量、提高产量的一种重要种植方式,从产量构成因子角度探讨作物间作竞争优势机制还鲜见报道。本研究设置3个大豆密度梯度和4个种植比例(玉米与大豆以2∶0、0∶2、2∶2和2∶4间作),分析间作系统的作物竞争指数、产量构成和最终产量的差异性变化,探讨间作群体产量增加的作物竞争机制。结果表明,不同大豆密度和种植比例组合下的间作系统产量提高14%～23%。玉米的实际产量损失大于0,大豆的实际产量损失小于0。间作系统中玉米的穗重、穗长、穗粗、穗粒重、轴重和千粒重均显著高于单作;除结荚长度和主茎节间长度外,间作系统中大豆的单株粒重、单株荚数、单株总粒数、单株有效粒数、主茎节数和百粒重低于单作或与单作间无显著差异。间作系统中玉米的竞争比率大于1,大豆的竞争比率小于1,在3种大豆密度下玉米和大豆的竞争比率分别为2.08、1.84、1.68和0.49、0.56、0.63,表明随着大豆密度的增加,间作中玉米的竞争比率增加的同时大豆的竞争比率降低。玉米的侵占力大于0,大豆的侵占力小于0。玉米产量与轴重、千粒重、穗重、穗粒重、穗长、行粒数呈正相关关系,与秃尖长呈负相关关系。通径分析表明,直接作用中,穗粒重对玉米产量的贡献最大(2.18);间接作用中,轴重、千粒重通过每穗粒重对玉米产量的贡献较大(1.64和1.58)。综上所述,大豆间作玉米有间作优势,间作优势来源于每穗粒重。     

不同作物与玉米间套作对玉米产量和生物量累积的影响

通过设置蒜苗、甘蓝、豌豆、大豆、胡麻、小麦与玉米间套作,研究不同作物与玉米间作对玉米产量及生物量累积的影响.结果表明:除大豆/玉米间作模式外,其他模式土地当量比(LER)均大于1,表现出明显的间作产量优势,不同作物与玉米的共生期越短,其模式的LER越大;相对于单作玉米,与蒜苗、甘蓝、豌豆间作的玉米穗粒数和百粒重均显著提高;与大豆间作的玉米百粒重虽显著提高,但穗粒数提高不显著,与胡麻和小麦间作的玉米各产量构成因素均有提高,但不显著.玉米的生物量累积符合logistic增长模型,相比单作玉米,与蒜苗、甘蓝间作的玉米在播后66～ 86d后生物量累积高于单作,与大豆间作,共生期玉米生物积累量始终低于单作;与豌豆、小麦、胡麻间作,间作玉米的生物积累量转折点分别为玉米播后106、86、75d.     

玉米–大豆带状套作行距配置对作物生物量、根系形态及产量的影响

空间配置是影响间作套种作物生长和产量构成的关键因素之一。本研究固定玉米–大豆套作带宽200 cm,玉米采用宽窄行种植,设置4个玉米窄行行距为20 cm(A1)、40 cm(A2)、60 cm(A3)和80 cm(A4)套作处理,2个玉米和大豆净作对照处理,研究行距配置对套作系统中玉米和大豆生物量、根系及产量的影响。结果表明,套作大豆冠层光合有效辐射和红光/远红光比值均低于净作,且随着玉米窄行的增加而降低。套作系统中大豆地上地下生物量、总根长、根表面积和根体积从第三节龄期(V3)到盛花期(R2)逐渐增加,但随着玉米窄行的增加而降低。套作玉米地上地下生物量从抽雄期到成熟期逐渐增加,根体积却逐渐降低,但这些参数随玉米窄行的变宽而增加。玉米和大豆在带状套作系统中产量均低于净作,且随玉米窄行的变宽,玉米产量逐渐增加,2012和2013两年最大值平均为6181 kg hm–2,而大豆产量逐渐降低,两年最大值平均为1434 kg hm–2,产量变化与有效株数和粒数变化密切相关。此外,玉米–大豆带状套作群体土地当量比(LER)大于1.3,最大值出现在A2处理,分别为1.59(2012年)和1.61(2013年),且最大经济收益也出现在A2处理(2年每公顷平均收益为1.93万元)。因此,合理的行距配置对玉米–大豆带状套作系统中作物的生长、产量构成和群体效益具有重要的作用。     

Shade Effects on Phaseolus vulgaris L. Intercropped with Zea mays L. under Well-Watered Conditions

Field experiments were carried out under unstressed conditions of soil water during two summer crop growing seasons (1998–99 and 1999–2000 seasons) in a South African semi‐arid region (Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa). The aim of this study was to investigate shade effects on beans intercropped with maize in terms of plant mass and radiation use. The experimental treatments were two cropping systems (no shading/sole cropping and shading/intercropping) and two row orientations (north–south and east–west). At the top of bean canopies shaded by maize, incident radiation was reduced by up to 90 %. Shading reduced total dry matter of beans by 67 % at the end of the growing season, resulting in yield losses. The dry matter partitioning into leaf and stem (the ratios of leaf and stem to total biomass) was about 50 % higher in intercropping than sole cropping. In contrast, intercropped beans had 40 % lower dry matter partitioning into pod (the ratio of pod to total biomass). Fraction of radiation intercepted by sole‐cropped beans steeply increased until canopy closure (0.9) and then slowly decreased, while fraction of radiation intercepted by intercropped beans remained constant between 0.0 and 0.2 throughout the growing seasons. However, intercropped beans had 77 % higher radiation use efficiency (RUE) than sole‐cropped beans. In contrast, for maize, no effect of intercropping (shading) was found on growth, partitioning, yield, radiation interception or RUE. Consequently, lower bean yield losses can be attained in association with late shading rather than early shading. This can be controlled by growing crops with different temporal and spatial treatments. As regards row treatment, no effect of row direction was found on growth, partitioning, yield, radiation interception or RUE.     

Planting density and sowing proportions of maize–soybean intercrops affected competitive interactions and water-use efficiencies on the Loess Plateau,China

In field trials on the Loess Plateau, China, in 2012–13, maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) were sole cropped and intercropped at three densities and with three sowing proportions. Maize was generally more growth efficient for biomass accumulation than soybean during the entire growth interval, as assessed using the relative efficiency index (REI_c). However, most of sowing proportion at each density displayed a trend of decreased growth with development. Throughout the growth period, the dry matter production and leaf area index (LAI) of maize increased as the plant density increased irrespective of whether it was grown as a sole crop or as an intercrop. However, the effect of increasing cropping density was less obvious for soybean. The LAI values of the sole crop treatment for both maize and soybean were greater than that of the intercropping system, indicating that the presence of maize and soybean together suppressed the respective growth of the two crops. At the final harvest, land equivalent ratios (LER) of 0.84–1.35 indicated resource complementarity in most of the studied intercrops. Complementarity was directly affected by changes in plant densities; the greatest LER were observed in 2 rows maize and 2 rows soybean intercrops at low density. The water equivalent ratio (WER), which characterized the efficiency of water resource use in intercropping, ranged from 0.84 to 1.68, indicating variability in the effect of intercropping on water-use efficiency (WUE).     

Intercropping Maize with Climbing Beans, Cowpeas and Velvet Beans

When one of the crops is a legume, intercropping has potential to reduce fertilizer nitrogen (N) needs and increase food quality. Total dry matter (DM) and grain yields of different plant populations of intercropped maize ( Zea mays L.) and climbing beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cowpeas ( Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.), or velvet beans ( Mucuna pruriens [L.] DC. var utilis [Wight] Bruck.) were compared in two experiments. Maize populations were 40,400 and 50,500 plants ha⁻¹ in combination with climbing bean populations of 0, 20,200, 40,400 and 80,800 plants ha⁻¹ in Experiment 1. In the second experiment, climbing beans, cowpeas and velvet beans at 215,200 plants ha⁻¹ were intercropped with maize at 64,600 plants ha⁻¹. Climbing beans contributed up to 5% to total DM yields in the first experiment. In the second experiment legume contributions to total DM were 20% for climbing beans, 12% for cowpeas and 8% for velvet beans. Increasing populations of maize and climbing beans increased grain and DM yields. Dry matter yield of maize was lowered by intercropping. However, DM yields of the intercrop were not different to maize sole cropped. Maize/cowpeas produced more total DM than maize/climbing beans. Cowpeas increased the total yield of crude protein by over 15% without lowering total DM yield of the intercrop compared to maize alone and are promising as a legume for intercropping with maize. Climbing beans show little promise as a possible legume for intercropping with maize.     

夏闲菜田间套作糯玉米产量优势分析

以单作糯玉米和单作蔬菜为对照,探讨了蔬菜间、套作糯玉米体系下作物干物质积累和产量差异。结果表明,间、套作糯玉米一直处于优势位,干重显著高于单作糯玉米,具有间、套作增产优势;间作青刀豆产量较单作低,造成间作体系减产;套作西兰花前期植株小、结球晚,后期加快生育进程,产量与同期单作西兰花相比无明显差异,套作体系增产10.93%~11.57%。     

Effect of Okra Planting Density and Spatial Arrangement in Intercrop with Maize on the Growth and Yield of the Component Species

The effects of three okra planting densities (28 000; 56 000 and 111 000 plants ha¹) intercropped within or between maize rows were investigated in two field trials during the 1990 and 1991 wet seasons at Nsukka. The plant height and the leaf area index (LAI) increased as the planting density increased in sole or intercropped okra while the number of branches per plant decreased with increasing okra planting density. The height of maize plants also increased as okra planting density increased but the LAI decreased. Intercropping reduced the yield and yield components (number and weight of pods per plant) of okra and maize (number of cobs, cob length and 100-grain weight). Increasing okra planting density reduced the sole and the intercropped okra and also the maize intercrop yield by reducing the number of pods and grains as well as the pod and grain size, respectively. Assessment of the productivity ofthe mixtures showed that the highest yield advantage (35%) of growing okra and maize together was obtained at 28000 okra plants ha¹ while the highest monetary return was realized at the highest okra planting density of 111000 plants ha¹ intercropped between maize rows. The patterns of row arrangement did not have effect on the growth, yield and yield components of the mixtures.     

施磷对不同间作体系间作优势与磷肥利用的影响

为了探明施磷水平对不同间作体系产量间作优势和磷肥利用的影响,在河北曲周主要研究了施磷对玉米‖蚕豆、玉米‖大豆和玉米‖油菜3种间作体系土地当量比(LER)、磷吸收量、磷肥吸收效率和磷间作优势的影响。结果表明：玉米‖蚕豆的LER是1.24~1.31,玉米‖油菜的LER是1.20~1.24,玉米‖大豆的LER是1.11~1.15,均大于1,具有明显的间作优势;3个磷水平下,吸磷量表现为玉米‖大豆>玉米‖蚕豆>玉米‖油菜,除玉米‖油菜间作体系外,比单作玉米分别高21.5%%~40.2%和13.3%~22.9%,且均随着施磷量的增加而增加,但增加幅度降低;3种间作体系均具有明显的磷间作优势,除玉米‖大豆间作体系外,施磷后均降低;磷肥吸收效率除玉米‖蚕豆在施磷90 kg/hm²外均低于单作玉米,并且随着施磷量的增加而降低。这表明,通过活化磷能力强的作物与玉米间作可以提高土壤难溶性磷的利用,玉米‖大豆和玉米‖蚕豆比玉米‖油菜效果好,适宜的施磷量为90 kg/hm²。